Abstract: Graphene is a honeycomb material composed of a flat monolayer of tightly packed carbon atoms. It has large surface area, good heat transfer performance, and excellent conductivity, and therefore is widely used in various fields. However, graphene is easy to aggregate, which greatly limits its applications. In recent years, the graphene assembled 3D graphene has attracted lots of attention because of its large active surface area and other good characteristics. At the same time, the modifications of graphene and 3D graphene have become the focus of current research. This paper introduced the structure and properties of graphene and 3D graphene and the preparation of graphene, and then summarized the main preparation methods of three kinds of composites, followed by the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the synthesis method. Special emphasis was devoted to their applications in lithium ion batteries, electrochemical catalysts of fuel cells and sensors. The mechanism of the excellent performance of composite materials was briefly introduced. It is suggested that the doping amount, doping ratio and the doping sites are key factors in the doping modification. Finally, it was pointed out that the preparation of graphene and 3D graphene composites is also facing bottlenecks of instability, unable to prepare in large scale and low conductivity. Finally, its prospects in the development of solid metal lithium batteries, transparent batteries, adsorption materials and other fields were also discussed.

Key words: graphene, 3D graphene, modification, agglomeration, composites

摘要： 石墨烯是由单层碳原子紧密堆叠而成的蜂窝状材料，具有比表面积大、传热性能好、导电能力强等优点，普遍应用于各个领域。但由于石墨烯使用过程中易团聚，导致其应用领域受限。石墨烯组装而成的3D石墨烯拥有更大的活性表面积等特性，近年来引发密切关注。与此同时，石墨烯、3D石墨烯改性成为当前探究的焦点。本文在介绍石墨烯、3D石墨烯的结构、性能及石墨烯制备的基础上，总结了3种复合材料的主要制备途径，并且分析了其合成方法的利弊。重点探讨了它们在锂离子电池、燃料电池的电化学催化剂及传感器中的应用，简述了复合材料优良性能产生的机理。提出在掺杂改性中应注意各元素掺杂量、掺杂比例、掺杂位点的确定等问题。最后指出了石墨烯、3D石墨烯及其复合材料的制备还面临不稳定、无法大规模生产、导电率低的瓶颈并对其在固态金属锂电池、透明电池、吸附材料等领域的发展前景做了展望。

关键词: 石墨烯, 3D石墨烯, 改性, 团聚, 复合材料