Poly ionic liquids （PILs） are a new kind of polyelectrolytes with structural and properties characteristics of both polymers and ionic liquids （ILs），which may overcome some of the intrinsic demerits of ILs. PILs may be solid，liquid or gel like soft matter with varying micro/meso structures and functionalities，and have become one of the research frontiers in both ILs and mesoporous polymer materials. This paper reviews the characteristics of ILs and the bottlenecks confronting their potential use，explains the necessity of development of PILs，and summarizes main kinds of the ILs monomers，synthesis approaches of PILs and methods for tuning their micro/meso structures and properties. Finally future research topics are stressed，including novel synthesis approaches，systematic characterization of PILs，as well as determination of the constitution-structure-properties relationship thereof toward molecular design for the task-specific PILs materials.

Along with more strict environmental regulations and clean fuels standards，low aromatic solvent oils should also need further dearomatization. Based on moderate operating conditions，extractant can be recycled and obtain byproduct aromatics. Lquid-liquid extraction technology is widely used，but in view of the low-aromatics raw material，extractant research and development is the key problem. A novel composite solvent adding ethylene glycol to N,N-dimethylformamide（DMF） was used as extractant in separation of low concentration aromatic solvent oil. By considering the selective coefficient（S） and distribution coefficient（K） of toluene to optimize the formulation，the mass fraction of ethylene glycol in the composite extractant was 15% ，and it was suitable for extraction separation of aromatic content less than 15% raw materials. LLE data of DMF – toluene - heptane and DMF-ethylene glycol – toluene – heptane systems were measured at atmospheric pressure and 40℃. The experimental data were correlated using the Othmer-Tobias correlation. LLE data confirmed that the composite extractant was appropriate for low-aromatic raw materials dearomatization. The optimal operating conditions of the composite extractant separating aromatics from solvent oils were determined. When extraction temperature was 40℃，extraction time was 5min，phase separation time was 10min，single stage extractant oil mass ratio was 0.5，after seven-stage counter-current extraction，the aromatics mass fraction in solvent oils was reduced from 9.15% to 0.76%.

The top blowing nuzzle for slag cleaning furnace is a distinctive kind of vertical downward pipe. Gas and liquid enter the pipeline from the Y-type tube，the other end of the nozzle is immersed in the molten pool. This paper analyzed multiphase flow quantitatively using simulation model in the experiments. The results show that the pressure difference of gas-liquid phase caused a transition from steady annular flow to steady bubbly flow was，and the area of each flow pattern depended on of the pressure difference. Three types of gas-liquid flows presented at the phase interface in the section between the main pipe and branch pipe（the area of mixing phase of gas and liquid）. The differences of bubbles stirred by immersion top blowing on different flow patterns were manifested in depth and width. The production was optimal at gas-liquid ratio of 2—5.

Longitudinal finned tube heat exchanger is a new type of tube heat exchanger used in flue gas heat recovery. In order to improve the heat transfer efficiency，the structural model of a new type of longitudinal louvered fin tubes was proposed and simplified. Using Fluent Software，the process of flow and heat transfer in gas phase was simulated for the longitudinal louver fined heat exchangers，and the transfer efficiency and pressure drop of two types of longitudinal louver fin and the common type exchanger were compared. The results showed that the heat transfer efficiency of longitudinal louvered fin heat transfer were over 130% higher than that of the common type. This paper simulates the changes of transfer and pressure drop at six different inlet velocities，and analyzed the influences of heat transfer and pressure drop caused by the difference of spacing and inclination angles on longitudinal louver fin. The results showed that at higher inlet velocities， the range of temperature was smaller，and the pressure drop was bigger. At bigger spacing the range of temperature and pressure drop were both smaller. Bigger inclination angles resulted in bigger pressure drop，but had little impact on heat exchange effects.

This paper presented stability analysis on assembled rotors anti-fouling and heat transfer enhancement device used in heat exchangers in a chemical plant. The stability analysis of rotors blade and rotor axial length provided the parameter changes for the device. After 17 months’ running，the results showed that the diameter of the rotor was reduced by 1.1 mm，about11.6% of the rotor diameter. Assuming steady wear each year，the assembled rotors will be in effective use for more than five years. The rotor axial length was reduced by 0.315mm，about 0.9% of the rotor axial length. Under certain conditions，the axial wear can be ignored. A small amount of fouling appeared on the rotors surface，without affecting the device stability. Heat exchangers had no new leak tube after using the rotor-assembled strands，showing no serious damage. Water side support components tipped over due to incorrect installation. The authors suggested solutions to the improper accessory installation.

The oil shale from Huadian，Jilin was taken as research object，and extraction with dichloromethane and petroleum ether was conducted at two stages. SEM pictures of untreated oil shale and two stage extraction residue were taken，and dichloromethane and petroleum ether raffinate were analyzed with GC/MS. The dissolution behavior of Huadian oil shale in these two extractants and surface morphology of extraction residue were studied. With dual-stage extraction，relatively smooth lamellar structure of oil shale particles gradually disappeared，particle size tended to be smaller，particle surface became more uneven，and liquid-solid contact area increased. Dichloromethane and petroleum ether were able to dissolve paraffinic hydrocarbons in oil shale. The major components of extract were C15 to C28 saturated alkanes. Solvent extraction could effectively extract a class of or similar compounds from oil shale. Oil shale extraction is significant to studying composition of oil shale and extracting the components of high economic value.

The effect of properties of herb residue and air equivalence ratio on the gasification characteristics of Gangmaoqingre granules was investigated. Experiments were conducted in a pilot-scale dual-loop circulating fluidized bed. With the increase of water content，gasification temperature gradually decreased，the contents of tar and CO2 increased，while CO content and carbon conversion rate decreased. Besides，H2 content，gas calorific value and gasification efficiency increased first and then decreased. Smaller particle size contributed to lower tar content and gas calorific value. However，gas yield，gasification efficiency and carbon conversion increased gradually. With the decrease of particle size，H2，CH4，CO，CnHm contents and gasification temperature increased while CO2 content decreased. With the increase of air equivalence ratio，concentration of combustible gas，especially CO，gas calorific value and tar content gradually decreased. Besides，gasificationtemperature，gas yield and carbon conversion rate gradually increased. But gasification efficiency increased first and then decreased. When water content was smaller than 4%，granularity was smaller than 4mm and air equivalence ratio was between 0.25 and 0.27，gasification efficiency would be higher，gasification result would be better.

Both traditional water extraction and solvent extraction to extract bitumen from oil sands have their drawbacks，such as sand/clay entraining into bitumen and bitumen remaining in residual sands. To resolve these problems，an ionic liquid （[Emim]BF4） was used to enhance bitumen recovery from Canadian oil sands by methyl acetate/n-heptane. FTIR and SEM were used to qualitatively analyze the cleanliness of bitumen and residual sand. Quantitative results of fine sand/clay in bitumen and organic matter remaining in residual sand were also obtained by coupling SEM with Elementar and ICP. The optimal volume ratio of methyl acetate to n-heptane was 2∶3. Meanwhile [Emim]BF4 increased bitumen recovery ratio to 94.20%，7.92% higher than composite solvent extraction without [Emim]BF4. The results obtained from FTIR，SEM，Elementar and ICP demonstrated that [Emim]BF4 could enhance bitumen separation efficiently. Negligible sand/clay was entrained in extracted bitumen，and no IL or bitumen was found in the treated sand.

Total flavonoids in Taraxacum mongolicum are a highly effective medicine，and aqueous two-phase extraction process is an effective technique for extracting biomaterials from plant. Effect of molecular weight and mass fraction of PEG，mass fraction of (NH4)2SO4，temperature and pH of aqueous two-phase system were investigated during extraction of total flavonoids from Taraxacum mongolicum. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained through orthogonal experiments. The optimal condition thus obtained is as follows：the average molecular weight of PEG at 1000，the mass fraction of PEG1000 at 23%，the mass fraction of (NH4)2SO4 at 18%，temperature at 25℃，pH at 5.34. The NaCl addition has little effect on flavonoids partition. The extraction yield of total flavonoids from Taraxacum mongolicum can reach up to 5.47% under this optimal condition. Compared with other extraction methods，the aqueous two-phase extraction process is a more environment-friendly and highly efficient technique.

Chemical looping air separation （CLAS），as a promising oxygen production technology，was employed as an alternative of conventional air separation technique. A novel technique for integrated coal gasification system with CLAS was presented in this article. This novel system has been simulated and calculated by Aspen Plus software based on the Gibbs free energy minimization principle. The results presented that the H2，CO and CH4 showed slightly change with the change of reduction temperature as well as the temperature of gasification gas when reduction temperature was above 840℃，at the same time the cold gas efficiency was about 80%. The increase of circulation ratio of CO2 could lead to a decrease in steam consumptions and result in the increase of CO and cold gas efficiency. Gasification pressure had little influence on H2，CO and CH4. The cold gas efficiency was reduced and the temperature of gasification gas was increased with the increase of gasification pressure.

As a high-efficient and clean energy carrier，hydrogen is regarded as the most potential energy in the 21th century. The key to large-scale hydrogen applications is hydrogen storage. Compared to physical hydrogen storage，chemical hydrogen storage is more efficient and safer. There exist three main chemical hydrogen storage technologies，which are metal hydrides，complex hydrides and organic liquid hydrides. The research progresses of these technologies were briefly reviewed. R-Mg-Ni type hydrogen storage alloy is a cheap alloy with high capacity found in recent years，but they are still too stable，and their hydrogenation / dehydrogenation performances are poor. Complex hydrides are rich in light metal elements so that they can store large quantities of hydrogen. But their reversible cycling performances are often too poor which limit their applications. Organic liquid hydrides not only have high hydrogen storage capacity，but also can be transported as gasoline at ordinary temperature and pressure. Furthermore，cyclohexane，benzene and other organic hydrogen storage medium can be produced in the industry of large scale. If dehydrogenation catalysts with good stability，high activity and large selectivity are developed，the large-scale application of hydrogen will be promoted substantially.

Environment-friendly air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cells （PEMFCs） have been prospected as the next generation of portable power sources with a brilliant commercial prospect due to their relatively small volume with simplification of air supply and humidifying system，high energy conversion efficiency，high power density，clean and pollution-free. The related research is becoming one of the hottest topics in fuel cell. In this paper，the research progress of air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cell is reviewed with respect to structure，mechanism，components，and performance. Perfecting the porosity and hydrophobicity of cathode catalyst layer of air electrode （cathode） would accelerate oxygen transfer and water removal，and improve air activation ability. The composition，structure and thickness of gas diffusion layer also influence gas permeability and water undock. Applicable structure design and material selection can regulate temperature and reinforce cross-ventilation，and the application of self-humidifying technology can maintain the stability of fuel cell at low humidity.

A large quantity of semi-coke powder with particle size less than 3mm are used to make gasification briquette，which can not only reduce the cost of gasification briquette，but also make full use of resources. Briquette coal is molded at room temperature and under pressure. This paper focuses on the influence of different binders upon the properties of briquette coal and the change of ash melting temperature of semi-coke when refractory agent is added. With the same amount of binder，the briquette coal with organic binder has higher falling shatter strength and higher calorific value than that with inorganic binder，but its thermal stability is poor. Clay 1 （wAl2O3>60%） not only has bonding capability，but also increases the melting point of coal ash. The composite binder，containing sodium humate，starch，clay 1，can make the falling shatter strength and ash melting point of semi-coke meet the requirements of gasification briquette.

To improve the physical properties and electrochemical performance of gel electrolyte，gel electrolytes with different contents of polyving alcohol（PVA）were prepared. Test results of viscosity，strength and gelling time tests showed that viscosity was increased with increasing PVA content and increased significantly when the content was over 0.0050%. Gel strength was enhanced and gelling time was prolonged when adding PVA of 0.0025% and 0.0050%，and gel performance was improved. However，physical properties of the electrolyte could not be improved，when the content of PVA was further increased. Cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance spectroscopy test results showed that adding PVA of 0.0050% could improve the reaction current and power of electrode，increase the utilization of active material and oxygen evolution potential，suppress self-discharge and lower impedance of electrolyte，electrochemical reaction charge transfer resistance and capacitance.

Oil sands mining and refining is an important way to solve the current energy shortage. The mineral components and pyrolysis characteristics of oil sands，including raw and demineralized samples，were investigated using X-ray diffraction （XRD） and thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）. The results show that the predominant mineral composition of oil sands，includes calcite，quartz，pyrite and clay，and a majority of minerals of oil sands，can be removed by acid method；the pyrolysis process of oil sands can be divided into two stages：dewatering stage and thermal cracking stage. The kinetic parameters，activation energy and frequency factor，of the main pyrolysis stage of oil sands were determined using Coast-Redfern integral method，and the activation energy of the pickling samples in varying degrees becomes higher than its original samples. The results provide a theoretical reference for industrializing oil sands treatment.

The technical innovation of non-grain raw material utilization at COFCO(Anhui) grain fuel ethanol plant with production capacity of 150000 tons has achieved the desired result. Based on the summary of technical innovation of non-grain raw material，the energy efficiencies of cassava and corn fuel ethanol production processes were analyzed and the impact of changes in raw material was evaluated using energy input/output analysis. The future development of non-grain biomass liquid fuel was discussed. The transformation of production process had a significant impact on energy efficiency. The net energy value of corn ethanol was 1.77MJ/L，while that of cassava ethanol was 7.82MJ/L，indicating higher energy efficiency of cassava ethanol fuel. However，considering such factors as energy efficiency，carbon emissions and land use，raw material for ethanol fuel should mainly be turned to agricultural and forestry waste，and the size of cassava ethanol should not continue to be expanded.

This review deals with various factors，including alkali-treatment conditions and Si/Al ratios and templates of parent zeolites，affecting the mesoporosity formed in zeolites by means of alkali treatment. In addition，the progress of the applications of meso-microporous zeolites prepared by alkali-treatment is presented，focusing on their applications to the catalytic reactions of alkylation，isomerization，cracking，and alcohol alkylation. The introduction of mesopores in zeolites by alkaline treatment can significantly shorten the characteristic length of molecule diffusion through micropores in zeolites，enhancing the apparent activity of the catalytic reactions and improving the catalytic stability of zeolites. Further studies，including clarification the mechanism of the introduced mesoporosity by alkali-treatment，the effect of alkali-treatment on the framework and acidity，as well as extending the application scope of the prepared meso-microporous zeolites，are expected.

Alkylation of toluene with t-butylalcohol over zeolite to prepare 4-t-butyltoluene is a new technological process. Researchers have paid much attention to this new process because of low raw materials price，high-selectivity for 4-tert-butyltoluene，and products easy to separate. The research progress of reaction mechanism of tert-butylation of toluene，zeolite molecular sieve catalyst and its modification is reviewed. The effects of heteropoly acid，metallic oxide，metallic ion and alkali modification on catalytic performance of zeolite molecular sieve catalyst for tert-butylation of toluene are elaborated. On the basis of maintaining high selectivity and activity，increasing stability of catalyst to make it valuable in industrial application will be the research focus for tert-butylation of toluene in the future.

A series of MOx/Al2O3（M=Ni，Mg，Co，Ce） catalysts were prepared by the deposition-precipitation method，and the effect of different additives on catalytic pyrolysis was studied. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD），and transformation of Al species in the MOx/Al2O3 catalysts after pre-fluorination was investigated. The catalysts were used in catalytic pyrolysis of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane （HFC-134a） to trifluoroethylene （TrFE），and the results showed that the addition of Ni，Co，Ce to AlF3 could improve catalytic performance for the pyrolysis of HFC-134a，while that of Mg could cause inhibition of catalytic performance. High activity was obtained on NiFx/AlF3 catalyst. The conversion of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane was higher than 21.4% and the selectivity to trifluoroethylene was 99.7% at reaction temperature of 400℃，and NiFx/AlF3 catalyst exhibited a longer life span.

Co-Ni-Zn-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by the precipitation - deposition method and used in the reaction of catalytic amination of isobutanol to isobutylamine. Investigation of the type of carrier，proportion of active ingredients determined the most suitable active metals in the catalyst system as 22.5% Co-12.8% Ni-3.0% Zn-1.5% Fe. Under the optimum reaction conditions：pressure 1.2MPa，amino∶alcohol= 8∶1；temperature 185℃；alcohol liquid flow rate of 0.6—0.8h?1，conversion rate of isobutanol reached 98.5%，Byproducts，such as triisobutylamine，were effectively suppressed at the same time，and total selectivity of isobutylamine and diisobutylamine reached 99.8%. The performance of the reaction was greatly improved，providing a new method for efficient production of isobutylamine with higher value of industrial application.

Amination of alcohols is one of the most important methods for preparing amines and the most potential application in the future. Synthesis of 1,2-propanediamine via amination of isopropanolamine on modified HZSM-5 was studied. The acid species and distribution of HZSM-5 were modified by P and Zn，and then the selectivity of 1,2-propanediamine was improved. The reaction parameters were optimized and the process of amination of isopropanolamine was improved. The optimum reaction conditions were as follows：reaction temperature 320℃，reaction pressure 3.0MPa，molar ratio of NH3 to isopropanolamine 65∶1，space velocity 4300h-1. Under the optimized conditions，conversion of isopropanolamine was 68.2%，selectivities of 1,2-propanediamine，2,6-dimethylpiperzine and 2,5-dimethylpiperzine were 61.5%，7.1% and 10.2%，respectively.

A new catalyst perfluorosulfonate resin/SiO2 for vapor phase dehydration of methanol（Me） to dimethyl ether（DME） was prepared by sol-gel method. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction，Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy，thermogravimetry-dirfferential scanning calorimetry，low-temperature nitrogen adsorption method and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption. The effects of reaction conditions such as temperature，liquid hourly space velocity（LHSV） and active component content on the reaction performance and catalyst stability were investigated. The results indicated that the BET specific surface area of microporous catalyst was 820m2/g. After a continuous run under conditions：w(PFSA)=10.0%，LHSV(Me)=1h?1，t=184℃，it is found that the activity and stability of the catalyst kept steady with the Me conversion，DME selectivity being >91.5%，>99.9% respectively.

Wood-plastic composites （WPCs） are usually composed of wood flour （WF） and thermoplastic polymers. Wood contains various components，including cellulose，hemicelluloses and lignin，which pose different influences on the property of the resulting composites. In this paper， recent research is summarized in this area. In general，cellulose can improve the mechanical property，water uptake，and electric conductivity of the composites. However，cellulose is unfavorable to anti-weathering property and thermal stability. Hemicelluloses have negative effects on almost all properties of the composites. Lignin can reduce the water uptake of the composites，thus improving thermal stability and decay resistance while accelerating photo degradation. Removal of extractives can improve the water uptake，mechanical property，thermal stability，and anti-weathering property of the composites，but has negative effect on decay resistance. Therefore，further investigations should be focused on investigating these effects by separating the wood components or partly removing some components from wood，as well as studying the mechanism. This could provide a theoretical basis for preparing higher performance WPCs.

Surface modification of CNTs can improve their surface activity，dispersion ability，and the compatibility between CNTs and base matrix，resulting in reinforcement of composite material. The methods of surface modification of CNTs are classified into physical methods and chemical methods. The physical methods consist of high-energy mechanical polishing method，high-energy ball milling method，and ultrasonic vibration method. The chemical methods consist of acid treatment method，method of coupling agent，electroless plating method，high-energy rays irradiation method，and atom transfer radical polymerization. In practical application，several modification methods can be used in combination to make the performance more stable and achieve more diverse properties. Meanwhile，the applications of modified carbon nanotubes to various composite materials are reviewed. Two focal points in modification of carbon nanotubes are proposed：one is to keep structural integrity of carbon nanotube itself，the second is to improve the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in the matrix.

Mesoporous silica with special morphology has been not only an ideal support to prepare high-performance catalysts and drugs，but also has received rapid attention in various applications，such as adsorption，separation and photo-electro-magnetic field，due to their unique structural features，such as high surface area，varied morphology，tunable nanometer-scale pore size，and special meso-structure. The latest progress of synthesis of mesoporous silica with special morphology，including nanoflowery，novel porous spheres，ribbons and nanocubes，as well as their unique applications in catalysis and controlled release are introduced. Besides，the applications in cell and energy will be hot in future research.

N-isopropyl acrylamide （NIPAM） is a typical temperature-sensitive hydrogel，which has hydrophilic acylamino and hydrophobic isopropyl groups. Because of its specially reversible swelling/ shrinking properties with temperature changes，it is widely used as a new kind of intelligent material. This review mainly introduces synthesis of hydrophobically modified thermo-sensitive hydrogels. Introduction of hydrophobic monomers can improve its hydrophobic properties and increase its temperature sensitivity，so it has unique application in drug delivery，material separation and biomedical materials. There are some limitations of hydrophobically modified thermo-sensitive hydrogels in theoretical research and actual applications，so we should improve the functional groups of hydrophobic monomers，and synthesize more sensitive and environment-friendly temperature- sensitive hydrogels，expanding the applications to catalysis，water treatment，biological and chemical fields.

During the sol-gel process of organosiloxane，supermolecular self-assembly structures are often formed，which extremely affects the hydrolysis/condensation behavior of precursors. Mainly considering the effect of structure of alkyl group in the precursors molecules and the inducing action of additive molecules，this paper reviewes the typical studies about the self-assembly behavior of organosiloxane during the sol-gel process in recent years. The main directions in this field are analyzed. Designing and synthesizing the organosiloxane molecules with special functional group as precursors，based on the intermolecular interaction between precursors and additive molecules，to prepare the long-range ordered silica-based composite material by the cooperative action between hydrolysis/condensation reaction and supermolecular self-assembly structure will be the focus of research.

Graphite is an important strategic resource，and China’s graphite resource reserves and production rank the first in the world. High purity graphite has excellent performance and graphite products are widely used. Purification of graphite is the premise and basis of graphite products application，therefore the performance and application of graphite products are directly affected by the purity of graphite. Graphite resource and production and consumption in China and the rest of the world are presented. The main methods for purification of graphite are discussed，and the research progress of graphite purification are reviewed from several aspects，including flotation method，alkali-acid processing method，hydrofluoric acid washing，chloridizing roasting and high temperature purification. After comparing the advantages and disadvantages of each method，the development direction and prospect of graphite purification is put forward. Grinding and flotation technology for protection of larger graphite flake，less fluoride or fluoride-free graphite purification and cost-effective high temperature graphite purification will be the new technologies in the future.

p(VDF-HFP)/[BMIM]PF6 gel membranes were prepared by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) process. The Internal structure and mechanical properties of the gel membranes were characterized. The effects of the [BMIM]PF6 contents on gas permeation performances of the gel membranes were discussed. The results showed a gradual decrease of the gel temperature and the dense polymer backbone structure of gel membrane into loose spherulitic structure with increasing [BMIM]PF6 content. Meanwhile，the presence of the [BMIM]PF6 reduced the overall crystallinity，improving the flexibility of p(VDF-HFP) segment，thereby CO2 and N2 permeability coefficient of the gel membranes significantly increased，whereas the permeability selectivity of CO2/N2 showed an initial increase and then a gradual decrease. When the [BMIM]PF6 content increased from 0 to 60% (wt)，the CO2 permeability coefficient improved from 0.2Barrer to 94.3 Barrer. .

Hysteresis characteristics of droplet on inclined microstructured hydrophobic surfaces include contact angle hysteresis （CAH） and sliding angle （SA）. The SA model of droplet on microstructured hydrophobic surfaces，which has a relatively higher precision，is based on ideal droplet shape for calculating，ignoring the distortion of droplet caused by the combined action of gravity，CAH and energy barrier （EB）. In this paper，micro-pillar-structured hydrophobic surface was prepared from polydimethylsiloxane （PDMS），and CAH and SA were studied in terms of micro-pillar spacing and droplet size. With the increase of micro-pillar spacing，advancing contact angle of droplet with the same size basically remained unchanged，but receding contact angle decreased. For droplets with different sizes，on the same substrate，advancing contact angle and receding contact angle slightly changed，but CAH basically remained unchanged. Force analysis was conducted on the receding three-phase contact line，and the effects of CAH and EB on SA were analyzed from the perspectives of force and energy. By comparing theoretical value and practical value of SA，the significance of their effects on SA was confirmed，verifying the rationality of the analysis with respect to the effects of micro-pillar spacing on SA from the perspectives of force and EB respectively，which contributed to studying the more precise SA model.

The modification of white carbon black，bentonite，kaolin，diatomaceous earth and perlite （deep and shallow） six different inorganic materials loaded with [C4mim]Br，[C7mim]Br，[C8mim]Br and [BPy]Br four ionic liquids was studied. FT-IR，TG and nitrogen adsorption-desorption of the specific surface area of these inorganic materials before and after modification were conducted. These modified inorganic fillers were then kneaded into rubber separately，and the thermal conductivity coefficients of rubber were measured. The thermal conductivity coefficients of these six kinds of inorganic materials modified by ionic liquids were all greater than those before modification. Wherein，the thermal conductivity coefficients of all these inorganic materials modified by [C4mim]Br increased the most. The thermal conductivity coefficient of Kaolin modified by [C4mim]Br was the highest，up to 0.389 W/(m?K)，89.76% greater than the unmodified.

The silica aerogel microspheres were prepared by sol-gel method and atomization technology，and the silica aerogel thermal insulation coatings were also prepared. The microstructures were observed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The sizes of microspheres were tested by a laser particle detector. The thermal conductivity of the coating was measured by Hot Disk thermal content meter. The results show that significant aggregations of silica aerogel microspheres with a high volume fraction are generated in the coatings，the number of pores in the coating increases according to SEM diagrams. Additionally，the aggregations are easy to be formed by small size silica aerogel microspheres. The thermal conductivity of the coating decreases with the increase of volume fraction because of the high thermal resistance of the silica aerogel microspheres. Aggregations of the silica aerogel microspheres have a negative impact on the reduction of thermal conductivity compared with that evenly distributed，but the pores help reduce thermal conductivity because of the high thermal resistance of air. Meanwhile，the interfacial thermal resistance of silica aerogel microspheres of small sizes is bigger than that of big sizes. So the thermal conductivity of coatings with small size microspheres is lower than that of coating with big size microspheres. Hybrid sizes increase the stacking density of silica aerogel microspheres in coating which help reduce thermal conductivity.

A novel phosphorous-containing flame retardant was synthesized with double trimethylolpropane as raw material. The flame retardancy of the flame retardant is good due to its high molecular weight，stable loop structure，and higher thermal stability compared with common flame retardants. The effects of raw material ratio，reaction temperature and reaction time on the yield were discussed. The thermal stability of target product and its flame retardancy to different fabrics were investigated. The structures of intermediates and target product were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The results show that reaction effect was better when raw material ratio was 1∶3，phosphating temperature was 50℃，reaction time was 5h，and amination temperature was 75℃. And the flame retardant has obvious flame retardancy to nylon，has certain flame retardant effect to polyester and cotton，but no obvious retardancy to blending and acrylic

Temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) （PNIPAM） nanocomposite hydrogel microspheres are successfully prepared by microfluidic technology using Laponite as crosslinker in this work. A simple micro-step uniaxial compression device is developed to study the elastic properties of PNIPAM/Laponite nanocomposite hydrogel microspheres，which only needs a programmed syringe to achieve the micro-compression deformation and a precision electronic balance to measure the applied force. The images of compression process of a single hydrogel microsphere are captured by a side-view optical system. The results show that PNIPAM/Laponite nanocomposite hydrogel microspheres exhibit elastic deformation at both 25℃ and 37℃，and the obtained force-deformation experimental data fit well with the Hertz Theory. The Laponite content in the nanocomposite hydrogel microspheres significantly affects their mechanical properties and temperature-responsive behaviors. With the increase of Laponite content，the thermo-responsive volume change degree of the nanocomposite hydrogel microspheres decreases. But the Young’s modulus of PNIPAM/Laponite nanocomposite hydrogel microspheres increases with the increase of the Laponite content at both 25℃ and 37℃. Furthermore，the Young’s modulus of PNIPAM/Laponite nanocomposite hydrogel microspheres at 37℃ is much larger than that at 25℃ due to the thermo-induced volume shrinkage and rigidity increase. The results in this study provide a valuable guidance for designing smart hydrogel microspheres for practical applications.

Lipase was an important biological catalyst，which was widely applied in many areas，how to improve its catalytic performance in non-natural environment has become a research hot spot gradually. Studies showed that the specific activity and enantioselectivity of lipase could be improved remarkably by adding some electrolytes into reaction system. However，relevant researches mainly focused on the role of single electrolyte，report on the types of electrolytes involved was much less，and further systematic research has not been reported yet. By utilizing Pseudomonas cepacia lipase （PcL） as the catalyst，the asymmetric transesterification resolution of 4-methylhept-4-en-1-yn-3-ol was conducted with the precursor of chiral chrysanthemum ester pesticides in hydrophobic organic media，the influences of 8 types，including halide，nitrate，sulfate，phosphate et al，35 kinds of electrolytes and their different combinations on PcL's catalytic performance were investigated systematically. The results indicate that the specific activity of PcL is 23 times higher than that of native lipase with synergistic effect of NaF，Na2HPO4 and NaH2PO4. Further study shows that the improvement of enantioselectivity has been achieved from 11 to 21，due to the different degree of activation of enantiomers by PcL.

Four pyridyl asymmetrical curcumin analogues were synthesized by 4-acetyl pyridine and appropriate aromatic aldehyde with alkaline and acid catalytic condensation respectively. Their inhibition activity on tyrosinase was evaluated. The results indicate that 3-(4-hydroxyl- 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(4-pyridyl)-2-en-propanone has the strongest inhibition on tyrosinase，semi inhibitor concentration is 45.1 μmol/L which is 2.2 times of curcumin （IC50 = 97.1 μmol/L）. Study on inhibitive kinetics discovers that the inhibition on tyrosinase belong to competitive model.

Three novel derivatives of 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one were designed and synthesized from 2,3,4-trimethoxybenzaldehyde by methoxy reduction，Knoevenagel，nitro reduction and acylation reaction. Its structure was confirmed by 1H-NMR，13C-NMR，IR analysis. Experiments based upon orthogonal design with four factors and three levels were carried out for the optimization of Knoevenagel reaction condition. The experimental results show that the optimal condition is found as follows：using toluene and cyclohexane[V(toluene)∶V(cyclohexane)=7∶3] as solvent and piperidine as catalyst，n(2-hydroxy-3,4 dimethoxybenzaldehyde)∶n(methyl nitroacetate)∶n(catalyst) =1∶1.2∶0.20，the reaction temperature of 98℃±2℃ and reaction time of 6h. Under this optimal condition，the average yield can reach 87.2%，higher than the values in literature. Target compounds are novel coumarin derivatives，with potential anticancer activity.

2,6-diamido-3-nitrotoluene（DANT）was synthesized from 2,6-diamidotoluene，via acylation and nitration. The target compound 2,6-diamido-3-nitrotoluene was got with purity 97.6% and total yield 62%. The effects of solvent amount，reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated，and the optimal process parameters were as follows：the volume ratio of acetic anhydride and acetic acid 1∶2，reaction temperature 80℃，reaction time 2h in acylation reaction；the ratio of concentrated nitric acid and 2,6-acetamidotoluene 1.38∶1，reaction temperature 10℃ in nitration. Then the product was obtained through hydrolysis at 105℃. The product was characterized with 13C-NMR and MS.

In the crude oil mining process of Tarim Oilfield，the salinity in formation produced fluid salinity is high and the oil wells are filled with a lot of aggressive substances，such as hydrogen sulfide，carbon dioxide，chloride ions，and free oxygen. They cause severe corrosion to hole production casing，wellhead equipment，oil and gas the gathering system，and even cause a serious accident. In order to alleviate the problems of oilfield equipment due to the hydrogen sulfide corrosion，in this experiment we used the organic synthesis method to prepare a solution formed desulfurizer complex with NTS，iron EDTA amine，triethylamine，and DMF，and investigated the optimal proportion of complex by iodometry. Also，we explored determined the best desulfurization concentration of the compound agents in the simulated water with different sulfur contents by iodometric method. Experiments showed the optimal condition for the preparation of NTS as follows：ingredient ratio of chloroacetic acid and ammonium chloride = 3∶1. 02 （mole ratio），reaction temperature of 70℃，reaction time 2 hours，and pH of 1.0. Desulphurization experiment showed that the concentration of desulfurization agent in simulated water is 10% and the desulfurization effect is best when the highest desulfurization rate is 98.01%. Compound for synthesizing green desulfurizer has very good desulfurization effect，therefore it is expected to be applied in pipeline desulphurization toprevent hydrogen sulfide pipeline corrosion.

The site remediation of Cadmium contaminated soil was reviewed. The recent research in biostabilization of Cadmium in contaminated soil was summarized. The stabilization mechanisms were discussed with highlight，such as the bioprecipitation that microbial metabolites can react with Cadmium to form sulfide or phosphate precipitation，the biosorption that microbial cell walls and extracellular polymeric substances can adsorb Cadmium，and the biological uptake that Cadmium ions can pass through the cell membrane of microorganisms and be fixed in cells. Organic and inorganic stabilization were also introduced and evaluated. The state，e.g. ion-exchangeable，bound to carbonates，bound to iron and manganese oxides，bound to organic matter，and residual of Cadmium in soil，and the factors of pH， redox potential，organic matters，coexistent heavy metals and microorganisms which affect the consequential bioavailability of Cadmium were analyzed. Finally，the advantages of biostabilization technique and the fact that heavy metals cannot be removed from soil permanently by this technique were clarified，and the future direction that biostabilization technique should be combined with other techniques was pointed out.

The slow growth and long doubling time of Anammox bacteria have become the bottleneck in its applications. This paper reviewed the anammox processes start-up influencing factors，of the including effects of different types of reactors （e.g.，UASB，SBR，fluidized bed reactor and MBR）， and summarized the characteristics of anammox reactors start-up under the influences of different carriers，inoculated sludge，substrate loading rates and operational temperature during the start-up period. The addition of porous fillers （e.g.，non-woven fabric，sponge，biomass carbon，etc.），inoculation of granular sludge，suitable influent concentrations （the nitrite concentration < 100 mg/L） and stepped low temperature acclimation were effective for quick start-up of the anammox process. The paper also introduced difference phases of substrate consumption，stoichiometric relationships between electron donors and acceptors，and recent advances in enrichment ratios of different microbes，microbial structure and the related population dynamics. Finally，this paper proposed future research directions，such as further understanding of the microscopic growth model of anammox bacteria，modification of functional genes，suitable environment growth factors and so on.

Coal-fired power plants （CFPPs） are major contributors of atmospheric mercury emissions；however，mercury removal from coal combustion flue gas is not mature in China. This paper briefly introduced current research progresses of mercury removal from flue gas of CFPPs and provided statistics data on installed capacity of domestic air pollution control devices （APCDs） including de-NOx equipment，de-dust equipment and desulfurization equipment. APCDs have synergistic effects on flue gas mercury removal，but the results are unsatisfactory due to the restrictions of coal quality，operating conditions，etc. Considering experiment results and operating conditions in a domestic CFPP，the following solutions were suggested：①adding oxides，which can enhance the oxidation efficiency of flue gas mercury in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactor；②spraying powdery activated carbon in combination with bromines to strengthen synergistic removal effect of flue gas mercury in electrostatic precipitator (ESP)，which may mercury removal efficiency more than 90%；③precise control of the pH value of desulfurization slurry and regularly discharging desulfurization slurry to reduce re-release rate of mercury，which can stabilize synergistic mercury removal effect in wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD)；④adjusting and optimizing the boiler operating parameters to improve synergistic mercury removal capacity in APCDs system.

This article reviews the present situation and problems of chlorohydrin process of propylene oxide （CHPO） saponification wastewater treatment in China and the rest of the world. A method of CHPO saponification wastewater treatment and resource reuse with completely independent intellectual property rights was introduced，and several of the key problems were stated. The feasibility of the method in the application and engineering aspects was discussed. Calcium chloride in saponification wastewater could be converted into higher value calcium carbonate ultrafine powder，and the remaining wastewater could be recycled. The establishment of a complete CHPO circular economy system was possible to form a green process of economic efficiency. Saponification wastewater pollution could not only be treated，but also be fully utilized. The devices of saponification wastewater treatment and resource reuse to support CHPO with an annual output of 60kt could produce 100kt of commercial calcium carbonate per year，recycle 120kt industrial salt per year and 2.5×106m3 process water per year，at the same time reduce discharge of 2.5×106m3 wastewater per year，profit before tax profit of about RMB 60 million.

To further improve the effectiveness of membrane process and reduce membrane fouling，catalytic membranes were prepared with the phase transfer method in order to realize microfiltration coupling and catalytic ozonation for micro-polluted water treatment. The sol-gel method was used to prepare TiO2，and nano-sized particles at different heat treatment temperatures were added into the casting solution. The characteristics of catalytic membranes were investigated with X-ray diffraction（XRD），scanning electron microscopy（SEM），water flux，porosity，and contact angle. The membranes catalytic efficiency and membrane separation processes were also investigated. Rutile TiO2 （namely PVDF/ TiO2-600） membrane achieved above 70% and 65% removal rate of humic acid （HA） and total organic carbon （TOC），respectively. The novel catalytic membrane exhibited good catalytic ozonation activity and anti-fouling property for HA removal，which demonstrated that catalytic ozonation membrane an emerging technique for water treatment.

In order to solve the high added value utilization problem of liquid drain slag，residual carbon particles and vitreous material of coarse slag from coal water slurry gasification furnace were separated by water washing. Their compositions and structures were determined using elemental analyzer，calorimeter，inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer and X-ray diffracmeter. The extraction methods of SiO2 and the influence of particle size，reaction liquid concentration，reaction liquid-solid ratio，reaction temperature and reaction time on the extraction rate of Fe and SiO2 in vitreous material by leaching with hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution separately were studied. Elemental analysis showed that C accounted for more than 63% in residual carbon. The net calorific value of residual carbon exceeded 21MJ/kg on dry basis. Vtreous material with 93.47% of Si，Al，Ca and Fe oxides was amorphous and was easy to react with acid. By this way，more than 90% of Fe and 93% of SiO2 were extracted from vitreous material and almost 92% of solid waste discharge were reduced.

The solubility selectivity for benzo[a]pyrene and dissolved amount for coal tar pitch of single solvent，mixed solvents were studied. Using maleic anhydride as modifying agent and sulfuric acid as catalyst，the solvent effect on reducing the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in coal tar pitch was investigated. The mixed solvents，cyclohexane and toluene，cyclohexane and butyl acetate had appropriate benzo[a]pyrene solubility selectivity and coal tar pitch solubility. When using cyclohexane∶toluene = 2∶1（v/v），cyclohexane∶butyl acetate =2∶1（v/v）as reaction solvent，benzo[a]pyrene in coal tar pitch could be removed efficiently，with decreases of 88.26% and 90.83% for benzo[a]pyrene in coal tar pitch respectively. Using these kinds of solvent，benzo[a]pyrene wrapped in coal tar pitch could be released. In addition，a homogeneous system between modifying agent and benzo[a]pyrene was formed，with most non-carcinogenic high molecular weight PAHs and modifying agent forming a two phase system. As a result，the effective reaction between modifying agent and benzo[a]pyrene was greatly improved.

The control index of sulfides content in gasoline additive MTBE was introduced based on the National 5th Stage Motor Vehicle Gasoline Standard. A new algorithm for enrichment coefficient calculation was given based on the analysis of sulfides composition， sources and enrichment effect in MTBE. The results showed that enrichment coefficient was up to 4.44 at ethylene content in LPG between 15%～30% by weight. The analysis of other influencing factors showed that enrichment effect was the most important factor. As the investigation of MTBE desulfurization process by distillation and LPG fine desulfurization process demonstrated that two-column MTBE desulfurization process by distillation was more suitable in new gasoline additive production，considering its relatively low invest cost，energy cost and use of adsorbent，and the sulfides content in MTBE can be controlled under 3mg/kg.

Furfural refining towards the third vacuum dewaxed distillate refined from the mixed oil of Daqing and Nile was investigated. Calibration of theoretical plates number in the extraction column，multi-stage static extraction and pilot plant experiment were carried out. The results show that theoretical plates number in the column is 2 to 3. Under simulate-two-stage extractions，acid value of refined oil is below 0.03mgKOH/g when the value of volume ratio of solvent to oil (S/O) is 6. The acid value of refined oil meets the standard under simulate-four-stage extractions when the S/O is 3.2. The yields of refined oil are 64.53% and 75.33% respectively. Besides，acid value of the refined oil is 0.0246mgKOH/g in the pilot plant with four theoretical plates when the S/O is 2.81，and the yield of refined oil is 78.01%. The lubricating base oil meets the quality specification of HVI400SN.

MDEA de-carburization is a multi-amine absorption process. Although de-carburization effect is good，but because of the nature of chemical reaction，energy consumption for decarburization solvent regeneration is higher. In order to achieve saving energy，the propylene carbonate method replaced the MDEA method for decarburization in Hebei Xinhua Company. According to the characteristics of decarburization process，decarburization equipment was transformed. The DJ-2 type plate replaced the packing originally used. It achieved the best matching for CO2 removal equipment and decarburization process，and decarburization operation in the weeping area was better. After transformation，the saving of steam per ton of ammonia was 1363 kg，and annual energy saving economic value was up to 20400000 yuan.