At present, China’s chemical industry is facing serious challenges in terms of accidents and safety production. This paper firstly explained the specific meaning of the “four principles” of chemical industry inherent safety and their role in reducing or even eliminating risks at the source of production and in the manufacturing process. Then, from the perspective of technology maturity, the implementation of the “four principles” of intrinsic safety and the existing problems was analyzed, and upgrade of the existing chemical process equipment and technology was proposed by focusing on the minimization and substitution principle of the “four principles” of inherent safety. The corresponding inherently safe process equipment and technologies were developed. On this basis, potential technical paths for the implementation of the minimization/substitution principle were explored. The development of intelligent unit integration technology and equipment to reduce the amount of hazardous chemicals and energy density in the plant would be achieved through the design and development of minimized unit equipment at the extensive centimeter scale integrated with artificial intelligence. The production safety risks can be thereby controlled. In addition, it was necessary to extend the principle of minimization/substitution to green chemical production, reduce the safety risks caused by improper disposal of “three wastes”, and achieve the unity between production, safety and environmental protection. Finally, two examples of the application of centimeter-scale intelligence integration technology in chemical production and chemical waste gas treatment were presented, reflecting the broad utility of the technology. It can be foreseen that the whole process intrinsic safety technology can fundamentally change the stereotype of “tall towers and huge tank”, effectively improve the level of chemical safety risk prevention and control, and improve the chemical industry to be safe, high-end and intelligent development.

As a pillar industry, the chemical industry is actively responding to the national call to promote the digital and intelligent development. As an essential part of the intelligent transformation of the chemical industry, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research and propose an implementable overall technical solution to lay a solid foundation for the subsequent intelligent transformation. This paper summarizes the latest progress of the intelligent transformation of chemical laboratories in China and abroad, outlines the blueprint of the intelligent transformation of chemical laboratories around scientific research and innovation, and proposes an outline of building intelligent research institutes covering different levels of development from informationization, digitalization and transition to intelligence, so as to provide a guidance for the specific plan of intelligent research institutes. An outlook of research paradigm change empowered by artificial intelligence (AI) is also provided.

The traditional stirred reactor operation mode is poorly matched, and there is a lack of intelligent diagnosis, control and matching capability monitoring of stirred equipment. In recent years, the rise of industrial internet has aroused great research interest within various industries, and relatively promising progress has been made. This paper first outlined the background of the rise of industrial internet of things (IIoT) and its characteristic advantages. Then, the key technical challenges to be solved for the intelligence of stirred reactors were briefly described. The industrial internet of things technology was used to intelligently collect, analyze and process the time-varying signals characterizing the mixing state of the material inside the stirred reactor, and to predict the trend of the future state of the material inside the equipment. Combined with the fluid chaotic mixing characteristics, macroscopic mixing behavior, and big data analysis of stirred reactor structure parameters and operation parameters, an intelligent monitoring and chaos synchronization system was formed, and an operation platform for intelligent monitoring of the stirred reactor was established, which mainly included dynamic control of risk, online monitoring and early warning, and real-time feedback control. Finally, the challenges of this stirred reactor intelligent terminal in the chemical industry were summarized, and the future development direction and application prospects were prospected. It is hoped that this paper can attract scholars with different research backgrounds in chemical industry to enter this multidisciplinary crossover field and make some contributions to promote energy saving and emission reduction, and develop intelligent chemical equipment and safety together.

Advanced functional materials are the foundation of modern industries and the innovation of research paradigms is the key to accelerating materials screening and development. As a new research paradigm, the intelligent synthesis model with process automation, high-throughput synthesis and digitalization of information as core elements has gradually become a new trend in modern materials research and development. This article summarized the research status of functional solid materials in the field of intelligent synthesis in recent years and focused on the research progress in the automatic and high-throughput synthesis of porous materials represented by zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, and porous organic polymers, as well as other functional solid materials. This review pointed out the existing shortcomings in the intelligent synthesis of advanced functional materials, such as the difficulty of full process automation and the limited integration with artificial intelligence, further compared the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of several efficient synthetic methods in the reaction rates and product effects, and analyzed the impact of the data-driven model represented by “artificial intelligence and big data” on the performance prediction and assisted synthesis of functional materials. Finally, it was concluded that the development of a more fully functional, accurate, and micro-scale automated synthesis platform, the construction of more accurate and generalizable artificial intelligence algorithms, and their high-degree integration would be the future directions.

Energetic materials are a class of compounds or mixtures containing explosive groups or oxidants and combustibles that can perform chemical reactions independently and output energy. Due to the particularity of energetic materials, the synthesis process has the characteristics of strong heat release and temperature sensitivity. At the same time, in practical applications, weapon charges also have high requirements for the particle size control of energetic materials. The microreactor has the advantages of high heat and mass transfer efficiency, high safety, miniaturization and integration of equipment, and low environmental pollution. It is suitable for the synthesis process and particle size control of energetic materials. In recent years, it has become one of the hotspots and focuses in the field of energetic materials. The first part of this paper introduces the micro-reaction synthesis of four kinds of energetic compounds, such as nitrate, nitro, azide and nitrogen heterocyclic. It is pointed out that the micro-reactor can significantly improve the synthesis safety, accelerate the synthesis efficiency and safety. The second part summarizes the application of micro-chemical technology in the preparation of micro-nanometer, spherical and composite energetic materials. It is found that the micro-reactor has the characteristics of more accurate particle size control and high sphericity. Finally, it is pointed out that the microreactor has broad application potential in the field of energetic materials, and the focus and improvement direction of future research are prospected.

The application of digital twin technology has played an increasingly important role in various fields, and its importance is also emphasized in the “14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Intelligent Manufacturing” issued by the ministry of industry and information technology. This article describes the current application status of digital twin technology in the petroleum and petrochemical industry and designs a framework for the full lifecycle digital twin platform of petrochemical intelligent factories. Supported by industrial Internet platforms and focusing on the complex processes and devices of petrochemical enterprises, this framework can provide services such as digital delivery, intelligent construction, simulation of intelligent operations, and intelligent maintenance for petrochemical intelligent factories. In addition, three application scenarios are planned in this article, namely visual simulation for production scheduling in intelligent factories based on digital twins, intelligent inspection of factory equipment using augmented reality, and immersive training and safety drills for intelligent factories based on virtual reality. Finally, this article analyzes the challenges and prospects of applying digital twin technology in the petroleum and petrochemical industry, providing guidance and suggestions for its application in intelligent factories. The research findings of this article are of great significance in promoting the application of digital twin technology in the petroleum and petrochemical industry, and they also provide new ideas and methods for the application of digital twin technology in intelligent factories.

The accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) has been widely used in reactivity hazard evaluation and risk assessment. Based on the summary of the application of ARC in reaction safety risk assessment, this paper points out that there are many pitfalls users may run into when doing ARC tests. Some of them can be avoided by careful experiment design, such as insufficient sample loading, sample cell incompatibility, and the tested sample reaction at ambient temperature. The other pitfalls are caused by the instrument limitations, such as the limit of maximum temperature rate due to furnace heating limit, heat loss to pressure through fittings, condensation issues in pressure tubing, and the accuracy of sample temperature measurement when the self-heat rate is large. This article emphasizes these pitfalls to provide other researchers with a reference for better designing experiments and interpreting data. The analysis concludes that the following are recommended for ARC test: about 4g sample load, selection of a sample cell compatible with the test sample, use of the fresh sample, and awareness of the non-adiabatic data when the maximum temperature rise rate of the sample is greater than the maximum temperature rise rate of the ARC furnace. This paper summarizes the above methods to provide a reference for more accurate use of ARC data in reactivity hazard evaluation.

With the development of personalized medicine, customized medications are receiving increasing attention. In order to produce customized medications, it is necessary to prepare medication mixture solutions of specified concentrations. We proposed the design of random variable-width (RVW) microfluidic chips, and predicted their performance through Convolutional Neural Networks. First, a design scheme of RVW microchannel was proposed, and the outlet concentrations and the outlet flow rates were obtained by simulation. Second, the KD-MiniVGGNet model was designed according to the principle of convolutional kernel decomposition. The model was trained with the concentration and flow rate data and predicted the outlet concentration and outlet flow rate for more concentration gradient chips. Finally, an experimental research system was built to verify the accuracy of the prediction results of the KD-MiniVGGNet model. The results showed that the RVW microfluidic concentration gradient chips could widen the range of outlet flow rates by 66.7%. When the query conditions were the same, the RVW concentration gradient chip widened the distribution range of outlet concentration of the three outlets by 9%, 16% and 11%, and the distribution range of outlet velocity of the three outlets by 29%, 28% and 30%, respectively. The accuracy of KD-MiniVGGNet model on the test set of outlet concentrations and flow rates could reach 91.5% and 92.7%, respectively. The average absolute error between the prediction results of KD-MiniVGGNet model and the experimental results was 4.3%. The design method proposed in this study could achieve efficient and accurate design of concentration gradient chips, optimize the performance range of concentration gradient chips, and better offer solution preparation services for pharmaceutical customization.

Distributed wind power is a new type of wind power. Its advantage is to make full use of the wind energy around users, reduce the transmission cost and improve the reliability of power supply. However, due to its proximity to users, distributed wind farms have serious noise pollution. Previous studies often used noise reduction equipment or the method of reducing power generation to deal with the noise problem, and few scholars studied it from the perspective of optimizing the layout of wind turbines. For distributed wind farms, layout optimization is very critical and complex. The economy of distributed wind farms depends on the layout design, which is affected by complex factors such as wind fluctuation, wind turbine wake loss, cable wiring and so on. Therefore, in this study, combined with noise, wind speed distribution, wake loss, power curve and cable connection model, taking the maximum annual economic benefit of the wind farm as the objective function, genetic algorithm and steiner algorithm are used to optimize the wind turbine location distribution and cable wiring respectively, and ensure economy while minimizing noise impact.

In the construction of smart factory in petrochemical enterprises, the establishment of molecular level device models is an important element in the transformation of enterprises to a refined and intelligent production model. In this paper, based on the naphtha composition and molecular type-homologue series (MTHS) matrix model, a deterministic molecular library of naphtha containing 270 molecules was established and a naphtha molecular reconstruction model was constructed, whose simulation values matched well with the actual values, achieving the goal of predicting the detailed composition of naphtha fractions by using macroscopic physical properties as input information. The reaction network simplification rules were established based on the reaction mechanism of catalytic reforming process, and rule input network generator (RING) was innovatively applied to a complex mixture such as naphtha to construct a catalytic reforming process reaction network containing 865 molecules and 6616 reactions. The genetic algorithm was used to estimate the reaction kinetic parameters and construct a kinetic model of catalytic reforming reaction at the molecular level, and the absolute error between its simulated and actual values for the product composition of the plant was 0.85%, and the product prediction at the molecular level can be realized. The molecular level model can be used to guide the operation of catalytic reforming plants and to build an intelligent model, the model construction method and ideas can be used to build molecular level models for petrochemical companies.

As a thermosetting resin, the chemical structure of epoxy resin (EP) determines its flammability and its combustion is accompanied by the release of heat and smoke, which has a big fire hazard problem. In this work, flame retardant EP was prepared firstly, then the fire hazard of the flame retardant EP was analyzed by the numerical simulation combined with the combustion test data, which were measured by the thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimeter test. The results of thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of flame retardant improved the char formation of EP. The analysis results of cone calorimeter test indicated that the addition of flame retardant made EP ignition more difficult. The peak value of heat release rate, the total heat release, the peak value of smoke production rate and the total smoke production were decreased. Thus, flame retardant EP showed good flame retardancy. Consisting with the instrument test data, numerical simulation results of material combustion showed that the combustion rate of the flame retardant EP was relatively low. The heat release and heat transfer rate, the smoke production rate and smoke flow rate were significantly lower than those of pure EP. Therefore, the fire safety of the flame retardant EP materials was improved.

Trimetallic spinel CuMnCoO₄ was prepared by the freezing-assisted sol-gel method, characterized by XRD, BET, FTIR, Raman and XPS, and its catalytic performance for solvent-free toluene nitration with nitric acid as nitration agent in the absence of sulfuric acid was investigated. The findings indicated that the toluene nitration system catalyzed by CuMnCoO₄ spinel had a preference for the generation of dinitrotoluene (DNT) with the selectivity of DNT being 1.6 times higher than that of the toluene nitration system without spinel. On this basis, in accordance with the fundamental principle of “substitution, mitigation and simplification” for intrinsic safety, this study optimized the conventional production process of two-stage nitrous-sulfur mixed acid nitrification of DNT and obtained the optimal process conditions as follows. With molar ratio of 95% HNO₃, toluene, CuMnCoO₄ spinel catalyst is 4∶1∶0.15, the toluene was dosed at room temperture and then the reaction was kept at 50℃ for 6h, and the DNT can be prepared by the one-step nitration of toluene (the selectivity can be up to 67.44%). In the meantime, this study tested the thermal hazard parameters of CuMnCoO₄ spinel-catalyzed toluene nitration process under semi-intermittent reaction by the reaction calorimeter(RC1e), and investigated the dangerousness of the reaction process. The calculations showed that this new heterogeneous catalytic system could improve DNT selectivity and decrease the maximum temperature which can be reached by a failure control system (MTSR), thereby enhancing the safety of the reaction system.

Solid-liquid two-phase flow is widely appeared in the coal chemical production process, two-phase solid-liquid flow erosion is a particular problem in the pipeline transportation system, and the potential for sudden system failure is extremely high and this has become a major hidden hazard for the safe production and stable operation of coal chemical plants. To reduce the production safety risk and ensure the safe and reliable operation of pipeline system, the study on the prediction of erosion life was a key part of the research on the integrity of coal chemical equipment. Taking a coal-water slurry vaporizer feed pipe of a coal chemical plant in Xinjiang as the research object, ANSYS 2012R1 software is applied to conduct numerical simulation analysis to determine the main location of the bend tube erosion and the erosion thinning in a short period of time, to provide the original sequence for the prediction model, and to establish GM(1,1) model, unbiased GM(1,1) model and gray Markov model respectively through gray prediction theory. The prediction of the erosion rate of the pipe bend was completed, and the service life and maintenance cycle of the pipe were derived by combining the “Assessment of corroded steel pipelines”. This showed that the erosion thinning was mainly concentrated in the axial direction of the bend about 70 degrees, and the maximum position of the erosion thinning did not move with the change of time under the same process conditions. The unbiased GM(1,1) model and the Gray Markov model had significant advantages in medium and long-term prediction, and the Gray Markov model was more suitable for long-term prediction work. The service life of the coal-water slurry vaporizer feed transfer bend involved was about 570 days, and the amount of erosion thinning increased significantly after the bend was put into service for 450 days, which required regular monitoring and preventive maintenance of the key parts of the bend.

The research progress of strengthening non-homogeneous multiphase separation based on electrostatic-cyclonic coupling field at home and abroad was outlined, and the corresponding strengthening separation methods were analyzed and summarized. The multi-phase media separation technologies, equipment and working principles such as electrostatic-cyclone coupling enhanced liquid-liquid separation, gas-solid separation, gas-liquid separation and solid-liquid separation were introduced according to different media categories, for example: dynamic/static electrostatic cyclone dewatering device, electrostatic cyclone dust collector/friction cyclone separators, electrostatic cyclone mist eliminator and electric cyclone liquid separators. The electric field type and distribution, coupling field with droplet and particle action, as well as numerical simulation method of coupling field were summarized to provide a basis for the study of electrostatic-cyclone coupling to strengthen the separation of multiphase media. In view of the poor separation performance of special multiphase media (such as large viscosity, small density difference and weak/no conductivity, etc.), this paper proposed that the structural dimensions, operating parameters and installation conditions of the coupling equipment should be considered comprehensively, and on the basis of improving the separation efficiency, the research on the operational safety of the electric field-cyclone coupling device should be strengthened to expand the applicable scope for coupling to strengthen the multiphase media separation.

Fluent software is used to simulate gas-liquid two-phase flow field of benchmark and improved wet-wall tower by laminar flow model, VOF model and unsteady type. The influence of gas-liquid two-phase flow field on the mass transfer process was analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that with the increase of liquid inlet flow rate, the vortex motion of gas phase at the stable liquid film boundary was gradually enhanced, and the mixing degree of gas and liquid phase was strengthened, which was conducive to the improved gas-liquid mass transfer in the wet-wall column. In a certain range of gas inlet flow, with the increase of gas inlet flow, the vortex movement of liquid film interface was enhanced, and the mixing degree of gas-liquid two phases was strengthened, which was beneficial to the gas-liquid two mass transfer of the improved wet-wall tower. The gas phase inlet flow should not be too large, otherwise the liquid phase cannot flow down along the wet pilaster to form a stable liquid film, which was not conducive to mass transfer. The reduced diameter structure and gas baffle of the modified wet-wall tower were conducive to gas-liquid mixing and mass transfer. The mass transfer process of the improved wet-wall column occurs at the liquid film boundary. With the increase of liquid inlet flow, the liquid film thickness, the liquid film surface area, and the effective mass transfer area all increased, which was conducive to the transfer of gas and liquid. By comparing the gas-liquid two-phase flow field of the base wet-wall column with that of the improved wet-wall column, the mixing degree of gas-liquid two phases in the improved wet-wall column was strengthened, which was more conducive to mass transfer.

The morphology and interface evolution of bubbles with different liquid viscosities in a rectangular microchannel were investigated by a high-speed camera. Four bubble morphologies, bullet-shaped, stick-shaped, flat-tailed and sharp-tailed, were observed. The evolution of bubble tail changed from convex to flat or concave, and to sharp near the wall were controlled respectively by the squeezing pressure of liquid slug and viscous shear under the confined space effect. Based on the two-phase Ca number and gas/liquid rate ratio, the bubble morphology distribution map was plotted and the shape transition model was established. Both the flat-tailed and sharp-tailed bubbles evolved from flat-tailed bubbles, and the transition distance decreased with the respective increase in liquid squeezing pressure and viscous shear, and showed a power-law relationship with the gas/liquid rate ratio with the negative exponent. The tips of sharp-tailed bubbles can break at the critical conditions, and a good model for predicting the breakup conditions was proposed with the Ca number and gas/liquid rate ratio. This work had important guidance for the regulation of the flow and breakup of bubbles in the rectangular microchannel.

Many local hydrogen energy industrial policies are given priority to the national medium-and long-term development plan, and the quality of hydrogen energy industrial policies is directly related to the high-quality and healthy development of China’s hydrogen energy industry. This article retrieved the local hydrogen industrial policy released from January 1, 2017 to June 1, 2022 and systematically combed the national and local hydrogen industrial policy development context. Focusing on the four dimensions of development goals, technical path, application scenarios and supporting policies, the policy content textual quantitative analysis was carried out to explore typical urban hydrogen industry development planning policy characteristics. The research results showed that the local hydrogen policy in China presents a high consistency to the national medium and long-term development planning in the development goals, technical direction and application scenarios, and establishes a more suitable local hydrogen industry development technology route, hydrogen application scenarios and support policies, but there is still a lack of synergy between regions, that is, industrial chain development path is not clear, application and infrastructure construction is not coordinated, and support policy strength is not consistent. The article proposed that strengthening the infrastructure construction of the whole process of hydrogen energy industry, breaking through key core technical problems, improving the industrial chain of "hydrogen production-hydrogen storage-hydrogen transportation-hydrogenation", broadening application scenarios, expanding talent reserves, establishing carbon sink policies and promoting financial tools are key issues that need to be considered to promote the development of China's hydrogen energy industry and the preparation of hydrogen energy policies.

Researches of the mechanism, process and catalysts for various olefin hydration reactions were reviewed. The latest progress in the processes and catalysts of cyclohexene hydration to produce cyclohexanol, propylene hydration to produce isopropanol, and high-carbon olefin hydration to produce high-carbon alcohol were summarized in detail, together with the development trend of olefin hydration reaction in the future. The reaction pathways of olefin hydration could be mainly divided into direct and indirect ones, and the reaction mechanisms were mainly the electrophilic addition mechanism of martensitic rule, the electrophilic addition mechanism of anti-martensitic rule and the radical mechanism. The olefin hydration catalysts are changing from liquid acid, alkali, transition metal salt or oxygen salt, to molecular sieve, solid acid, synthetic resin, photocatalyst and enzyme catalyst. In the future, photocatalysis and enzyme catalysis will be the key research directions of olefin hydration technology, and the optimization of reaction equipment parameters, the enhancement of catalyst performance, and the improvement of material mixing and mass transfer are the development trends of olefin hydration process optimization.

Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis cells (AEMWE) can take dilute alkaline solution or pure water as electrolyte, use relatively cheap anion exchange membrane and high activity of non-precious metal catalyst, effectively reduce the water electrolytic energy consumption and greatly reduce the input cost. In this paper, the performance characteristics and development advantages of AEMWE are summarized, and the research progress of key components such as the catalyst, anion-exchange membranes and ionomers in AEMWE are analyzed in detail. It is concluded that the Ni-Fe-based catalyst is the most promising anode material. By designing new catalyst layer and making porous structure, the problem of catalyst dissolution can be solved, while the ionic conductivity, water diffusion coefficient and durability of the ionomer and anion exchange membrane can be effectively increased by raising the ion exchange capacity. Finally, the future development directions of AEMWE are proposed, which are material innovation and preparation optimization of membrane electrode components, using pure water as the electrolyte, improving the flexibility of the test system, and developing efficient, low-cost and stable AEMWE hydrogen production device.

In order to reduce carbon emissions and improve economic benefits, a grid-connected distributed integrated energy system coupling gas-fired internal combustion engine, rooftop photovoltaics and ground source heat pump was proposed to realize the coordinated supply of regional cooling, heating, power and steam based on the resource endowment and load demand characteristics of the park. With the objective of minimizing the carbon dioxide emissions, annual cost and average power purchase fluctuation, the capacity allocation planning and day-ahead operation dispatch of the system were carried out through the established optimization model. Taking an industrial park in Xi’an as the study case, the optimal capacities under each single objective and multi-objective optimization were obtained based on the load data throughout the year. According to the comprehensive planning results, the annual performance was calculated, and the typical days of heating period and cooling period were selected for dispatch research. The sensitivity analysis was made for the fluctuations of photovoltaics installation, electricity price and gas price, and the corresponding energy storage capacities and system performance changes were determined. The results indicated that the environmental performance and stability of the distributed integrated energy system could be significantly improved under the premise of meeting the demand, and the annual cost was the most sensitive to the changes of electricity price and gas price.

Emissions from various industries have led to increasingly serious environmental problems. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the primary components of industrial waste gas, and photocatalytic advanced oxidation technology for non-selective oxidation of VOCs has attracted extensive researches. In order to solve the problem of low efficiency in the photocatalytic reaction, this review described the influencing factors of photocatalytic degradation of VOCs (temperature, relative humidity, initial gas concentration, oxygen concentration and gas flow rate), and summarized the influencing mechanism and influencing trend of various process parameters. With the continuous development of photochemical and electrochemical technologies, their combination has become a new research direction, and bias voltage can effectively reduce the recombination rate of electron hole pair. So, this review also summarized the influence of bias voltage in different photoelectric catalytic reactors on the photoelectric catalysis mechanism. Experimental research progress of photocatalysis/photoelectrocatalysis in recent five years were introduced, which has guiding significance for the design and optimization of the photocatalysis/photoelectrocatalysis degradation of industrial waste gas VOCs. In the future, it will be the development trends to carry out experimental research with the parameters matching the industrial waste gas VOCs and to develop simple and efficient photocatalysis/photoelectrocatalysis reactor.

Transition metal phosphides are efficient catalytic materials for electrochemical hydrogen production because of their high catalytic activity and good stability. However, realizing their large-scale application in electrolytic water hydrogen evolution needs further improvement on the catalytic performance. Based on the composition of transition metal phosphides, their properties were summarized in terms of the metal/phosphorus (M/P) stoichiometric ratio. In addition, the common preparation methods of transition metal phosphides were introduced, and the influence of the modification methods such as element doping, structural defects, interface engineering and coupling of carbon materials, microstructure regulation, and wettability improvement on the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution were reviewed in detail as well. The development trend of transition metal phosphides is also prospected from the aspects of exploiting new phosphorus source, standardizing electrochemical tests and regulating the crystal planes.

The surface properties of alumina support have been modified by introducing a heterogeneous carbon layer and doped boron by the method of carbon predeposition through precursor pyrolysis, with which the corresponding CoMo supported hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts were then prepared. The physical-chemical properties of the modified Alumina and the series CoMo supported catalysts were characterized by using XRD, N₂-adsorption-desorption (BET), Py-FTIR, H₂-TPR, HRTEM, and XPS, and their HDS catalytic performance for the model compound DBT was assessed. The results showed that the introduction of carbon layer could effectively reduce the —OH functional group on the alumina support surface, and then regulate the acidity of alumina and the interaction between active metal and support (MSI), avoiding the formation of CoAl₂O₄ spinel. The doping of heteroatom B could produce more defect sites on the surface of the support, enhance the degrees of sulfidation and the dispersion of Mo species, and form more “Type Ⅱ” CoMoS active phase which was beneficial for the HDS of highly refractory organosulfur compounds. For DBT at 270℃ and 4,6-DMDBT at 290℃, with space velocity of 4h^-1, the HDS conversions on CoMo-Al₂O₃@BC reached 83.42% and 69.98%, respectively, which were 13.67% and 10.40% higher than those of CoMo-Al₂O₃ catalyst.

A solvent-free rapid synthesis method of ZSM-12 zeolite was developed. The method consists of two steps. The first step was to prepare Si-Al precursor. Tetraethylorthosilicate, sodium aluminate, sodium fluoride, methanol and water were mixed and reacted for 3h under agitation at room temperature. After reaction, the liquid phase was evaporated, resulting in the Si-Al precursor. The second step involves the crystallization of Si-Al precursor. The Si-Al precursor was mixed with seeds and tetraethylammonium hydroxide, and subsequently transferred to autoclave for crystallization for 24h at 160℃ to obtain the ZSM-12 zeolite. The crystallization of ZSM-12 zeolite was faster in solvent-free synthesis system than in hydrothermal synthesis system. By using XRD, SEM, solid-state NMR, TG, and FTIR characterizations, the physicochemical properties of Si-Al precursor were analyzed, and the crystallization process of ZSM-12 zeolite was investigated. The results showed that the rapid crystallization was attributed to the addition of seeds and the formation of Si—O—Al in advance in Si-Al precursor. The seeds provided surface for the crystallization of ZSM-12 zeolite, thereby shortening the induction period. The formation of Si—O—Al bonds in the Si-Al precursor promoted structural rearrangement, and shortened the growth period.

Cobalt ferrite and carbon nanotubes (CoFe₂O₄/CNT) composites with different mass ratios were prepared by hydrothermal method, and then used to activate persulfate (PMS) to degrade the azo dye eriochrome black T (EBT). Scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used for sample characterization. The results showed that the introduction of CNT lessened the agglomeration of CoFe₂O₄, and accelerated the electron transfer process on the surface of CoFe₂O₄, and thus improved the catalytic activity. The CoFe₂O₄/CNT of mass ratio 4∶1 showed the highest catalytic activity, and the degradation process of EBT by CoFe₂O₄/CNT-4∶1+PMS was in accordance with the pseudo-first-order kinetics model, with the reaction rate constant 2.02 times higher than that of CoFe₂O₄+PMS system. Under the conditions of CoFe₂O₄/CNT-4∶1 dosage of 0.20g/L, PMS dosage of 0.20g/L, EBT concentration of 100mg/L, pH of 5.8 and the reaction temperature of 25℃, the degradation rate of EBT could reach 99.8% after 60min of reaction and could still reach 67.8% even when CoFe₂O₄/CNT-4∶1 had been reused for three times. Quenching experiments showed that there were four kinds of active substances in the reaction system, that is SO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{-}·, ·OH, O{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}· and ¹O₂, among which ¹O₂ was the dominant one. Valence cycle of Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ and Co²⁺/Co³⁺ and oxygen species change promoted the formation of active substances.

Fully crystalline ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst with 100% active components was efficiently synthesized by the microwave radiation method, and the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), specific surface area and pore size analysis, and mechanical strength measurement. The results showed that the relative crystallinity of the obtained catalyst reached 100% after 8h crystallization under the optimized synthesis condition and heated by microwave irradiation. And the crystal morphology of the obtained ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was regular and 97% of the aluminum atoms were in tetrahedral coordination. The mechanical strength of the catalyst was as high as 110N/cm, which fully meets the industrial application requirements. Under the process conditions close to the industrial ones, the fully crystalline ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance and long-term stability in the gas-phase alkylation reaction of benzene and ethylene to ethylbenzene. The ethylene conversion rate was about 100% and the ethide selectivity was higher than 99.6%, while the key impurity xylene content was about 450μL/L.

Photocuring technology is highly efficient, adaptable, economical, energy-saving and environmentally friendly, making photocuring polymeric materials widely used in human production and life in recent years. However, the structural stability of Photocuring polymeric polymers makes it difficult to repair the materials once they are broken on the surface or inside, resulting in a large amount of wasted resources and environmental pollution. Dynamic covalent bonds can be reversibly broken and reorganized under the action of external stimuli (light, heating, etc.), which leads to dynamic adjustment of molecular topology and gives light-cured polymer materials structural adjustability, recyclability and self-healing properties. This paper reviewed the design and preparation of photocuring polymeric materials based on ester bonds, Diels-Alder reaction, disulfide bonds, borate ester bonds, site-resistant urea bonds and other reversible covalent bond self-repairs in recent years, summarized the advantages, disadvantages and applications of different types of dynamically covalently bonded photocuring polymeric materials in recent years, and finally pointed out the weaknesses of the mechanical properties of dynamically covalently bonded photocuring polymeric materials and the singularity of the former based on dynamically covalent bond repair, and gave an outlook on the future research directions in this field.

With the development of industry and the frequent offshore oil spills, a large amount of oily sewage is produced, which poses a serious threat to human health and ecological environment. Therefore, it is urgent to develop oil/water treatment materials. Membrane separation is widely applied for this field due to it is a highly efficient and low energy consumption method. However, in practical applications, it is susceptible to external mechanical damage or the influence of the natural environment, and thus oil-water separation membrane separation performance will decline, and even lead to loss of separation performance. Self-healing superhydrophobic oil/water separation membranes provide a new method to improve the added value of oil/water separation membranes. In this paper, the preparation methods, self-healing mechanism and research progress of self-healing oil/water separation membranes were introduced, and the healing way of damage caused by micro-nano rough structure on the surface of the material and low surface energy material was discussed. It was pointed out that there were some problems such as long preparation time, high economic cost, single functional monomer of hydrophobic surface modification and low mechanical strength of self-healing oil-water separation membrane. It was suggested that this field can be developed in the future by reducing the cost of material preparation, developing multifunctional modified monomers and realizing the simultaneous healing of low surface energy materials and surface rough structures in order to provide reference for the development and application of oil/water separation materials.

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE), which relies on photothermal materials and evaporators for desalination, has attracted widespread attention from scholars because of its high photothermal conversion efficiency, environmental friendliness, simple manufacturing process and abundant materials. Addressing the salt crystal buildup on the surface of photothermal materials and evaporators is a crucial stage in SDIE because it will directly affect the evaporation efficiency throughout the desalination process. This paper briefly described the design concepts and research status of salt-tolerant photothermal materials and evaporators in recent years, illustrated the advantages and limitations of different salt-tolerant designs, and sorted out their salt-tolerance mechanisms and performance. The analysis demonstrated that the salt resistance of photothermal materials can be enhanced by regulating the pore structure, hydrophilic-hydrophobic and ionic groups of photothermal materials. A variety of salt-resistant evaporators can be designed by regulating the concentration of salt solution and the crystallization position of salt. In addition, common problems in solving salt crystallization problems in SDIE were discussed and future research challenges were proposed to advance the future research and development of SDIE.

The mineral oil-based magnetic fluid has the problems of environmental pollution and difficulty in biodegradation. Vegetable oil has the advantages of being green and excellent biodegradability. In this paper, Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄ magnetic fluid was prepared by two-step method using vegetable oil as base liquid. The sedimentation stability was studied by orthogonal experiment, and the viscosity properties and magnetoviscous effects were studied by single variable method. Experimental results showed that the sedimentation stability was better when acetone was used as dispersant with a mass fraction of 11% and Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄ mass fraction of 2.4%. Under the condition of no magnetic field or magnetic field, the viscosity decreased with increasing temperature. The viscosity increased and then decreased with increasing mass fraction of dispersant and Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄, and the inflection point appeared when the mass fraction of dispersant was 11% and the mass fraction of Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄ was 2.4%. The viscosity increased with increasing magnetic field intensity, showing the characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids. Vegetable oil as the base liquid of magnetic fluids was an ideal choice. Vegetable oil-based magnetic fluid had better sedimentation stability, having unique advantages over mineral oil-based magnetic fluid. In the future, vegetable oil-based magnetic fluid can become a new environmentally friendly working medium.

In order to develop the pathway of high value utilization of lignite, two coal-based humic acid (CHA) superplasticizers were prepared by grafting copolymerization of oxidative depolymerized humic acid of lignite (OHA) and commercial humic acid (NHA) with 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonate (AMPS) and acrylic acid (AA), respectively. The effects of the structure and monomer ratio of graft copolymers on the fluidity of cement mortar and slurry were investigated. Combined with the structure characterization, the adsorption performance and the application properties of two synthesized CHA superplasticizers such as mortar fluidity, water-reducing rate, slump and mechanical strength were evaluated, and were further compared with commercial superplasticizer FDN-C. The results showed that the graft copolymerization by AMPS and AA on CHA can significantly improve the fluidity and water-reducing rate of cement paste. With 0.15 of AA/AMPS monomer mole ratio, the best modification effect of graft copolymer was obtained. The modification of OHA graft copolymer was better than that of NHA. The concrete water-reducing rates of OHA and NHA graft copolymers reached 24% and 22%, and their 28-day compressive strength were increased by 31.7% and 40.0%, respectively. Besides, the slump retention ability of OHA and NHA copolymers were significantly higher than that of commercial water-reducer FDN-C. CHA with high aromaticity and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups such as phenolic hydroxyl group and carboxyl group was beneficial to the graft copolymerization of AMPS and AA, and can be used as a substitute for petroleum to prepare the efficient dispersant.

Glucose-based carbon spheres (GCs) with size about 500nm were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method using glucose as the precursor. Polystyrene microspheres (PSs) with diameter about 270nm were obtained by microemulsion polymerization. The multi-stage template assembled by GCs and PSs was prepared by vacuum filtration. TiCl₄ was completely infiltrated into the template, and the TiO₂ with hierarchical pore structure was fabricated after dry and calcination. The morphology, composition and pore structure of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N₂ adsorption-desorption. Photocatalytic reduction experiments were carried out in the presence of saturated CO₂ and H₂O under simulated sunlight condition. The results showed that after 7h photocatalytic test, compared with commercial P25-TiO₂ and TiO₂ without spatial structure, the TiO₂ with spatial porous structure had a significantly higher production rate of CO. Among them, in the case of structure mismatch, the multistage porous TiO₂ also showed high CO yield. Combined with the experimental results and characterizations, it was confirmed that the hierarchically porous TiO₂ assembled by nano spherical layers had a high specific surface area and rich pores, which were conducive to the formation of abundant surface active sites. The defect of oxygen vacancies exposed on the porous TiO₂ with 3D net-like structure provided effective carrier transport channels, enhanced the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, promoted the participation of photogenerated electrons in the reduction process, and finally improved the CO₂ conversion.

Plant-based iron-carbon microelectrolysis materials were prepared by use of canna, reduced iron powder and bentonite as raw materials. Three main factors affected on As(Ⅲ) removal efficiency were firstly determined through single factor experiment, and the determined influencing factors were iron-carbon molar ratio, carbonization temperature and roasting temperature. In order to determine the optimal preparation conditions, box-Behnken response surface method was then used to optimize the preparation process of “homogenization, carbonization and roasting”. The effect of firing temperature on the intrinsic properties of plant-based iron-carbon microelectrolysis materials and their influence on As(\mathrm{Ⅲ}) removal performance were finally investigated in combination with X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and other characterization methods. The results showed that the optimum preparation conditions of Fe/C, carbonization temperature and roasting temperature were 1.05℃, 502.87℃ and 760.92℃, respectively. As increase of firing temperature, the electron separation capacity of carbon base enhanced which further accelerated the oxidation of As(\mathrm{Ⅲ}) to As(\mathrm{Ⅴ}) and improved the removal rate of As(\mathrm{Ⅲ}). When the calcination temperature was higher than 700℃, the crystal structure layer of bentonite collapsed and increased their permeability, which can accelerate the release of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions, weaken the mutual exclusion of Fe³⁺ hydrolyzed sediments, and thus improved the adsorption capacity of As(\mathrm{Ⅲ}). When utilized amount of reduced iron powder exceeds 5%, the Fe₃O₄ and Fe₂O₃ produced by surface oxidation can easily react to form Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ under acidic conditions while ensuring the number of microgalvanic cells in the reaction. All of these strengthened the adsorption removal effect of As(Ⅲ).

Novel green and environment-friendly catalyst have always been the research hotspot of room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber owing to the toxicity and high cost of their traditional tin- and platinum-based catalysts. In this paper, a novel organic guanidine catalyst was designed and synthesized from n-butamine and dicyclohexyl carbon diimide (DCC), and the product was utilized to catalyze dehydro-type RTV silicone rubber. The effect of dosage of catalyst, crosslinker and filler on silicone rubber performance was explored. Compared with dibutyltin dilaurate, when the active period was basically consistent, the amount of organic guanformine catalyst was lower, about one third of the amount of organic tin, and the non-adhesive period of the organic guanformine catalytic system was shorter,which implied shorter complete vulcanization time under the same operating time. The organic guanidine catalytic system owned excellent tensile property with a tensile strength of 1.92MPa and an elongation at break of 1117%. The degradation behavior of the organic guanidine catalytic system was studied at room temperature. The results showed that the stronger the polarity of the solvent, the higher the degradation rate of silicone vulcanizates up to 52% in ethyl acetate, which made the use of organic guanidine catalytic silicone rubber in the removable bonding field to be expected.

An indole-containing hypercrosslinked polymer (In-HCP), featuring cheap raw materials, simple operation, large specific surface area and recyclability, was synthesized via Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction and then applied for iodine adsorption in aqueous solution. In order to assess the I₂ capture ability of In-HCP, activated carbon (AC) was used for comparison. The adsorption kinetics experiments in saturated I₂ aqueous solution showed that the I₂ adsorption behaviors of In-HCP and AC were fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption rate was influenced by both liquid-film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. The I₂ adsorption by both materials could reach equilibrium within 30min. The adsorption rate of AC was faster, however, the removal rate of I₂ on In-HCP (94.68%) exceeded that of AC (91.56%) when the adsorption reached saturation state. The sorption results of KI₃ high-concentration aqueous solution were validated by titrimetric analysis. The I₂ uptake capacity of In-HCP (2.066g/g) was 1.6-fold higher than that of AC (1.280g/g). The adsorption capacity of 1.762g/g was still remained after 5 cycles of experiments, indicating a good recycling performance of In-HCP. The adsorption mechanism was studied by Raman spectrum and UV-Vis absorption spectrum, demonstrating that the process was dominated by chemisorption.

Ferroptosis, a programmed cell death modality, has been recognized as one of the exceptional cancer therapeutic strategies. However, the complexity of anatomical and physiological features of tumor microenvironment may weaken the ferroptosis effects for cancer treatment. Fortunately, the combination of ferroptosis with traditional therapeutics provides an easy way of improving the therapeutic efficiency and reducing toxic side effects due to lesser dosages of multiple drugs. Nanomaterials-based drug delivery systems have served as potential anticancer drug agents in clinical translation, which can achieve the tumor-targeted delivery of various practical molecules and improve therapeutic efficiency based on synergistic strategies. In this review, we systematically summarized various novel nanoplatforms (iron-based nanomaterials and nor-iron nanomaterials) for ferroptosis-based combination therapeutics towards highly effective cancer therapy. Then, we provided a brief emphasis on the combination of ferroptosis with multiple strategies, including chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photo/sonodynamic therapy, and other therapeutics. Finally, we presented various challenges towards developing ferroptosis-based therapeutic strategies, and we believed that the deeper understanding of ferroptosis, the development of multifunctional nanomaterials and the exploration of ferroptosis-based combination therapies would be focus in future.

Lignin,known as the second largest biomass resource and important renewable aromatic resources, is currently mainly dumped as industrial waste of cellulose, which causes serious resources and environmental problems. The development and high value utilization of lignin resources can reduce the environmental pollution caused by direct incineration and exert important significance on realizing the circle economy of lignocellulose resources and improving the feasibility, economic efficiency and sustainability of the biomass utilization. The abundant active functional groups and chemical reactive sites in the molecular structure of lignin, as well as its inherent degradability and biocompatibility, have attracted extensive attention in biomedical and green sustainable agriculture. Based on the structural characteristics of lignin, this paper introduced the application basis of lignin and its modified materials in biomedicine and green agricultural fertilizers, expounded the latest research and application progress of lignin-based controlled release systems in drug delivery and green fertilizer, and analyzed the challenges and the research directions in the future, in order to provide useful reference for the resource development and high-value utilization of lignin.

The work introduced the theoretical research on rubber antioxidants at first. The essence of rubber material aging was free radical reaction, and its protection mechanism was mainly to inhibit the formation of free radicals. Experiments of mechanism focused on differential scanning calorimeter, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy to analyze the structural changes of both rubber materials and antioxidants, while the theoretical research focused on molecular simulation including the calculation of parameters such as dissociation energy, solubility and mean square displacement. Secondly, though tracing the commercial rubber antioxidants, the development and application of novel rubber antioxidants were analyzed including the modifying of amine antioxidants, the compounding of antioxidants and the application of new antioxidants with special functions, etc. Combining with the structural features and experimental results of several types of anti-migration rubber antioxidants, it was proposed that the novel rubber antioxidants with anti-migration and low toxicity were the crucial points. Finally, it was summarized that the novel anti-migration rubber antioxidants should focus on the improvement of synergistic effect of macro-molecular and multi-functional for antioxidants, which can better adapt to the sustainable development of rubber industry.

Biomass is abundant, widely distributed and renewable, and can be used in high value resources. The biochar obtained after carbonization of biomass has good physical and chemical properties, and is often used to adsorb pollutants and make electrode materials. Compared with activated carbon, there are many problems such as underdeveloped pore structure and scarcity of surface functional groups, limits the application of biochar. Nitrogen doping can enrich biochar pore structure and surface activity sites, and endow the N-doped biochar (NBC) with improved adsorption, conductivity and catalytic performance. In this paper, preparation/modification methods of NBC, such as pyrolysis, activation, hydrothermal, template and post-treatment method, along with their benefits and drawbacks were reviewed. The morphological structure and surface chemical characteristics of NBC obtained by each method were summarized. And the applications of NBCs in catalysis, adsorption and electrochemical energy storage fields were generalized. With the "preparation-structure-characteristics and application" combined conception, started from the perspective of NBC application, this paper discussed how to maximize the application value of NBC by investigating the N-doping mechanism and improving the preparation method, and then presented references and recommendations for further research and development in this field.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a kind of organic pollutant which is difficult to biodegrade. Research and development of efficient phytoremediation of contaminated soil has always been a challenging task. Phytoremediation technology has the advantages of green and low carbon, low cost, stable effect and safe remediation process, so it has great potential in soil remediation. Gramineae has the advantages of short growth cycle, large biomass, wide coverage, developed root system and strong stress resistance in the remediation of PAHs contaminated soil, and its research on the degradation of PAHs pollutants in soil has been in the ascendant. In this paper, the remediation mechanism, effects and enhanced remediation methods of PAHs contaminated soil by Gramineae plants were discussed, and the research status and development trend of Gramineae remediation of PAHs contaminated soil were expounded.

Coal tar pitch (CTP) has good road performance, which can be used to replace part of the petroleum asphalt to reduce the dependence on imported asphalt and improve the utilization rate of CTP. However, there are large amounts of toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in CTP, which limited its extensively usage. The blending modification methods of CTP and petroleum asphalt were introduced and systematically summarized in this paper. It was found that the current modification methods were mainly based on chemical modification, showing the best modification effect. The main limitation of the modification blending process was how to suppress the toxicity of PAHs in CTP and reduce the harm to the environment. At the same time, the possible physical and chemical modification processes and mechanism of blending and modification CPT and asphalt were analyzed and explained. Next research direction and development were prospected from development of physical capacitors and screening of chemical catalysts, hoping to provide some reference for the modification of asphalt at home and abroad.

In recent years, oily sludge has appeared as one of the hazardous wastes that threaten the world. If it cannot be properly disposed, it would harm the environment and human health. Smoldering combustion is a cutting-edge method for safely treating oily sludge that is well suited the prospect of reduction, harmlessness, and resource utilization. By conducting self-sustaining combustion without the requirement for additional energy, smoldering combustion reduces contaminants from oily sludge with less secondary pollution and at a far lower cost than other methods. It is an effective method for treating oily sludge because it can take advantage of many thermal treatment techniques to accomplish volume reduction and recover some of the oil in it, which has significant resource utilization potential. The theory, research, and engineering applications of smoldering combustion were examined in this paper. It also discussed the effects of gas flow rate, pollutant concentration, initial water content, porous media mixing ratio, and soil grain size on the success rate of smoldering combustion and the treatment effect of oily sludge. Finally, the future development of this technology was prospected.

Harmful gases such as NO _x (NO and NO₂) and N₂O are emitted during the production of dilute nitric acid by ammonia oxidation, which can lead to environmental problems such as photochemical smog (NO _x ), ozone layer depletion (NO _x and N₂O), and global warming (N₂O). It is imperative to remove NO _x and N₂O from the tail gas of nitric acid production. After introducing the generation pathways and control measures of NO _x and N₂O during nitric acid production, we summarized the main technological routes for simultaneous removal of NO _x and N₂O from the tail gas according to the research, development and application situations, including one-stage processes such as simultaneous SCR of NO _x and N₂O, SCR of NO _x and decomposition of N₂O over a composite catalyst, and two-stage processes such as catalytic N₂O decomposition followed by SCR of NO _x, SCR of NO _x followed by SCR of N₂O, and SCR of NO _x followed by catalytic N₂O decomposition. The principles and characteristics of different technological routes were analyzed. It was pointed out that the one-stage processes face challenges of improving the purification performance toward N₂O. The two-stage process of SCR of NO _x followed by catalytic N₂O decomposition, has advantages of low consumption of reducing agent and high purification efficiency of N₂O. Further research should focus on lowering the temperatures of both SCR of NO _x and catalytic N₂O decomposition and improving the tolerance of catalysts to co-existing gases (O₂, H₂O, etc.).

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a highly toxic and corrosive gas, but it is also a rich resource of hydrogen and sulfur. Under the national energy demand and dual carbon goals, realizing the low-carbon and high-value utilization of H₂S in high-sulfur gas reservoirs becomes an important development trend of H₂S treatment. The two-step decomposition of H₂S could convert H₂S into high-valued hydrogen and sulfur efficiently at relatively low temperature. So, it has the advantages of high decomposition efficiency and low energy consumption. But the problems of poor circulation efficiency, difficulties in sulfur recycling, and unclear reaction mechanism still exist. To better understand the research status and problems of the two-step decomposition method, this paper reviewed the reaction principle and development history of two-step decomposition of H₂S, as well as the latest advances of relevant catalysts. In special, the activity and reaction process of metal sulfide and metal catalysts were summarized. Finally, the key problems of blind design of catalysts and hence inefficient decomposition of H₂S due to the unclear mechanism were pointed out. In the future, more in-situ characterization and theoretical calculations may be used to explore the mechanism, and relevant catalytic activity experiments should be carefully designed for rational comparison of different catalysts. This would help to develop efficient catalysts for the two-step decomposition of H₂S.

Kitchen waste is enormous in its production, and has the characteristics of high water content and complex components. If it is not properly disposed, it will cause serious environmental pollution. This paper introduced the necessity and technological process of kitchen waste pretreatment technology, and summarized the main treatment technologies of kitchen waste, including landfilling, incineration, aerobic composting, anaerobic fermentation and pyrolysis, then the advantages, existing problems and application status of these treatment technologies were discussed. Meanwhile, the pyrolysis process has some advantages, such as not harmful substances produce, the volume and weight of the kitchen waste is highly reduced, and the three-phase products of pyrolysis can be reused, which has the technical advantages of harmlessness, reduction and resource utilization, and can meet the principles of kitchen waste treatment in China. In addition, the development status of kitchen waste pyrolysis technology was also introduced and prospected from the three aspects of pyrolysis characteristics, pyrolysis method and pyrolysis product utilization, in order to provide reference for the development of harmless treatment technology of food waste in China.

Carbon dioxide is the main cause of global warming. With the proposal of my country’s “carbon peak and carbon neutral” strategy, the technology of carbon dioxide capture, storage and utilization has developed rapidly. Nanofluid is a stable and homogeneous colloidal dispersion system produced by dispersing nanoparticles in an inorganic or organic liquid phase in a pre-specified ratio, and has both the characteristics of nanomaterials and liquids. Nanoparticles have a great potential industrial application value for the chemical absorption of carbon dioxide due to their obvious strengthening effect on the heat transfer and mass transfer process. Based on the concept of nanofluids, this paper expounded the application of nanofluids in the field of carbon dioxide absorption from the perspective of base fluid selection, stability, and mass transfer enhancement mechanism; further reviewed the current research progress of nanofluids in carbon dioxide absorption and separation, and analyzed the effects of composition, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and physical and chemical properties on carbon dioxide absorption performance and mechanism research. Finally, the future development trend of nanofluids in the field of carbon dioxide absorption and separation was prospected.

Quorum sensing is one kind of communication mechanism between the microorganisms, while quorum quenching can regulate microbial behavior by degrading quorum sensing signaling molecules. In this study, the effects of quorum quenching enzyme (AHLs acyltransferase, 2μmol/L) on the performance and microbial characteristics of partial nitrification-mixed autotrophic nitrogen removal process were investigated by adopting blank control group R1 and experimental R2. The results showed that the addition of quenching enzyme promoted the partial endogenous denitrification process but inhibited the anammox process. Compared with R1, the nitrogen removal in R2 was always around 11.1% or lower. The concentration of ammonia and nitrate in the effluent of R2 was slightly lower than those of R1, but the effluent nitrite was 19.0mg/L higher than that of R1. The addition of quorum quenching enzyme reduced the content of extracellular polymeric substances by 18.2mg/g, and increased the soluble microbial products by 17.1mg/L. Compared with R1, 2μmol/L quenching enzyme increased the hydroxylamine oxidoreductase activity from 0.80EU/g to 0.99EU/g, and elevated the content of Heme-c from 0.002mmol/g to 0.004mmol/g. The relative abundance of Nitrosomonas, Hyphomicrobium, Thermomonas and Truepera all increased. The Thermomonas presented the highest increase, which rose to 9.04% from 0.28%. The experimental results provide a theoretical reference for the application of quorum quenching technology to the regulation of partial nitrification-mixed autotrophic nitrogen removal process.

Based on the huge pressure of CO₂ emission reduction and resource utilization of phosphogypsum in China, the academic idea of coupling CO₂ mineralization and phosphogypsum resource utilization process of auxiliary recycling was put forward. In this paper, phosphogypsum was used as the raw material explore the reaction of ammonia-strengthened phosphogypsum leaching solution to mineralize CO₂ and produce high-purity CaCO₃ in a CH₃COONa-H₂O system. The effects of different process conditions on the leaching of Ca²⁺ from phosphogypsum and the reaction efficiency of the leaching solution to mineralize CO₂ were systematically discussed. The effects of process parameters on grain size, structure and morphology of mineralization product were analyzed systematically. According to the results, 1t of phosphogypsum could sequestrate 208kg of CO₂ at low temperature and atmospheric pressure, producing 472kg of spherical vaterite with a purity of 99.63%. The grain size of the product was controlled by adjusting reaction conditions. A rise in reaction temperature and a prolonged reaction time were conducive to transforming vaterite with metastable state to aragonite and calcite, two more thermodynamically stable phases. The experiment realized the successful recycling and recovery of CH₃COONa. This paper provided a new idea for the creative recycling of phosphogypsum and preparation of high-purity CaCO₃.

Temperature swing adsorption (TSA) technology for carbon capture is one of the effective means to control carbon emissions and achieve the targets of “carbon emission peak” and “carbon neutrality”. However, due to the lack of a relatively complete measurement system and an executable standardized test scheme, the test results of unit performance are quite different, and the difficulty in grasping the trend and performance iteration caused by the lack of regularity is not conducive to the industrial development of TSA. In this paper, a standardized test scheme including test conditions, performance evaluation indicators, data measurement and collection was initially proposed, and the performance test of the physical unit of the prototype scale was carried out. The results showed that the scheme was highly executable and can provide reference for the performance evaluation of related units. In addition, the performance test results of the unit showed that the operation state of the unit was easy to control, and the purity and recovery rate could reach more than 90%, but the energy efficiency was between 3.5% and 6.5%, with great potential for improvement. The benchmarking analysis found that the loss of energy consumption of pipes and other components in the unit accounts for 30%—40%. Therefore, it was necessary to further reduce consumption and improve efficiency by optimizing the pipeline layout, improving the heat exchange efficiency in the adsorption chamber, and optimizing the desorption temperature, vacuum pressure and other operating parameters.

The annual output of rural household waste in China reaches 294 million tons, accounting for about 40% of the organic fraction that needs to be properly treated. Dry anaerobic digestion with high processing efficiency is prone to acidification and ammonia inhibition due to high organic load, which is more obvious in the fermentation of pilot scale and above. A pilot-scale dry anaerobic co-digestion test was conducted on rural organic household waste to solve the problem of ammonia inhibition in dry anaerobic digestion, improve the efficiency of methane production, and provide a basis for the feasibility of harmless treatment of rural organic household waste and biogas project construction. Dry anaerobic co-digestion of rural organic household waste with cattle manure was carried out on a 1m³ scale with a total solids content of 19.94% in a horizontal anaerobic digestion tank, and the inoculum was domesticated using rural organic household waste. Biogas production, methane content, methane production, volatile fatty acid concentration, ammonia nitrogen concentration and microbial community structure were analyzed during the experiment. The results showed that acidification and ammonia suppression did not occur during fermentation. The hydrolysis and acidification phases were adequately carried out and the methanogenic bacteria were provided with sufficient substrate for methane production. At the end of the trial the methane production per unit of volatile solids reached 1.253m³/kg, with methane content fluctuating around 70% and methane production per unit of volatile solids reaching 0.815m³/kg, much higher than that had been reported. The microbial community structure analysis showed that the dry anaerobic digestion pilot system had a good microbial growth environment, with the relative abundance of Methanosarcina greater than 80% and Firmicutes greater than 77% throughout the digestion, which were the absolute dominant groups of archaea and bacteria respectively, and the digestion system had a well microbial environment.

The SO₃ produced by high temperature combustion and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst in the furnace can seriously damage equipment and operational safety. In this study, the SO₃ absorption performance of four alkaline adsorbents, Ca(OH)₂, Mg(OH)₂, NaHCO₃ and NaHSO₃, was investigated under simulated flue gas conditions. In addition, the effect of flue gas atmosphere and temperature on the SO₃ adsorption capacity of the preferred adsorbents was studied. The decomposition process of the adsorbent was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis, and the morphological structural properties of the adsorbent before and after the reaction were compared. The results showed that both NaHCO₃ and NaHSO₃ adsorbents had good absorption effects at medium and high temperatures. NaHCO₃ and NaHSO₃ improved the pore structure of the adsorbent by releasing gas products during their own decomposition and SO₃ absorption, which improved the absorption effect of the adsorbent for SO₃. SO₂ in the flue gas competed with SO₃ in the adsorption process on NaHCO₃ adsorption, reducing the absorption effect of NaHCO₃ for SO₃. SO₂ as a product of the reaction of NaHSO₃ for SO₃ absorption could be inhibited the absorption of SO₃ by the adsorbent. SO₂ as a reaction product of SO₃ absorption by NaHSO₃ would inhibit the absorption of SO₃ by the adsorbent. SO₂ inhibited the reaction of SO₃ absorption by NaHSO₃, resulting in a more dense pore structure of NaHSO₃ and a rapid decrease in the absorption effect for SO₃. This study provided some theoretical basis and reference for the control of SO₃ emissions by in-flue injection of alkaline sorbents.

Hydrate surface morphology was affected by hydrate growth patterns, as well as can reflect distribution in sediments and the spatial relationship with sediments, thereby affecting the physical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments. Methane hydrate was synthesized in the device by using the actual drilled marine mud in the Shenhu sea of South China Sea at a depth of 2713m as sediment. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) and energy spectrometry (EDS) were used to characterize the microscopic morphology and elemental composition of the synthesized hydrates. The results showed that the methane hydrate in the pure water system was homogeneous and easily decomposed compared to ice. The hydrates formed in the pure water system and in the marine mud were similar in morphology, both of which were in the form of granular colloid, with trace amounts of nanoscale particle ice distributed on the surface. The element analysis showed that the content of carbon element in marine mud was higher than that in pure water, and hence the hydrate cage occupancy was higher. The content of carbon element in marine mud was negligible, and the cement structure on the surface of the marine mud was proved to be hydrate by the increase of the content of carbon element and the ratio of carbon to silicon elements. The research provided a new idea to identify hydrate from sediments and an important way to investigate the surface morphology and occurrence of hydrate in sediments.

In view of the requirements of the subsequent innocuity treatment of metal oxide adsorbents for mercury removal, a brand-new idea of leaching Hg-absorption products from metal oxide using sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃) solution was proposed in this paper. Mercury-containing adsorbents (Hg-CeTi) was obtained by CeO₂/TiO₂ sorbents (CeTi) after mercury adsorption. Mercury temperature-programmed desorption (Hg-TPD) was used to determine the occurrence form of adsorbed-Hg on the surface of Hg-CeTi. Then, the extraction capacity of Na₂S₂O₃ solution on the Hg-absorption products from the Hg-CeTi was studied, and the migration mechanism of mercury with different occurrence forms in Na₂S₂O₃ solution was emphatically analyzed. The results of Hg-TPD showed that HgCl₂, HgO and HgS were the main Hg-adsorption products in the syngas. HgO was easy to desorb from Hg-CeTi and migrate to the liquid phase due to the coordination ability of thiosulfate (S₂O{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{\mathrm{2}-}) with Hg²⁺. HgCl₂ reacted with OH^- in the liquid phase to form HgO, which was subsequently leached by Na₂S₂O₃ solution. For two different crystalline forms of HgS, the increase in the concentration of Na₂S₂O₃ solution could promote the migration of HgS (black) to the liquid phase, but it had a slight effect on the HgS (red) due to the stability of HgS (red). After leaching in 1.0mol/L Na₂S₂O₃ solution for 1h, the mercury leaching rate could reach 97.3%, and the remaining mercury existed in stable HgS form.

Composite fillers containing efficient xylene-degrading bacteria with nutrient slow-release function were prepared by microbial immobilization technique, using diatomaceous earth (DE) as the backbone, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (SA) as immobilization materials. A biotrickling filter (BTF) was loaded with the composite fillers and the xylene purification performance was investigated. The specific surface area of the composite filler was 4.53m²/g, which had good water-holding capacity,and the composite filler showed good reusability with the removal efficiency maintaining above 95% after continuous treatment of 8 batches of pollutants. After 11 d of operation, the outlet concentration of the BTF loaded with composite filler was below the emission limit [ρ(xylene)=70mg/m³] specified in GB 16297—1996, which indicated that the start-up of the BTF was completed at this time. When the inlet concentration was 1200 mg/m³ and the empty bed residence time (EBRT) was 53s, 38s and 28s, the removal efficiency was 98%、86% and 78%, respectively. When the EBRT was 28s and the inlet concentration was 700mg/m³and 250mg/m³, the removal efficiency was 91% and 99%, respectively. When no additional nutrients were provided for 9d, the removal efficiency did not decrease significantly. When the system was stagnated for 2d and 7d, the performance could be restored within 9.5h and 1d of operation, respectively. The results showed that the composite fillers had better physicochemical properties, good removal performance for xylene, and strong resistance to shock loading and stagnation, which can provide some reference value for its application.

The enrichment of heavy metals Cr, Cd, Pb, and As by phosphate-modified kaolin during the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) was investigated. Compared with Na₂HPO₄ and Na₃PO₄ modification, NaH₂PO₄ modified kaolin showed stronger enrichment of heavy metals during the pyrolysis of MSW. The retention rate of heavy metals increased and then decreased with the increase of impregnation ratio, and increased with the increase of addition ratio. The better heavy metal enrichment was reached at 5% impregnation ratio and 5% addition ratio. Without additives, the potential ecological risk index of pyrolysis char decreased with increasing temperature in the range of 400—600℃. The addition of kaolin effectively increased the content of heavy metal residue state, thus reducing the potential ecological risk of pyrolytic carbon. The addition of phosphate-modified kaolin led to an increase in the residue state due to the acid solubility of heavy metal phosphate. The ecological risk of NaH₂PO₄-modified kaolin (H₂P-kaolin) at 5% impregnation ratio increased slightly with increasing temperature mainly due to enhanced physical adsorption of molten sodium metaphosphate and acid solubility of heavy metal phosphates in pyrolysis char, but the ecological risk of pyrolysis char was low. The combined ecological risk was low. From the XPS analysis, it was concluded that the main reason for the adsorption of heavy metals after the addition of H₂P-kaolin was due to the formation of silicate from SiO₂ of kaolin with heavy metals and the reaction of NaPO₃ and Na₃PO₄ with heavy metals to form phosphate, of which phosphate was the main factor.