Around the Paris Agreement formally went into effective, many oil companies were active in taking action on climate change. The major international oil companies to take the idea of reducing emissions, the proposed carbon dioxide emission reduction strategies and specific practices were analyzed and summed up in this article. Oil companies were very careful about the issue of carbon dioxide emission. It was wise to take necessary steps to meet emission requirement at the same time to reduce the impact on the main business. They skillfully combined the business development strategy and emission reduction target together in order to highlight the various ways of reducing carbon dioxide emission, to focus on energy saving, alternative low carbon energy, the development of carbon dioxide capture and utilization and so on. The analysis concluded that first of all, these strategies could not only help meet the goal of emission reduction for oil and gas companies, but also facilitate the related industry in the value chain and consumers to realize the emission reduction effect by providing low carbon energy, products and services. Second, the implementation of a diversified strategies can reduce risk. Third, the combination of climate change and long-term development of enterprises to deal with the top strategy to speed up technological innovation was to reduce the cost of emission reduction and to achieve the key of reducing emissions.

In order to research the heat transfer rate and heat transfer coefficient of concentric internally heat-integrated distillation column (HIDiC) at different compression ratios, the experimental study was carried out in the self-made pilot plant with ethanol-water as the separation system. The heat transfer model of concentric HIDiC was built by replacing the plates with flash tanks. The heat transfer rate between the rectifying and stripping section was calculated by the enthalpy difference of the flow inlet and outlet of the flash tank, and the heat transfer coefficient was got by dividing region. The annual total cost (TAC)was used as an optimized index to study the number of external heat exchangers required to realize the zero external return. The results showed that when the compression ratio was 2.2, the heat transfer rate reached to the maximum, the duty of condenser and reboiler reached to the minimum, and the relationship between the compression ratio and heat transfer coefficient was negative. The number of external heat exchangers decreased and TAC began to drop with the increase of the minimum heat transfer temperature difference. TAC reached to the minimum by adding one heat exchanger between the first plate of rectifying and stripping section.

The spouted bed with draft tube is a kind of improved structure of spouted bed, which can improve the regularity and stability of spouting process by blocking the gas-solid contact between spray area and annulus. This paper carried out the numerical simulation for a 150mm diameter spouted bed using computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD)method. The effects of draft tube diameter on flow characteristics was investigated from the dead zone of the annulus, particle velocity distribution and solid circulating rate. Results show that the draft tube reduced bed dead zone and solid circulating rate. For this spouted bed structure and operation parameters, only 40-60mm draft tube diameter can ensure the bed has a good spouting state, and 50-55mm draft tube is most appropriate. For a spouted bed with similar structure, the draft tube diameter should be selected as 1.25-1.375 times as the spray area diameter of spouting without draft tube.

The gasoline vapor venting explosion experimental system was established, and a series of tests were conducted to investigate the effects of opening rate and the ignition type on the internal overpressure loadings during the process of vented explosion. The results showed that during vent explosion proeess, the multi overpressure peaks phenomenon appeared, and the maximum overpressure peak was caused by the burst of the vent cover. With the increase of the vent size, the value of P₁ decreases linearly, the value of P₂ decreases exponentially, the intensity of R-T instability and the duration of Helmholtz oscillation increases. The value of maximum overpressure peak and average rate of pressure rise size was affected by ignition source type. The value of maximum overpressure and the average rate from large to small was high temperature ignition rod, powder ignition source, ignition spark, open firing point. The flame structure included an outer flame front and an inner flame core, and the proportion of the two structures was affected by the type of ignition source.

PDA was used to measure the velocity and diameter distribution of two-fluid spray nozzle. Experimental data of velocity and droplet diameter were applied to simulate the desulfurization waste evaporation in one biomass power plant in Jiangsu. Simulation was focused on the droplet diameter and water vapor volume fraction in flue gas which affected the evaporation progress. Results of PDA experiments showed the diameter of two-fluid spray nozzle under special gas-liquid ratio was less than 100μm. Discrete phase model, stochastic trajectory model, and Rosin-Rammler distribution was used to simulate the distribution of spray around (0-100μm). The simulation showed that with the diameter of droplet getting smaller, the complete evaporation time of droplet became shorter and the steady heat absorption time of droplet got shorter. Furthermore, the bigger particle diameter was, the larger complete evaporation time increment of droplet. In terms of water vapor, with its volume fraction in flue gas getting larger, the speed of evaporation slowed down, and the starting of droplet delayed. In addition, the greater the volume fraction was, the larger Sauter mean diameter at exit, but amplitude of increasing in diameter was reduced.

Calcium looping hydrogen process (CLHP)is an innovative technology for hydrogen-rich syngas production, a dual fluidized-bed reactor was designed and built, which was mainly composed of a gasifier, a calciner and a carbonator, cyclones, diplegs and loop seals. Two types of different particles sizes of white corundum were employed. The gas-solid flow characteristics of the dual fluidized bed reactor was presented in this work. The effect of total solid inventory, particle sizes, the air flow velocities of L-valve, the gasifier, and the calciner on the solid flow rates were investigated. The solid flow rates increased with the increase of the flow velocities of L-valve, the gasifier. The correlation between the air flow rates of L-valve and solid flow rates had also been investigated. The regression equation was obtained through the dimensional analysis and multiple linear fitting. Results showed that the regression equation was in agreement well with the experimental results. It could better reflect the relationship between the air flow rate of L-valve and solid flow rate.

In solar energy heat-collecting system, temperature stratification effect of the storage tank is greatly influenced by different tank structures. A test rig of storage tank was established in order to study the stratification characteristics. Experiments of three different structure tanks (direct import, three layers and stratifier)were carried out. The initial water temperature in the tank is 70℃. Under the same inlet water temperature and different quantities of flow rate, the temperature variation curves of each layer in different structure tanks were drawn according to the experimental data. Results showed that with the increase of influent flow rate, the mixing effect in the storage tank is strengthened and the temperature of each layer tends to be consistent with less time. Based on the law of thermodynamics, the indexes of stratification effect such as extraction efficiency, dimensionless exergy and stratification number of these tanks were analyzed. Results also showed that among these different structure tanks, the stratifier has a best stratification effect and effectively inhibits the mixing effect. Besides, three layers tank has a better stratification effect than the direct import ones.

To study the effect of particle sizes on the kinetics of the thermal dehydration of phosphogypsum, the TG-DSC simultaneous thermal analysis data of different sizes of phosphogypsum dehydration in the flowing N₂ atmosphere were measured. The Flynn-wall-Ozawa method, Kissinger method, and Satava-Sestak method were used to calculate the kinetic parameters of phosphogypsum dehydration kinetics model with different particle sizes (105-125μm, 125-150μm, 150-200μm and 200~300μm). The isothermal decomposition of phosphogypsum with different particle sizes under the same experimental conditions was predicted by the kinetic equation developed. The results showed that, while the phosphogypsum particle sizes decreased from 200-300μm to 105-125μm, the phosphogypsum dehydration activation energy in the first step fell from 114.62kJ/mol to 82.55kJ/mol, and then the second step declined from 96.30kJ/mol to 78.5kJ/mol. The phosphogypsum dehydration activation energy decreased with the reduction of its particle size and the mechanism function accords with the Avrami-Erofeev equation. At the same calcination temperature, the small particle sizes of phosphogypsum took less time to fully be dehydrated.

There is a vast application prospect about gas hydrate technology in solid natural gas storage and transportation, carbon dioxide capture and storage, and other areas. High efficiency and rapid formation of gas hydrate is the key of application technology industrialization. The formation mechanism of gas hydrate is introduced from the view of nucleation mechanism, phase equilibrium, and heat and mass transfer. The basic principles and characteristics of the common methods for rapid formation of gas hydrate by mechanical disturbance are introduced, including stir, spray and bubble. Moreover, on the basis of the new progress in the field of heat and mass transfer, the basic principles and characteristics of the new methods are described. The progresses of the methods including fluidized bed, ultrasonic, high gravity and impinging stream are mainly reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods of mechanical disturbances are analyzed and evaluated from the view of the rate of gas consumption, the formation rate of hydrate, total energy consumption and rate of gas conversion. Overall, various technologies for rapid formation of gas hydrate by mechanical disturbance are still in the laboratory stage. The formation rate of traditional technologies including stir, spray and bubble is low. The new technologies including fluidized bed, ultrasonic, high gravity and impinging stream also have various shortcomings, and needs further optimization and improvement. At last, all problems including exploring the microscopic nucleation mechanism, developing a new gas hydrate formation system with easy separation of solid and liquid, and constructing comprehensive evaluation system for gas hydrate reactor need to be solved further in the future research of gas hydrate formation.

Biogas is an important renewable energy source, and the full use of biogas is of great significance to alleviate energy demand and environmental pressure. Biogas must be purified by decarbonization before high value utilization. A new technology——hydrate-based separation technology, for the biogas purification is introduced. The basic theories of hydrate-based separation technology were introduced, and the research progress of hydrate-based separation technology biogas (CH₄/CO₂)was summarized, including phase equilibrium research, thermodynamic promotors, kinetic promotors, mechanical strengthening, field strengthening, adding porous media/nano-fluids, and using oil/water emulsion. Various technologies of hydrate-based separation were analyzed. Phase equilibrium study provided the theoretical basis for the purification of biogas by hydrate method. Reasonable selection of thermodynamic and kinetic promoters could effectively improve gas hydrate phase equilibrium conditions, promote hydrate formation, increase gas storage effect and improve separation efficiency. Mechanical strengthening and field action promoted hydrate formation by enhancing the mass and heat transfer effect in the hydration process. Adding porous media/nano-fluids could increase the gas-liquid contact area and promote the hydration process. The use of oil/water emulsion not only strengthened the gas-liquid contact, but also improved the fluidity of the hydrate in the microemulsion state with a good industrial application prospects. Finally, the application of hydrate-based biogas purification technology was proposed. The hydrate purification biogas research is still in the early stage. This technology has the advantages of mild operation conditions, low requirement for raw biogas, simple and flexible operation, high safety, and environmental protection without pollution. It will certainly play an important role in the development of biogas industry in China.

The agglomeration between hydrate particles is an important reason which could lead to pipeline hydrate plugging. In order to manage hydrate risks better, a model describing the process of hydrate agglomeration is needed. First, a dynamic model of hydrate agglomeration based on the population balance theory was built, which ignored the influence of convection and diffusion and assumed that hydrate particle size distribution in the pipeline was continuous. Focusing on hydrate agglomeration and breakage, the core of this dynamic model mainly included agglomeration kernel and breakage kernel. For agglomeration kernel, it referred to collision frequency and agglomeration efficiency. For breakage kernel, it involved to breakage frequency and particle size distribution. Then, based on previous researches and combining the characteristics of hydrate particles, the calculation methods of the agglomeration kernel and breakage kernel were selected and modified. Finally, a computational fluid mechanics way was used to solve the dynamic model and the results were compared with the relevant experimental data. This dynamic model can provide technical support for the pipeline flow assurance.

Due to the instability of waste heat resource and environment temperature, the organic Rankine cycle (ORC)system should have strong various operating ability in practical application. In this paper, the experimental test of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system with R245fa as the working fluid under various operating condition were carried out. The effect of cold and heat sources temperature on ORC system performance were analyzed under the constant electric energy production operating. It was found that the decreased heat resource temperature would decrease the inlet temperature and superheat of expander. Because the expander internal leakage was increased, the expander isentropic efficiency was decreased, and the mass flow rate of the working fluid had to increase to maintain the constant output power. With the falling temperature of heat source, the heat transfer coefficient of evaporator and the electrical efficiency were increased. When the inlet temperature of cooling water was kept at 10℃, the electrical efficiency of ORC system was increased from 5.03% to 5.25% with decreasing heat resource temperature from 115℃ to 100℃. Therefore, the temperature of cold source significantly affected the pressure at expander inlet and outlet. With the inlet temperature of cooling water decreased, the expander isentropic efficiency was decreased, whereas the pressure ratio of the expander as well as the power output capability of unit mass of working fluid were increased. Hence, the electrical efficiency and pure efficiency of the system were increased. When the inlet temperature of cooling water was increased from 10℃ to 30℃ at the hot source temperature of 115℃, the electrical efficiency of ORC system was decreased from 7.01% to 6.08%.

Heat supply is effective to improve the overall efficiency and reduce the coal consumption rate in air-cooled power plants. A key issue about design optimization of cogeneration system is to determine the optimal values of the designed primary network water supply temperature, based on the performance variation of overrall system resulting from the temperature of supply water in the primary network. The heat transfer efficiency and energy consumption were analyzed for different design parameters, i.e. heating load and primary side water supply temperature. The heating characteristics under off-design conditions were discussed with the mechanism modeling and Ebsilon platform. Results showed that design value of primary side water supply temperature had significant effect on system heat transfer efficiency and energy consumption. The variation of coal rate was 4.56g/kW·h due to the change of primary side water supply temperature.

Low temperature SCR denitration technology has the advantages of low cost, low energy consumption and convenient layout. The reaction temperature of the catalysts is low, which is suitable for small and medium-sized boilers, therefore it has attracted more and more researchers' attentions. Manganese-titanium based catalysts have become a hotspot in the research of low-temperature SCR catalysts due to their excellent catalytic activity. However, the poor sulfur and waterresistance of the catalysts limits their practical application. This study mainly introduces the symptoms and mechanism of SO₂ and H₂O poisoning of manganese-titanium catalysts for low temperature SCR. The research progress of doping transition metal elements and modification of the carrier in the aspect of sulfur resistance is mainly discussed. The effects of doping Ce, Co, Fe and Ho, as well as the acid modification of catalysts and compound carrier are introduced in detail. In addition, the recent situation of other modification methods of manganese-titanium catalysts are briefly introduced. Finally, the limitations of the present methods of the sulfur and water resistance for SCR catalysts are summarized, and we point out that the future focus of this kind of catalysts is to further improve their anti-poisoning ability.

A series of Ni/ZrO₂ catalysts with different amount of nickel loadings were prepared via impregnation method using zirconium dioxide as the carrier, while zirconium dioxide was firstly obtained through precipitation from zirconium salts and calcination treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen physical adsorption, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), and hydrogen temperature programmed desorption (H₂-TPD)techniques were utilized to analyze the physical and chemical properties of the prepared catalysts. The possible status of the active nickel species were investigated and the diameters of nickel and nickel oxide aggregates were calculated. With the increase of the loading amount of nickel, both the BET area of the Ni/ZrO₂ catalysts and the dispersion degree of nickel decreased, while the diameter of the nickel aggregates and the portion of the desorption area in the H₂-TPD curves increased. When the loading amount of nickel was around 10.2%, the diameter of the nickel aggregates and that of zirconia dioxide crystals were close to 30nm. The performance of Ni/ZrO₂ catalysts was further investigated based on the reaction of stepwise steam reforming of methane. The results indicated that the Ni/ZrO₂ catalysts could exhibit excellent performance only when the amount of nickel loading was in some range. Both insufficient and excess amount of nickel loadings would lower the catalytic conversion of methane. When the loading amount of nickel was around 10.2%, the catalyst showed the best performance in that the zirconium dioxide particles had similar size to that of the nickel species.

The influence of calcination temperature (300℃、450℃、600℃、750℃)on the activity of Mo-Mn/TiO₂ (MMT) catalysts prepared by an impregnation method for NO_x and Hg⁰ removal was studied. The results showed that, relatively low calcination temperature was beneficial to improve the catalytic activity of MMT catalysts, and reduce the inhibitory effect of SO₂ effectively, and the best calcination temperature was 300℃. Physicochemical characteristics of MMT catalysts were investigated by using different analysis techniques of BET, XRD, H₂-TPR, FTIR and XPS. The studies showed that relatively low calcination temperature could give high the proportion of active components and high dispersion of metallic oxide on the surface of TiO₂ as well as increase the low temperature reduction property of catalysts. With the increase of calcination temperature, the specific surface area and total pore volume gradually decreased. The average pore diameter first increased and then decreased, because of the agglomeration of MMT occurred at high calcination temperature. At the same time, the gradually conversion of MnO₂ to Mn₂O₃, and the transformations of the crystalline phase of TiO₂ from anatase to rutile and MoO₃ from amorphous to crystalline, synergistically led to the decrease of catalytic activity on the removal of NO_x and Hg⁰.

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) are a kind of promising special multifunctional layered materials, which have the excellent regulatable capability, perfect environmental compatibility and remarkable efficiency, so they have been studied extensively in environmental protection, catalysis, energy storage, transducer and other fields. Most researches are conducted on the improvement of tailored synthesis methods and application of LDH, whereas the research on the transformation of LDH (composition, structure and morphology)is rare, especially on the general formation mechanism of LDH. The controllable preparation and in-depth applications of LDH with unique morphology and specific composition are highly demanded. An overview and comparison are presented on the interpretations of primary LDH laminate formation mechanisms which are the existence of divalent metal hydroxide, the existence of trivalent metal hydroxides and the direct topological phase transition mechanism. The solid-liquid and liquid-liquid reactions are thought to play a dominant role in the initial nucleation stage, while the multiple mechanisms, the various influences and the mastery reaction are easily affected by the external conditions. To obtain a more universal mechanistic insight on LDH formation and provide a theoretical basis for the prospective development of LDH, a general formation mechanism need to be clarified, which requires explanations from the conclusive building rules and difference of LDH laminate as well as the internal mechanism and scientific nature of the formation process in macro and micro perspectives.

As one of the most important photoelectrode materials, cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) has attracted much attention in photoelectrochemical (PEC)water splitting and CO₂ reduction due to its advantages of suitable bandgap, well photoresponse and low cost. This review summarizes the latest progress on the preparation methods of Cu₂O photoelectrodes, such as electrochemistry, PVD, dip-coating, thermal oxidation and chemical bath deposition. The summarized methods are compared in details. Notably, this review provides valuable reference to designing and constructing PEC photoelectrodes based on other transition metal oxide semiconductors. In addition, the practical application of Cu₂O photoelectrodes is confined by its poor stability due to its self-photocorrosion in electrolyte solutions. This review outlines commonly used modification methods to enhance photostability and PEC performance of Cu₂O photoelectrodes, including surface modification, fabrication of semiconductor composites, etc. In the end, this review points out that the future research directions of Cu₂O photoelectrode should aim at exploring novel methods to fabricate Cu₂O photoelectrodes, inventing novel modification methods and integrating multiple modification methods in order to further enhance the PEC performance and application prospect of Cu₂O photoelectrodes.

Mesoporous carbon with specific surface area and various pore volume is a new type mesoporous material. Usually, the pore structures and morphology of mesoporous carbons can be adjusted by using several methods. This study mainly summarizes the synthetic method of mesoporous carbons and mesoporous carbon-based composites, and compares the pore structure and morphology of mesoporous carbon materials prepared by different methods. Doping diverse non-metal or metal and its oxide in mesoporous carbon to prepare composite materials are also introduced. It has been found that the prepared mesoporous carbon composite material have better performance, and the composite materials containing different doping elements possess different morphologies and textures. Moreover, this article briefly introduces their applications in environment, biomedicine, energy storage, electrochemistry, and catalysis as well as their deficiencies in application. Finally, we believe that adjusting pore structure and surface properties of mesoporous carbons and developing simple synthetic method will be the future research directions.

The calcium carbonate is a stable inorganic compound that exists widely on the earth. Porous calcium carbonate as an inorganic material was commonly used in chemical, pharmaceutical, metallurgy, food and other industries due to its large specific surface area, non-toxic, good biocompatibility, and other advantages. However, the structure, properties and application of porous calcium carbonate were seriously affected by the different fabrication methods or processes that could lead to different structures and crystal forms for porous calcium carbonate. In this paper, some commonly used fabrication methods, such as template method, emulsion liquid membrane method, coprecipitation method, sol-/hydro-thermal method, gel crystallization method and salting method, were introduced. The principles, advantages and disadvantages of various fabrication methods were briefly analyzed. Meanwhile, many research achievements on the application of porous calcium carbonate in various areas were discussed. It is pointed out that the study of porous calcium carbonate at home and abroad was insufficient in certain aspects, such as the difficulty to control precisely its structure and properties, poor energy saving and environmental protection, and the limited utilization of initial materials. It is suggested to explore the application of porous calcium carbonate in waste water and waste gas.

Graphene is a honeycomb material composed of a flat monolayer of tightly packed carbon atoms. It has large surface area, good heat transfer performance, and excellent conductivity, and therefore is widely used in various fields. However, graphene is easy to aggregate, which greatly limits its applications. In recent years, the graphene assembled 3D graphene has attracted lots of attention because of its large active surface area and other good characteristics. At the same time, the modifications of graphene and 3D graphene have become the focus of current research. This paper introduced the structure and properties of graphene and 3D graphene and the preparation of graphene, and then summarized the main preparation methods of three kinds of composites, followed by the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the synthesis method. Special emphasis was devoted to their applications in lithium ion batteries, electrochemical catalysts of fuel cells and sensors. The mechanism of the excellent performance of composite materials was briefly introduced. It is suggested that the doping amount, doping ratio and the doping sites are key factors in the doping modification. Finally, it was pointed out that the preparation of graphene and 3D graphene composites is also facing bottlenecks of instability, unable to prepare in large scale and low conductivity. Finally, its prospects in the development of solid metal lithium batteries, transparent batteries, adsorption materials and other fields were also discussed.

The spherical structure TiO₂ nano photocatalyst was prepared by simple hydrolysis followed by calcination with L-tryptophan (L-Trp) as biological template. The prepared TiO₂ was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and N₂ adsorption-desorption. The L-Trp played a crucial role in the formation of photocatalysts, which could induce the formation of spherical structure TiO₂. The photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ samples prepared at different calcination temperatures was investigated. The results showed that the TiO₂ prepared at 550℃ exhibited an excellent photocatalytic activity, and the degradation rate of methyl orange (MO) solution reached about 95% under UV light irradiation in 30min, which was mainly due to the synergistic effect of large BET surface area and spherical structure. The results of photocatalytic stability test indicated that the prepared TiO₂ nanomaterials could be used as practical and effective photocatalysts for the degradation of organic dyes under UV light irradiation. Furthermore, the possible growth mechanism of spherical structure TiO₂ nanoparticles supported by L-Trp was discussed.

a-Al₂O₃ powders and aluminaceramic were prepared by high pure AlOOH as the precursor material. Effects of NH₄F or AlF₃ on the transformation and microstructure of the a-Al₂O₃ powders and ceramic were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray photoelectron. The results show that the introduction of NH₄F or AlF₃ promotes the morphology of α-Al₂O₃ to change from particle-like to plate-like shape. However, the α-Al₂O₃ platelets will revert to grains again after calcinated at high temperature. The plate-like α-Al₂O₃ can maintain the disk shape after calcinated at 1300℃, when the α-Al₂O₃ powders are pressed into disk under different pressure. The morphology of α-Al₂O₃ crystals changes from platelet to polygonal when they are further sintered up to 1600℃. However, under hot pressing condition, the platelet α-Al₂O₃ crystals don't show the polygonal morphology. The densification of α-Al₂O₃ ceramic is strengthened and the relative density of the ceramics increases from 77.6% to 92.2%with the rise of the sintering temperature. The density of α-Al₂O₃ ceramic prepared with particle-shaped powders is larger, compared to that prepared with plate-like powders, which increases from 92.2% to 93.0% after sintered at 1600℃.

In order to better understand the influence of raw materials on mesophase pitch, we synthesized three kinds of mesophase pitches with different raw materials (naphthalene, coal tar, direct coal liquefaction residue DCLR), and the properties of volatile component, saturation, molecular ordering and molecular weight of the mesophase pitches were compared. The used analysis methods included polarizing optical microscope, elemental analysis, FTIR, MALDI-TOF MS, XRD, TGA and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicated that:naphthalene based mesophase pitch (AR-MP)had higher molecular weight and narrower molecular weight distribution, higher saturation, lower volatile content and less compact structure than the other two pitches. AR-MP had a more linear structure, and as a consequence, lower soft point and finely dispersed flow texture. Coal tar based mesophase pitch (CT-MP) has broader molecular weight distribution, lower saturation, higher volatile content. It had a more compact structures due to the more rigid and flat multiple-ring molecules. The CT-MP exhibited the highest soft point and the worst flow ability, which made it difficult to form flow texture. DCLR based mesophase pitch (DCLR-MP)had narrow molecular weight distribution, moderate saturation and higher regularity of molecular structure. The DCLR-MP showed highly ordered structure and high soft point but poor flow ability.

The surface of nano-rutile-TiO₂ was modified by silane coupling reagent A-172 and the TiO₂ were characterized by FTIR and TEM techniques. According to the spectra of FTIR, it can be inferred that the A-172 was bound on the surface of nanosized TiO₂. Transmission electron microscopy pictures showed that the hydrophobicity of nanosized TiO₂ modified with A-172 was improved. The modified nano-TiO₂ (0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%)was added to polyglycolic acid (PGA)as the ultraviolet ray shielding, and a series of PGA composites were prepared. The accelerated aging test of pure PGA and PGA/nano-TiO₂ composites was carried out with laboratory xenon arc lamp. The results showed that the modified nano-TiO₂ could be well dispersed in PGA so that the PGA had a wider UV absorption range and a stronger UV absorption peak. And the aging resistance of PGA was remarkably improved. The modification effect was optimum when the mass fraction of modified nano-TiO₂ was 1.5%, and the yellowness index of modified PGA just increased 4.1. Tensile strength and notched impact strength retention rate were 56.34% and 65.15%, respectively, increased by 42.29% and 37.21%. And weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight retention were also increased by 33.64% and 33.99%, respectively.

A cathode material of lithium ion batteries Li_3-xNa_xV₂ (PO₄)₃/C (x=0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07)was synthesized by solution method with glucose as the carbon source. XRD patterns illustrate that the constituent is of typical monoclinic crystal and coincide exactly with diffraction peaks of Li₃V₂ (PO₄)₃. Sodium ion doesn't change the ingredient and crystal structure of product but change the lattice parameters. This tiny change of lattice parameters is conductive to the lithium ion diffusion. The cathode material particles are nearly elliptic in the SEM and TEM images. Particles are in even size distribution and have integrated carbon coating. The results of the charge-discharge tests proved that Li_2.97Na_0.03V₂ (PO₄)₃/C has the best rate performance with a discharge capacity of 100mAh/g at 12C rate. CV test demonstrates the diffusion coefficient of this sample is about two orders of magnitude higher than that of pure Li₃V₂ (PO₄)₃.

The structure of the products of butyl acrylate photopolymerization initiated by benzophenone and diethylene glycol were characterized by ¹H NMR、¹³C NMR and Q-TOF. The ¹³C NMR results indicate that there are tertiary and quaternary carbons in the polymer chain. The analysis results of Q-TOF show that the polymers are mainly composed of oligomers initiated by DEG radicals and terminated by chain transfer with polymerization degree of around 6 and 7. In addition, the chain radicals can also be terminated by disproportionation and coupling reaction. The fast chain transfer termination reaction and the presence of tertiary and quaternary carbon atoms indicate that the formation of the polymers may undergo the mechanism of free radicals migration along the DEG molecular chain. The competition between the chain transfer and the chain growth leads to the formation of multi substituted polymer products. The oxygen inhibition effect is significant in the polymerization. The chain radicals react with oxygen rapidly to form peroxide radicals, which undergo the termination and decomposition reactions to form oligomers with one to three oxygen atoms.

Six compounds of 9, 10-distyrylanthracene (DSA-C_nP, DSA-C_n, n=2, 6, 12) were designed and synthesized. Among them, DSA-C_nP (n=2, 6, 12) are novel compounds which contain the hindered piperidine group. Their fluorescence properties were evaluated, and the results showed that all of them presented both AIE and piezofluorochromic (PFC) properties. Their PFC properties were closely related to the length of alkyl chains. Furthermore, the XRD profiles demonstrated a transformation from crystalline to amorphous state during the grinding process, which may be the internal reason for the piezofluorochromic phenomenon. Then, comparing with DSA-C_n (n=2, 6, 12), the PFC properties of DSA-C_nP (n=2, 6, 12) showed an opposite trend when changing the length of alkyl chains, indicating that the introduction of hindered piperidine had a significant effect on the PFC properties of DSA derivatives. In addition, the photostability test showed that, both DSA-C_n (n=2, 6, 12)and DSA-C_nP (n=2, 6, 12)were degradated after irradiation. However, the photostability of DSA-C_nP (n=2, 6, 12)was better than that of DSA-C_n (n=2, 6, 12)due to the introduction of the hinder piperidine. The above results manifested that hindered piperidine groups effect the regulation of the stacking modes of DSA compounds and their photostability, which deserves further researches.

The responsibility is one of the key properties of the smart membranes. In this paper, the effect of both the thermo-responsive factor of smart microgels and the size ratio of smart microgels to membrane pores on the responsibility of the smart membranes was quantitatively and systematically investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)based on the straight single-pore model with poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) smart microgels immobilized on the wall of the pores. To investigate the accuracy of the CFD simulation results, the thermo-responsive gating coefficients of smart membranes were also experimentally measured. The CFD simulation results showed that when the size ratio of smart microgels to membrane pores was constant, the thermo-responsive gating coefficient of smart membranes increased with the decrease of the thermo-responsive factor of smart microgels. When size ratio was less than 0.4, the measured thermo-responsive gating coefficient was in accordance with the simulation results of the PNIPAM content of 100%. However, the measured results agreed with the simulation results of the PNIPAM content of 67% when the size ratio was larger than 0.4. In general, the satisfactory responsibility and stable permeability of smart membranes were achieved simultaneously when the size ratio was in the range of 0.4 to 0.65. The results will provide valuable guidelines and experimental foundation for the design and fabrication of smart membranes with high performances.

Homogeneous anion-exchange membrane featured with excellent efficacy of diffusion dialysis (DD)is prepared through casting process for modeling membrane method. The matrix is the segmented copolymer formed from polystyrene-butadiene-styrene and propargyl trimethylamine is adopted as the alkaline functional group. The synthesis of polymer SBS-TMA is achieved by click chemistry process. The chemical structure and morphology of the polymer are characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy (¹H NMR)and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). With the help of thermal gravimetric (TG)analyzer and precision balance, thermal and acidic stability of the membrane are studied. We have explored the impacts of the content of functional groups and temperature on its DD property. The results show that, when the content of functional group is 0.20 (SBS-TMA-0.20), the diffusion coefficient (U_H⁺)for the membrane is 2.86×10^-2m/h, and the separation coefficient (S)is 28.1. The DD property of this membrane is twice to three times as good as that of the commercial membrane DF-120. When the system temperature rises from 25℃ to 70℃, the U_H⁺ of SBS-TMA-0.20 increases from 2.86×10^-2m/h to 4.48×10^-2m/h accordingly, and its S increases from 28.1 to 30.1, but then sharply reduces to 16.2.

The electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of carbon nanotube (CNT)shielding paper doped with different rare earth oxides were studied, which include Ga₂O₃, La₂O₃, Nd₂O₃ and Dy₂O₃. The mass fraction of the doped rare earth oxides was 20% in the mixture. Doped CNTs were used as additives for the EMI shielding papers. Pulp fibers were used as the matrix. The two parts were mixed in water under high-speed shearing and then subjected to vacuum filtration to make the composite shielding paper. The composite paper showed high electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. The shielding papers have excellent flexibility and formability. The papers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Four-point probes (4PP), and vector network analyzer. The results showed the four rare earth oxides doped CNTs all exhibited excellent EMI shielding performance but in the order of Nd₂O₃ < Ga₂O₃ < Dy₂O₃ < La₂O₃. The maximum EMI SE reached -24.5dB to -30.2dB in the frequency range of 175-1600MHz with the doping of 20% La₂O₃.

Palbociclib, a new drug for treating metastatic breast cancer, was approved by the FDA in 2015. Nine synthesis routes of palbociclib were reviewed in this paper. The comparison and analysis of these synthesis routes showed that the synthesis of palbociclib had four key steps:constructing pyrimidinopyridone, introduction of 5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino in 2-position, acetyl in 6-position, and cyclohexyl in 8-position. Traditional synthesis routes have many disadvantages, such as too many reaction steps, used expensive metal palladium, toxic organotin compounds and LiHMDS, severe reaction conditions required, and low gross yields. The newly-developed synthesis routes improved the synthesis process of palbociclib through selecting proper raw materials and reactions. Newly developed reactors (like microwave-ultrasonic reactors)or one-pot routes reduced the reaction steps and avoided using palladium and organotin compounds so that the synthesis routes resulted in few reaction steps, high yields, environment-friendliness, and asset of industrialization. The synthesis routes of palbociclib are continuously improved by using cheap and readily available raw materials and environmentally benign agents, reducing synthesis steps, simplifying operation, having gentle reaction conditions and high total yields. Among the reported synthesis routes, the route 8 showed the potential of commercialization if LiHMDS can be replaced by a catalyst with simple operation. The route 6 has the greatest potential for industrialization if the scale-up of microwave-ultrasonic reactors can be solved. Besides, the synthesis method of deuterated palbociclib, which has better pharmacokinetics property and higher stability in vivo, is also introduced, and can be further improved according to the advanced synthesis routes of palbociclib.

The conditions of succinic acid production by Actinobacillus succinogenes GXAS137 from xylose mother liquor were optimized to explore the feasibility in synthesis of high-value-added succinic acid from waste xylose mother liquor. First, the key medium components were identified by Plackett-Burman design experiment. Further optimization was run by Steepest Ascent method to rapidly approach the optimal region of the key medium components. Finally, the optimal levels of key medium components were achieved by Box-Behnken design experiment. The optimum concentration of key media components was as follows:xylose mother liquor 64.75g/L, corn steep liquor 15.71g/L, and Mg₂ (OH)₂CO₃ 46.39g/L, respectively. Under those conditions, 38.01g/L succinic acid was obtained, increasing by 20.7% after optimization and basically agreeing with the predicted value. Scale-up experiment was further implemented in a 2L stirred bioreactor, and up to 48.99g/L succinic acid was obtained within 72h, with a yield of 0.80g/g total sugar. Succinic acid increased by 28.9% compared with that of anaerobic bottles. The results showed that employing inexpensive xylose mother liquor as feedstock, could lay a solid foundation for future low-cost and efficient industrial production of succinic acid.

In the previous studies, a series of novel anion-exchangers, DEAE-dextran grafted Sepharose FF resins, were obtained, which exhibited high levels of both protein capacity and uptake rate. In this work, two typical DEAE-dextran grafted resins, FF-D50-DexD100 (mixed-ligand resin)and FF-DexD100 (grafting-ligand resin), were selected to investigate the effects of counterions on protein adsorption equilibria, uptake rate, dynamic binding and linear gradient eltion, with sodium salts of SCN^-, Cl^-, HPO₄^2- and SO₄^2-, and compared with the commercial resins, Q Sepharose FF, Q Sepharose XL and DEAE Sepharose FF, using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the model protein. It was found that the four counterions showed different prefernces on the two DEAE-dextran modified resins, but the couterion preference orders of two DEAE-dextran modified resins were the same, which indicated that the ligand distribution (surface-ligand or grafting-ligand) did not affect the couterion preference. Furthermore, the counterions with weaker prefernces could accelerate the masstransfer of protein by promoting the "chain delivery" effect, and finally enchance the dynamic binding capacity of DEAE-dextran modified resins. Therefore, HPO₄^2- and SCN^- are suitable counterions for column binding and eltuion operation with DEAE-dextran grafted Sepharose FF resins, respecitively. The experimental result is expected to help optimizing anion exchange chromatograhpy process with DEAE-dextran modified resins.

To utilize distillery residue to produce value-added products, the productions of single cell protein (single cell protein, SCP)from various substrates and strains were investigated. Yellow winery residue (yellow wine lees and rice wastewater)and cassava distillery residue (cassava stillage and its supernatant)were chosen as four kinds of fermentation substrates. Meanwhile Candida utilis and Geotrichum candidum were chosen as strains. Batch fermentation was applied to study the effect of substrates and strains on SCP production. The experimental results showed that yellow winery residue was suitable for SCP production. The maximum SCP yield was 90.22g/L with production rate of 3.91 and crude protein content of 53.3%, after 4 days of fungal fermentation via Candida utilis and Geotrichum candidum co-culture in 6% yellow wine lees-rice wastewater substrate. Furthermore, the synthesized SCP product contains essential amino acids, which could be widely used as animal feed in the future.

Processing cassava alcohol residues (CAR)is one of the bottlenecks of the large scale application of the cassava based alcohol production. This study focused on the ethanol production using CAR as raw material by pretreatment of CAR and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The chemical compositions of cassava alcohol residues were analyzed. Pretreatment was conducted by different methods such as aqueous ammonia pretreatment, sodium hydroxide pretreatment and the combined pretreatment with aqueous ammonia and dilute sulfuric acid. The effect of different pretreatment methods on enzymatic digestibility of CAR were studied. The structural feature of CAR was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD)and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The fed-batch method was combined with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)to enhance ethanol concentration further and reduce enzyme loading. The results showed that among the three pretreatment methods the combined pretreatment was more effective on increasing cellulose and digestibility of cellulose. Cellulose increased 111.26% and lignin decreased 35.05% after being pretreated by the combined pretreatment. Compared with no pretreated cassava alcohol residues, cellulose conversion rate increased from 42.10% to 61.71% at 72h of enzyme hydrolysis when the CAR pretreated by combined pretreatment were used as substrate. After pretreatment by aqueous ammonia, the lignin decreased, the cellulose and crystallinity increased, and the surface of CAR became rougher. The ethanol concentration was 51.0g/Lat 120h by fed-batch combined with SSF when the initial substrate concentration was 100.0g/L and the final substrate concentration of 400.0g/Lby adding aqueous ammonia pretreated CAR at 20h, 40h and 60h, respectively.

Poly (phenyl vinyl ketone) (PPVK)can undergo main chain degradation under light irradiation. Basing on this characterization of the PPVK, N, N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA)and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA)were chosen as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomer, respectively, to prepare an amphiphilic triblock copolymer PDMAEA-PPVK-P (2-EHA) by RAFT polymerization. This amphiphilic block copolymer was used as the polymeric emulsifier and ethyl oleate was used as oil phase to prepare environmental-friendly photosensitive W/O emulsion, which can undergo light-triggered drug release. The stability, photosensitivity, and light-triggered release behaviors of the emulsion were investigated. The results showed that the emulsion could achieve good stability under the condition that the volume ratio of O/W was 2:1, the polymerization degree ratio of hydrophilic/hydrophobic segments of the block copolymer was 1:5, the dosage of block copolymer is 0.03g/mL and the pH of water phase was 5;the emulsion could undergo quick demulsification under UV light irradiation;the drug release experiment showed that the release behavior of glyphosate could be controlled by light, and the total release rate of glyphosate is about 90% after 25min UV irradiation.

To meet the desulfurization requirement for the waste gas from viscose fiber production, the desulfurization solvent UDS was developed. Based on density functional theory, the interaction mechanism of the active components and CS₂ was studied by using AIM (atoms-in-molecules)topological analysis and RDG (reduced density gradient)analysis. The energy for the interactions between active components and CS₂ was calculated by molecular simulation. Based on the composition of viscose fiber waste gas, the UDS solvent was designed and optimized. The efficiency for removing CS₂ and H₂S from viscose fiber waste gas was studied in an atmospheric pressure experimental device. Molecular simulation results showed that the interactions between four active components and CS₂ were weak intermolecular forces, and the intensity ranked in the order of:PZ > SUL > NHD > DMSO. The compounds that have strong interaction with CS₂ can be considered as the promising solvent components to improve the solubility of CS₂ in UDS-F. From the experimental results of the atmospheric absorption, the content of CS₂ was reduced from 400mg/m³ in raw material to 79mg/m³ in the purified gas under the operation conditions of UDS-F mass fraction of 50%, V_g/V_l of 500 and temperature of 50℃. As a result, the CS₂ removal efficiency of UDS-F was found approximately 19 percentage higher than that of UDS-A, and approximately 65 percentage higher than that of MDEA, indicating that UDS-F had excellent performance for the removal of CS₂ from viscose fiber waste gas. After regeneration, the lean UDS-F solution could still maintain a good H₂S and CS₂ removal efficiency. The study of foaming resistance and corrosion resistance showed that UDS-F solvent had good anti-foaming performance and anti-corrosion performance.

HCN (hydrogen cyanide), COS (carbonyl sulfide)and CS₂ (carbon disulfide) are widely coexisted in the chemical industry tail gas, for example, yellow phosphorus tail gas, coke oven gas and C1 chemical industry. At present, there are many studies on the single removal of the three gases, and the research on the simultaneous removal of the three gases is rarely reported. So simultaneous removing of three gases is necessary. HCN can be converted into NH₃, and COS/CS₂ can be converted into H₂S during the catalysis hydrolysis process. NH₃ and H₂S can be catalytic oxidized to N₂ and S respectively, and S can be recycled. The development of catalysts for the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of HCN, COS and CS₂ and oxidation of NH₃ and H₂S in one step is the key problem of this technology. In this paper, the related research achievements of catalysts for hydrolysis of three gas were reviewed both in supported catalyst and unsupported catalyst. Meanwhile, the synergetic purification technology of hydrolysates (NH₃ and H₂S)was analyzed. This paper provides a reference to the development and application of the way that catalytic hydrolysis of HCN/COS/CS₂ and synergistic purification of hydrolyzate in one-step at low temperature.

Recently, the increasing amount of sludge is a challenge for industrial and municipal activities. Minimizing the volume of sludge and recovering energy so far have been the focus of research. This paper introduced the characteristics of sludge and its disposal status, then comprehensively compared the industrial application of hydrothermal treatment at home and abroad. Additionally, the advantages of producing clean solid fuel via hydrothermal treatment were pointed out, including the improvement of dewaterability, the upgrading of fuel characteristics, the stabilization of heavy metals, the lower cost and the reduction of pollutions from NO_x, acid gas and fly ash. Meanwhile, the influence of hydrothermal temperature and time on the reaction pathways and conversion mechanism of different components in sludge were also discussed in detail. Finally, the main research direction of hydrothermal treatment for sludge was put forward. Studying the synergistic effect of sludge and other high moisture waste during hydrothermal process or combustion is considered as an important way to produce great quality fuel.

Due to the more intense environmental stress, more attention has been paid to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which is a precursor of PM_2.5. Combustion is a widely used technique for the removal of VOCs. This paper reviewed the recent progress of technologies for VOCs removal by combustion. VOCs combustion can be divided into two categories:non-catalytic combustion, catalytic combustion. For non-catalytic combustion, we summarized the state of art technologies of direct combustion, regenerative combustion and porous media combustion, and discussed the factors that affect the combustion efficiency. For catalytic combustion of VOCs, the research progress of some main catalysts was reviewed, in terms of noble metal catalysts, non-noble metal catalysts and metal oxide catalysts, the deactivation of catalyst were discussed, the characteristics of catalyst deactivation of catalyst was discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of each kind of catalyst were pointed out. The noble metal catalysts have higher activity, but exhibit a higher price and lower stability. Non-noble metal catalysts are cheaper and have a long lifetime, but the ignition temperature is higher. The metal oxide catalysts have a high activity, and good stability, but the preparation procedure is more complex. In conclusion, the research prospect on this field was also given.

Municipal sludge is rich in organic matter and nutrients for plant growth such as N, P and K. But it can not be directly used in agriculture as a result of the contamination of heavy metals. In this paper, the origins, characteristics and hazards of heavy metals in municipal sludge are described briefly. The removal and stabilization methods of sludge including chemical, biological, physical and the combination methods, are discussed emphatically. The effects of the methods on the speciation and removal efficiency of heavy metals in sludge treatment process are analyzed. In addition, the merits and weaknesses, influence factors and application scope of these methods are compared. The results show that the speciation of heavy metals is the most critical factor that influences the removal of heavy metals from municipal sludge. There are great difference in the speciation of heavy metals to distribute in sludge and the most of heavy metals existing in stable or relatively stable state, which leads to low efficiency of physical and biological method on heavy metals removal. It is noteworthy that microbial method and lower animals treatment has a better adaptability compared with plant method owing to the limit of space and time. Although heavy metals both in oxidizable and reducible speciation could be effectively transformed and removed, the electric energy consumption is quite outstanding due to the domination of heavy metal transfer from sludge into liquid phase. At present, chemical extraction is currently the best method. It is, however, difficult to utilize treated sludge due to nutrient loss and acid ions accumulation of raw sludge. Consequently, jointly using all kinds of processing technologies in order to improve the removal efficiency of heavy metal from sludge under the premise of land use remains to be further research.

NO_x is one of the main pollutants for coal-fired power plant emissions. The main problem for the plants today is reducing NO_x emission. A nonlinear model predictive control method based on least square support vector machine (LSSVM)is proposed in this paper to solve the boiler NO_x emission minimization problem considering varying load in coal-fired power plants. The boiler load model and NO_x emissions model are constructed based on practical data. And then, the model parameters can be optimized by cross validation to obtain accuracy models. Based on these models, the boiler combustion optimization model is constructed. The optimization model aiming at minimizing the NO_x emission considers the boiler load as a constraint. This optimization model is solved to obtain the optimal control variable settings by different evolution (DE)algorithm. To testify the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the experiments based on real operational data are designed. The experiments results illustrate that the proposed method could reduce NO_x emissions effectively under varying load. It provides an effective means at no additional cost and has a certain application prospect.

In order to resolve the problem of traditional nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI)in the degradation of pollutants, which include easily oxidization, accumulation and low reactivity, montmorillonite supported nanoscale Ni-Fe (Ni-Fe/mont)etc. were prepared and characterized. Influencing factors in the degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) were investigated, which include the concentration of BDE-209 or nZVI, temperature, initial pH of solution, and ultrasounic assistance. The BDE-209 degradation efficiencies of nZVI and modified nZVI were compared. The reaction mechanisms were discussed and reaction kinetic equations were calculated. Results showed that the optimum conditions were 5.0mg/L BDE-209, 2.0g/L catalyst, temperature=35℃ and pH=3. The degradation of BDE-209 was completed within 10min for the ultrasounic treatment, and its observed rate constant (k_obs, 0.519min^-1)was 40 times faster than the shaking treatment (0.013min^-1), and 130 times faster than the static treatment (0.004min^-1). At 10min, the BDE-209 degradation rate was followed the order of Ni-Fe/mont (99.5%) > nZVI/mont (85.1%) > nanoscale Ni-Fe (64.8%) > nZVI (48.1%)>mont (4.1%) > nanoscale Ni (1.1%). At 120min, the k_obs was followed the order of Ni-Fe/mont (0.519min^-1) > nZVI/mont (0.209min^-1) > nanoscale Ni-Fe (0.050min^-1) > nZVI (0.024min^-1). No significant degradation of BDE-209 was found for montmorillonite, nanoscale nickel, or ultrasound in itself.

In this paper, sodium alginate (ALG)was used as the typical organic pollutant, and the water flux decrease rate and fouling resistance were used as the evaluation index of membrane fouling. The influence of the membrane orientation (FO mode and PRO mode), the feed solution (FS) and the driving solution (DS) concentration, Ca²⁺concentration and pH in FS on the TFC FO membrane fouling were studied. And a suitable membrane cleaning protocol was proposed. The results showed that the membrane fouling resistance was 3.38×10¹¹m^-1 in the PRO mode, and only 3.88×10¹⁰m^-1 in the FO mode, which indicated that the degree of fouling in PRO mode was more serious. When the concentration of FS or DS increased, led to the increase of fouling resistance, it made the fouling more serious. When there was no Ca²⁺ and the concentration of Ca²⁺ was 1mmol/L and 2mmol/L in FS, the flux reduction rate was 15.40%, 18.49% and 24.93% respectively. When the Ca²⁺ concentration increased from 1mmol/L to 2mmol/L compared with the initial flux, the membrane resistance increased by 1.6 times. When the pH of FS was 4.2, 7.0 and 10.7, the water flux reduction rate increased by 14.56%, 14.82% and 18.78%, respectively. In order to recover the membrane performance, the membrane was cleaned with deionized water, HCl solution with pH 3.0, NaOH solution at pH 11.8 and SDS (pH=11.0)solution, respectively. The results showed that SDS solution was the more effective cleaning protocol and the flux recovery rate was 90.70%.

The combustion experiments of municipal sludge were carried out on the 6kW_th bubbling fluidized bed test bed to study the effect of combustion temperature, excess oxygen ratio and secondary air ratio on NO and SO₂ emission characteristics in the flue gas recirculation atmosphere and air atmosphere. The results showed that the concentration of NO increased significantly and the SO₂ emission concentration increased with the increase of the combustion temperature. With the excess oxygen ratio increased, the NO emission concentration increased significantly, and the SO₂ emission concentration decreased. Increasing the secondary air ratio, NO emission concentration showed a tendency to decrease first and then increase, but the effect of emission reduction was not obvious, and the SO₂ emission concentration increased slightly. In the flue gas recirculation atmosphere, the change of the NO emission concentration with the combustion temperature and the excess oxygen coefficient was consistent with that of the air atmosphere. With the flue gas recirculation rate increased from 0 to 1, NO emission concentration decreased significantly. When the flue gas recirculation rate reached a high value, the NO emission reduction trend decreased. In the early stage of the increase of flue gas recirculation rate, the concentration of CO in the flue gas increased significantly. When the recirculation rate exceeded 0.3, the CO concentration fluctuated within a certain range and no longer increased.

This research used domesticated 4-chloronitrobenzene (4-CNB) degrading bacteria as inoculum, carbon brush as the cathode and anode materials. Bioelectrochemical system was constructed. The effect of different influent concentrations of 4-CNB and different applied voltages on the degradation of 4-CNB that has persistent toxicity were discussed. The results showed that the removal efficiency of 4-CNB could reach 99% in bioelectrochemical system under different initial concentrations, and the microbes with electrochemical activity used in the experiment showed better tolerance to 4-CNB. Under different applied voltages, the removal efficiency of 4-CNB could also reach 99%, and the reaction was in accordance with the first-order kinetics model. Under the applied voltage of 0.5V, the removal efficiency was the best. In addition, the effects of bioelectrochemical system, abiotic anaerobic reaction system and biological system on the degradation of 4-CNB were compared under the same concentration and the same applied voltage. The results showed that the remove efficiency of bio-electrochemical system was the best, which could effectively promote the degradation of organic pollutants 4-CNB and improve the remove efficiency. After 2.5h, the removal rate of 4-CNB was 99.5%, and the abiotic anaerobic system was 95.7%, While the content of 4-CNB was no significant change in the non-living anaerobic reactor after 24h.

In order to investigate the feasibility of room-temperature wet storage of aerobic granular sludge (AGS), variation of granular stability and reactivation performance were explored under open and close storage conditions. The color of AGS gradually turned from yellow into dark brown during 50 days' storage, and most of the granules convert to hollow structure. There were no big changes of granular settling property and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS)/mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS), but significantly decreases of extracellular polymeric sabstances (EPS)content, specific oxygen utilization rate and dehydrogenase activity were detected. The results indicated that effects of the two storage methods were similar to each other, and granular stability dropped significantly during storage. However, there was no seriously damage of the granular three-dimensional structure. The color of AGS turned into yellow rapidly during the reactivation, and the EPS content, specific oxygen utilization rate and dehydrogenase activity increased quickly. It was observed that some of the hollow granules were broken, and these fragments and unbroken AGS could be served as the nucleus or carrier for microbe adhesion and proliferation. Under strong hydraulic selection pressure, the granular stability was recovered in 12 days by the surviving microorganism's rapid proliferation and secretion large quantities of sticky EPS, and the reactivated granules had better physicochemical properties and excellent pollutants removal ability.

The effect of pyrolysis regeneration on the specific surface area, pore structure and the decomposition of organic matter of waste powdered activated carbon (WPAC)was studied through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR), BET and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TG). Meanwhile, the adsorption capacity of waste powdered activated carbon were analyzed before and after pyrolysis. The optimal pyrolysis conditions as follow:N₂ as carrier gas, the regeneration temperature and the time of pyrolysis is 650℃ and 2h respectively. Under this condition, BET surface area of RPAC could be recovered to 1161.4m²/g which was 94.5% of fresh activated carbon. Langmuir model could well describe the adsorption isotherm of methylene Blue. The adsorption capacity of RPAC for the methylene blue was 420.5mg/g which was 89.6% of fresh activated carbon. The results showed that the surface chemical property, pore structure of WPAC and adsorption capacity could be effectively recovered through pyrolysis.

Aiming at common challenges of traditional coking enterprises, such as the low energy utilization efficiency, the serious polluted environment, the short industry chain and the low value-added products, and so on, Tangsteel Meijin coking company developed a series of innovative coking process techniques. The new processes included mainly the 7m large capacity coke oven with wide oven chamber and multistage heat, the high temperature and high pressure CDQ of high efficiency power generation process, the efficient reuse process of waste water comprehensive treatment, the dust collecting process of the whole coking process, the solid wastes recycling process, the energy-efficient producing LNG process by using coke oven gas, etc. The new techniques are the highly efficient coke oven gas purification processes, the comprehensive technology of dust and poisonous gas control and negative pressure collection of exhaust gas, the refined distillation optimization technique of crude benzol extraction and the intelligent coking technology, etc. By using those new processes and techniques, Tangsteel Meijin coking company accomplished the overall optimization of coking process, and realized the the green transformation process of coking enterprises. New technologies would provide guidelines on getting rid of high energy consumption and high emission, and achieving cost-saving and profit-increasing and environmental friendliness for coking industry.

Phosphorus impurities in the chlorosilane mixture was difficult to be separated due to their similar boiling points. The adsorbents of 13X zeolite (13X) and 13X zeolite modified with CuCl₂ (Cu-13X)compared with adsorbents of metal oxide were prepared to adsorb trace PCl₃ in this study. The Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis)was used to determine the content of trace phosphorus in the chlorosilanes. The effects of the composition of the hydrolysate and the phase state of the raw materials on the determination of phosphorus impurity content with UV-vis were investigated based on the analysis of the contents of phosphorus in water and in the chlorosilanes. Besides, the breakthrough curves at 20℃ were investigated to determine the performance of the adsorbents of 13X and Cu-13X. The results showed that the pre-treatment phase state of chlorosilanes samples with the high purity nitrogen used as carrier gas is gas phase when they were passed into the high-purity water and the determined mass fraction of phosphorus in chlorosilanes varied between 0.0003 and 0.03. The adsorption performance of Cu-13X was enhanced after modified with CuCl₂. When the volume of the mixture solution increased to 120mL in the breakthrough experiment process, the removal efficiency of the complexation adsorbents for PCl₃ was still greater than about 80%, whereas the adsorption capacity of the 13X zeolite disappeared due to complete breakthrough when the volume of the mixture solution was 20mL.