太阳能膜蒸馏系统进展与展望

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-2050

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海水淡化技术可有效解决现有的淡水资源短缺等问题，但受限于高成本、高能耗、低热效率等因素，传统海水淡化工艺难以进一步推广。近年来，太阳能海水淡化作为一种高效低廉的海水淡化技术正逐渐进入人们的视野，其中，太阳能膜蒸馏技术更是凭借着适用范围广、蒸发效率高、能耗低、成本低廉等诸多优点为众多学者所青睐。各国学者从宏观的系统结构到微观的光热材料等方面展开了大量的工作。但由于膜蒸馏固有的温度极化以及膜污染等问题，太阳能膜蒸馏技术仍然处于发展瓶颈中。本文按照太阳能引入膜蒸馏装置位置的不同，对现有的诸多太阳能膜蒸馏系统进行分类，并针对各类太阳能膜蒸馏系统的发展现状和技术瓶颈进行详细阐述。探讨了当前太阳能膜蒸馏技术的局限性及未来的挑战，以期为太阳能膜蒸馏系统的进一步发展及应用提供参考。

关键词: 太阳能, 蒸馏, 脱盐, 能源环境, 水资源短缺, 蒸发性能

Abstract:

Seawater desalination is becoming the main technology to solve the increasing worldwide demand for freshwater, however, traditional seawater desalination faced with several disadvantages, such as high cost, high energy consumption, and low thermal efficiency. In recent years, solar-driven seawater desalination has received widespread attention due to its high efficiency and low cost. Among plentiful desalination systems, solar-driven membrane distillation (SDMD) is mostly studied due to its wide range of applications, high evaporation efficiency, low energy consumption, and low cost. A lot of works focused on SDMD structures and photothermal materials have been carried out to improve the performance, overcome the temperature polarization, and prevent membrane fouling. This article first classifies the existing SDMD systems according to the location of the photothermal conversion occurrence and then elaborates on the development status and technical bottlenecks of various SDMD. In addition, the limitations of current solar membrane distillation technologies and future challenges are also discussed for the further development and application of SDMD systems.

Key words: solar energy, distillation, desalination, energy and environment, water shortage, evaporation performance

中图分类号:

李逸航, 戴绍铃, 于桢, 顾若男, 成少安. 太阳能膜蒸馏系统进展与展望[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(10): 5403-5414.

LI Yihang, DAI Shaoling, YU Zhen, GU Ruonan, CHENG Shao’an. Development and prospect of solar-driven membrane distillation system[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(10): 5403-5414.

图/表 8

参考文献 43

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光热膜材料	涂覆方式	LEP /pis	TPF /%	光强	NaCl浓度	η_I /%	η_t /%	平均淡水产率 /kg·m^-2·h^-1
PTFE-官能化炭黑^［61］	黏合剂	60		0.09～1sun	40g·L^-1			0.55
PVDF-炭黑^［59］	蒸发涂层法	40		1.3sun	1%	74.6	2.7
PVDF-官能化炭黑^［60］	黏合剂+静电纺丝			17.5sun	1%	21		5.38
PVDF-银纳米纤维^［56］	非溶剂诱导的相转化工艺		104.3	104W·m^-2紫外线	0.5mol·L^-1			25.7
PVDF-银纳米颗粒^［54］	静电纺丝	22		0.32W·cm^-2紫外线	3.5%			8.5~25.7
PTFE-氧化石墨烯/还原氧化石墨烯^［57］	真空过滤			1sun	4%			0.72
PVDF-HFP-Fe₃O₄^［53］	真空过滤			1sun	3.5%	53		0.97
PVDF-掺锑的氧化锡（ATO）^［58］	静电纺丝	22	116.1	100W红外辐射	3.5%			27
PVDF-银纳米颗粒^［51］				0～0.7sun	0.5mol·L^-1	—	53	2.5~3.5
铂纳米片+泡沫镍^［62］	热分解法		107	700000lx LED	5g·L^-1
PVDF-聚多巴胺（PDA）^［63］	物理涂覆			0.75sun	0.5mol·L^-1	45		0.49

光热膜材料	涂覆方式	LEP /pis	TPF /%	光强	NaCl浓度	η_I /%	η_t /%	平均淡水产率 /kg·m^-2·h^-1
PTFE-官能化炭黑^［61］	黏合剂	60		0.09～1sun	40g·L^-1			0.55
PVDF-炭黑^［59］	蒸发涂层法	40		1.3sun	1%	74.6	2.7
PVDF-官能化炭黑^［60］	黏合剂+静电纺丝			17.5sun	1%	21		5.38
PVDF-银纳米纤维^［56］	非溶剂诱导的相转化工艺		104.3	104W·m^-2紫外线	0.5mol·L^-1			25.7
PVDF-银纳米颗粒^［54］	静电纺丝	22		0.32W·cm^-2紫外线	3.5%			8.5~25.7
PTFE-氧化石墨烯/还原氧化石墨烯^［57］	真空过滤			1sun	4%			0.72
PVDF-HFP-Fe₃O₄^［53］	真空过滤			1sun	3.5%	53		0.97
PVDF-掺锑的氧化锡（ATO）^［58］	静电纺丝	22	116.1	100W红外辐射	3.5%			27
PVDF-银纳米颗粒^［51］				0～0.7sun	0.5mol·L^-1	—	53	2.5~3.5
铂纳米片+泡沫镍^［62］	热分解法		107	700000lx LED	5g·L^-1
PVDF-聚多巴胺（PDA）^［63］	物理涂覆			0.75sun	0.5mol·L^-1	45		0.49

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