Surfactin生物表面活性剂及其驱油研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2019-0005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

表面活性素（surfactin）是一类由革兰氏阳性的枯草芽孢杆菌产生的脂肽（lipopeptide）型生物表面活性剂，因其具有优于化学合成表面活性剂的若干优点，如低毒性、高生物降解性、更好的环境相容性，且在极端环境下稳定性好，在提高石油采收率方面有较好的应用潜力，但是目前只有少数的生物表面活性剂可以大规模生产实现工业化应用。本文介绍了surfactin生物表面活性剂的化学结构和生物合成机制，并对其发酵生产过程的影响因素进行分析，为提高其生产经济性探索不同的策略，例如使用更便宜的原材料、优化培养基组分、优化反应器等，系统论述了surfactin生物表面活性剂的驱油机理和其与化学合成表面活性剂的复配研究，同时针对其应用时的不足之处提出研究新思路。

关键词: 生物表面活性剂, 脂肽, 表面活性素, 非原位微生物采油, 提高采收率

Abstract:

Surfactin is a kind of lipopeptide biosurfactants which are produced by Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. Compared to chemically synthesized surfactants, biosurfactants have several advantages, such as lower toxicity, higher biodegradability, better environmental compatibility, and optimal stability in extreme conditions (e.g. high temperature, high pressure and high salinity etc) . Microbial biosurfactants have been proved that they can be used for enhancing oil recovery effectively. However, only a few types of biosurfactants can be produced at large scale for industrial applications. This study reviewed the chemical structure and biosynthesis mechanism of surfactin biosurfactants, and the factors affecting its fermentation production process was also investigated. Different strategies were employed in order to reduce the cost of this biosurfactant, such as using cheaper raw materials, optimizing the composition of the medium and the reactor, etc. Moreover, the oil displacement mechanism of surfactin biosurfactant and its synergistic effect with chemically surfactants were systematically discussed, and new ideas were proposed for promoting its further application.

Key words: biosurfactant, lipopeptide, surfactin, ex-situ MEOR, enhancing oil recovery

中图分类号:

TQ423

王晨伊,刘琦,彭勃,吕静. Surfactin生物表面活性剂及其驱油研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2019, 38(9): 4012-4019.

Chenyi WANG,Qi LIU,Bo PENG,Jing LÜ. Review on surfactin biosurfactant and its performance ofenhanced oil recovery[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2019, 38(9): 4012-4019.

图/表 3

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生物表面活性剂	生产菌株
表面活性素（surfactin）	B. subtilis BC1212
	B. subtilis ATCC 21332
	B.subtilis IAM 1213
伊枯草菌素（iturin）	B. subtilis RB14-CS
	B. subtilis K1
	Bacillus sp. BH072
丰原素（fengycin）	B. subtilis B6-1
	B. subtilis F29-3
	B. subtilis CPA-8
surfactin 和 fengycin	B. subtilis A21
	B. licheniformis V9T14
地衣素（lichenysin）	B. licheniformis BNP29
	B. licheniformis BAS50

生物表面活性剂	生产菌株
表面活性素（surfactin）	B. subtilis BC1212
	B. subtilis ATCC 21332
	B.subtilis IAM 1213
伊枯草菌素（iturin）	B. subtilis RB14-CS
	B. subtilis K1
	Bacillus sp. BH072
丰原素（fengycin）	B. subtilis B6-1
	B. subtilis F29-3
	B. subtilis CPA-8
surfactin 和 fengycin	B. subtilis A21
	B. licheniformis V9T14
地衣素（lichenysin）	B. licheniformis BNP29
	B. licheniformis BAS50

方法名称	实验原理	优势	劣势	参考文献
分析方法
溶剂萃取法	利用溶解度差异，常用萃取剂有甲醇、氯仿、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、己烷等	有机溶剂的可重复利用性	有机溶剂对人体、环境有害，纯度低	[40]
酸沉降法	LP在低pH下不溶，粗生物表面活性剂可以沉淀	简单、廉价且易于回收粗BS如LP	选择性差，纯度低，水溶性表面活性剂不适用	[41]
渗析法	利用溶质浓度的差异，通过渗析来纯化水溶性细胞外化合物	有效分离胶束生物表面活性剂，可重复，快速回收	操作条件要求高	[42]
高效液相色谱法	利用各组分与固定相作用时间的不同实现混合物的分离	纯度高，可分离不同的脂肽异构体用于鉴定	操作条件要求高，成本高	[43]
离子交换色谱法	用适当的缓冲液从离子交换树脂上洗脱	高纯度，可重复性，快速回收，高通量	操作条件要求高，成本高	[44]
聚苯乙烯树脂吸附	LP被吸附在聚合物树脂上，随后用有机溶剂解吸	快速，一步回收，高纯度，可重复使用，高通量	产生废液，样品损失大	[45]
制备方法
薄膜超滤法	LP形成胶束的浓度高于临界胶束浓度，可以通过连续超滤与培养液中的其他分子分离	减小了因提取条件的物理化学变化而引起表面活性剂分子变性的可能；回收产量高；加入化学药剂少，能耗低，有效降低成本	surfactin在膜表面聚集造成浓差极化，在膜上形成污垢，影响到传递效率	[46]
木炭吸附法	物理吸附	高纯度，可重复性，从连续培养基中高通量的廉价回收	产生废液，样品损失大	[47]
泡沫分离法	收集泡沫（通过分馏塔）并用HCl酸化至pH 1.0~2.0以沉淀LP，再用有机溶剂提取	消除泡沫及产物对微生物的不利影响；实现了与发酵过程的耦合，降低生产成本，可用于大规模工业生产回收	提取物中有菌体细胞，纯度低，改变了培养基和菌体的浓度	[48]

方法名称	实验原理	优势	劣势	参考文献
分析方法
溶剂萃取法	利用溶解度差异，常用萃取剂有甲醇、氯仿、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、己烷等	有机溶剂的可重复利用性	有机溶剂对人体、环境有害，纯度低	[40]
酸沉降法	LP在低pH下不溶，粗生物表面活性剂可以沉淀	简单、廉价且易于回收粗BS如LP	选择性差，纯度低，水溶性表面活性剂不适用	[41]
渗析法	利用溶质浓度的差异，通过渗析来纯化水溶性细胞外化合物	有效分离胶束生物表面活性剂，可重复，快速回收	操作条件要求高	[42]
高效液相色谱法	利用各组分与固定相作用时间的不同实现混合物的分离	纯度高，可分离不同的脂肽异构体用于鉴定	操作条件要求高，成本高	[43]
离子交换色谱法	用适当的缓冲液从离子交换树脂上洗脱	高纯度，可重复性，快速回收，高通量	操作条件要求高，成本高	[44]
聚苯乙烯树脂吸附	LP被吸附在聚合物树脂上，随后用有机溶剂解吸	快速，一步回收，高纯度，可重复使用，高通量	产生废液，样品损失大	[45]
制备方法
薄膜超滤法	LP形成胶束的浓度高于临界胶束浓度，可以通过连续超滤与培养液中的其他分子分离	减小了因提取条件的物理化学变化而引起表面活性剂分子变性的可能；回收产量高；加入化学药剂少，能耗低，有效降低成本	surfactin在膜表面聚集造成浓差极化，在膜上形成污垢，影响到传递效率	[46]
木炭吸附法	物理吸附	高纯度，可重复性，从连续培养基中高通量的廉价回收	产生废液，样品损失大	[47]
泡沫分离法	收集泡沫（通过分馏塔）并用HCl酸化至pH 1.0~2.0以沉淀LP，再用有机溶剂提取	消除泡沫及产物对微生物的不利影响；实现了与发酵过程的耦合，降低生产成本，可用于大规模工业生产回收	提取物中有菌体细胞，纯度低，改变了培养基和菌体的浓度	[48]

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