This paper reviewed the strategic importance of nitrogenous fertilizer from ammonia for the security of food supplies. It is pointed out that ammonia synthesis industry is an unsubstitutable traditional industry, its transformation-upgrading and energy-saving can only rely on the progress of science and technology without other choice. The impact of raw materials, facility capacity, key equipments, highly active catalysts and process technique based on highly active catalyst, on its transformation-upgrading is analyzed. It is expounded that natural gas is the most rational and the most economic raw material for the production of ammonia, and the roadmap and key for transformation-upgrading and energy-saving are the change of raw materials, the technical upgrade of equipments, the application of highly active catalyst, and process improvement based on highly active catalyst. At the same time, with comprising tactic union combined with coal chemical industry and energy industry, the transformation-upgrading can be achieved.

Energy production and consumption revolution is a major strategic measure about solving China's energy and environmental constraints contradiction outstanding problem, improving energy efficiency, ensuring energy security in the era. In the guide of Xi Jinping' speech and the national energy work conference deployment about to actively promote energy production and consumption revolution, the author presents a basic ideas to promote energy production revolution, focusing on ways that how to promote China's energy production revolution. The result is that energy production revolution should be based on China's current energy resource endowments and the establishment of diversified energy supply system; should be comprehensive to strengthen international cooperation to achieve energy security under open conditions; should vigorously promote the clean and efficient use of coal resources to maximize the body's energy use; should grasp energy consumption trends to realize the transformation of energy production and consumption patterns. At the same time, energy production revolution should realize coordinated development of energy and environment that ensure the rational use of energy and environment continues to improve, so that providing a protection for China's social and economic sustainable development.

Currently, nanomaterials are playing an increasingly important role in chemical reaction processes because the employment of nanomaterials as heterogeneous catalysts could achieve high activity, selectivity, and stability. Reactions proceeded at room temperature employing well-designed nanomaterials as heterogeneous catalysts will promote efficient energy utilization and thus protect environment, which would have a broad applications in chemical engineering. In this review, a variety of nanomaterials are introduced, including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, grafting metal complexes and solids acid and their structure characteristic and employment in various room-temperature reactions, such as oxidation, hydrogenation, and coupling reactions. Nanomaterials will become promising heterogeneous catalytic materials due to their advantages and wide applications in many aspects.

As a concentration-driven membrane process, forward osmosis (FO) is becoming one of the hot spots in the field of membrane technology because of its low fouling, low energy consumption, and high water recovery. Reverse draw solute permeation is a significant phenomenon in FO process, but the research on it is behind other phenomena in FO field. In this paper, the research progress of draw solute reverse osmosis models is reviewed and the effects of such factors as osmosis pressure, membrane surface velocity, membrane structure and materials, solution temperature, draw solute type, membrane orientation, and ionic radius of draw solute on reverse osmosis are analyzed. Draw solute flux can be formulated by a one-dimensional polynomial equation of concentration or osmotic pressure of draw solution. On the whole, the reverse draw solute model of pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) mode is not as satisfactory as that of FO mode and needs further research. In addition, the research on reverse draw solute permeation is helpful for selecting or developing draw solute and membrane material and optimizing the FO process, so it would attract more and more attention.

The flow security technology based on hydrate, is a new method of natural gas transportation management, and has a broad development prospect. The gas hydrate formation mechanism, characteristics, adverse effect on oil and gas pipeline and existing problems(including the short experimental pipe, only research on the laws of the flow without flow boundary expansion etc.) of hydrate security flow were analyzed. The natural gas hydrate flow safety and natural gas hydrate safety flow boundary of low dosage hydrate inhibitor(LDHI)and the spiral flow carry technology were summarized. The new method to ensure the flow security of natural gas hydrate and expand flow boundary using spiral flow levitation conveying flow technology was put forward. The experiment results indicated that spiral flow can change the hydrate slurry flow characteristics, improve the concentration of hydrate slurry transportation effectively, and expand hydrate security flow boundary.

In recent years, subcritical water has attracted wide attentions with its characteristics, such as environmental-friendly、non-toxic、convenient and efficient. Subcritical water maintains liquid state from 100℃ to 374℃ under external pressure. This research elaborated the properties and advantages of subcritical water, introduced the reaction types in subcritical water including synthesis and degradation, and discussed the roles of water in reactions. Subcritical water could be regarded as the reaction medium, the reactant and the acid/base catalysts. This paper also briefly introduced two kinds of reaction devices. Research progress in the research of subcritical water reaction was summarized, and the potential application of subcritical water in the degradation of macromolecules in nature and synthetize materials were pointed out. The possible solutions to the problems in subcritical water applications were also discussed.

Butadiene is an important petrochemical olefin raw material. Due to the high energy consumption, energy saving has become the focus in the butadiene production process research. This research simulated the two butadiene distillation processes using Aspen Plus software, and investigated the influences of intraconnection stage, vapor and liquid flow of side column and reflex ratio on the separation effect and reboiler duty in dividing wall column(DWC). This research also compared the energy consumption of the DWC process and the conventional process under the same separation conditions and analyzed the reason why DWC can save energy according to the butadiene concentration distribution in the liquid of columns. The results showed that the separation effect of DWC was the best and the butadiene concentration was up to 99.7% when the number of theoretical plates in main column was 105, the number of theoretical plates in side column was 56, vapor flow was 1020 kmol/h, liquid flow was 890 kmol/h and reflux ratio was 7800. This study provided the theoretical basis for the industrialization of DWC butadiene distillation process. As DWC can avoid the backmixing effectively and enhance the energy efficiency, the condenser and reboiler of DWC process can save energy up to 29.36% and 29.19% respectively.

This research established the geometric models of the Shell-side of plate and shell heat exchanger(PSHE). Numerical simulations calculated the deviations and the relative standard deviation of the mass flow, the fluid flow distribution performances were analyzed, the influences of fluid flow distribution performance on heat transfer efficiency, pressure drop and effectiveness of PSHE were analyzed. To optimize the design, a head and circular shaped stripe plate installed at the entrance could improve the impacts of fluid flow distribution and improve the performances of plate and shell heat exchanger. It was concluded that the uneven fluid flow distribution on the shell-side of plate and shell heat exchanger could significantly decrease the whole performances and increase the pressure drop, while it had little effects on the heat transfer efficiency, with the offset of the total heat exchange capacity less than 3%. Moreover, the optimization design not only improved the distribution uniformity obviously, but also made the drop of effectiveness and pressure drop less significant.

Raw oil delivered by booster pumps in a residue hydrogenation unit is often under high-temperature and high-pressure, resulting in fire hazard when leaking. Hazard and Operability Analysis(HAZOP), a multi-parameter coupling quantitative risk calculation was applied to qualitatively analyze the failures of the booster pump and the failure impacts on the entire process. It was concluded that the leakage accidents could happen frequently resulting in serious consequence. This method identified the coupling relationship among the internal factors of the process node that contains the booster pump, established a Bayesian network model for the whole process, and calculated the failure probabilities of mechanical seal, packing seal and shell caused by multiple factors. According to the statistical results of local annual average wind speed and solar irradiance, common and extreme atmospheric stability and wind speed, the consequences severity of jet fire caused by leakage of high temperature raw oil under different leak diameters could be acquired by conducting process hazard analysis software tool(PHAST) simulation. Based on the probability and consequence severity calculation, risk assessment rules and risk matrix were established, and the risk levels of leakage accidents caused by different causes were evaluated. The risk levels of reason accidents can be used to risk prevention measures and proposing of emergency plans for accidents.

This paper compared the wall attrition of solid-liquid separation cyclone with the two inlet forms using particle stochastic trajectory model(DPM) of the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)software. The simulation results showed that for the solid-liquid separation cyclone with the single inlet, the most severe attrition part of the roof wall was located between the azimuth angle 140° to 210° and for the annular space wall, it was at the azimuth angle 120° and 190°;the most severe wall attrition part of the underflow port was distributed in the position of 1—2mm above the underflow port in the circumferential direction of 180°. For the solid-liquid separation cyclone with the double inlet, the attrition distribution on the wall was symmetrical;the most severe wall attrition was distributed in the underflow port;the most severe attrition of the roof wall appeared in the area of the two inlets;the azimuth angle of the most severe attrition of the roof's outer layer ranges from 80° to 110° and 260° to 290°. As for the annular space wall, the most severe attrition was at the azimuth angle 120° and 300°. In the same conditions, the wall attrition of the separation cyclone's roof wall and annular space with the double inlet was less severe but the wall attrition of the underflow port is more severe.

While raw material changes to ethane and propane from cheap natural gas, the production cost of ethylene is only 30% of the cost when heavy oil, such as naphtha, is adopted as raw material. In addition, during the transmission of natural gas into cities, natural gas at high-pressure needs to get pressure adjustment, and the process can generate lots of pressure energy available. The paper proposes a process to separate and recover light hydrocarbon from high-pressure natural gas. The capacity is 60×10⁴m³/h. With the consideration of light hydrocarbon recovery, system consumption, CO₂ freezing and cold box heat transfer temperature difference, operating parameters are optimized to accomplish an efficient system energy integration, therefore achieve energy-saving and cost-reducing of the whole process. In this work, C₂ recovery rate can reach up to 90%, thus can provide 557500 tones of high quality ethane per year for ethylene unit, which can break the bottleneck of raw material in the development of ethylene industry, and enhance the overall economic benefits of natural gas and ethylene industry.

To investigate the hydrodynamics and mass transfer performance of low surface tension system in a column with structured packings, distillation experiments were carried out at total reflux using n-heptane/methylcyclohexane system in a stainless steel distillation column containing Mellapak 500Y and 750Y. The inner diameter of the column was 400mm. Experiments were conducted in a wide range of flow rate. The flooding experiment data, which could give the limits of operation, was determined. The key parameters, including pressure drop, flooding factor, and mass transfer efficiency, were obtained. Compared with 500Y, 750Y exhibited higher mass transfer efficiency, lower stability and smaller capacity. If experiments conducted with vapor load in ascending order, mass transfer efficiency was slightly lower than that measured by descending order. In order to study the variation of mass transfer efficiency along the tower, four sampling outlets were set up at different heights. The compositions of samples were determined. Through the analysis of mass transfer efficiency along the column, the relationship between overall gas phase volume mass transfer coefficient and tower height was determined at various vapor loads.

Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells (QDSSCs) have been drawing much more attention due to their high efficiency, tunable band gap, low cost and good stability. This paper reviews the latest research progress in QDSSCs, including the structure of QDSSCs, the basic working principle of QDSSCs, the synthesis methods of quantum dots(QDs), the limiting factor of conversion efficiency and the optimization methods. Two preparation methods of QDs are also summarized as in-situ synthesis and ex-situ synthesis. Meanwhile, the effects of the recombination of electrons and holes, defective structure of photoelectrode and deficient functions of electrolyte on the efficiency of QDSSCs are analyzed, and the future research of QDSSCs is also prospected. Measures to improve the efficiency of QDSSCs, including QDs modification, photoelectrode structure optimization, and the modification of the interface between QDs and photoelectrode, are pointed out.

Ethylene glycol is widely used in chemical industry. Compared with traditional petroleum- based production method, biomass based processes not only feature abundant feed supply and flexible product portfolio, but also act as promising alternatives for additional ethylene glycol product. This review is focused on catalysts and reaction mechanism of sugar alcohol selective hydrogenolysis, direct catalytic conversion of cellulose, biomass fermentation and ethylene glycol production via glyoxal as fermentaion product. It is suggested that more efforts should be made to improve biomass pre-treatment procedure, develop efficient and stable catalysts and upgrade product quality.

Pyrolysis at low temperature is an important part of the cascade utilization of low-rank coal. In this paper, the research progress and characteristics of both domestic and international catalytic pyrolysis technologies were divided into four kinds and reviewed in details based on the difference of catalyst addition method, the extent of the contact between coal and catalyst, and the distribution of pyrolysis products. These catalytic pyrolysis technologies have a certain degree of difficulty when using in industrial production due to the amount of the catalyst addition, the procedure of the catalyst addition, and catalyst action mode. A novel way to increase tar yield, the mild catalytic depolymerization of low rank coal, was introduced, by which the catalyst were sprayed into the coal in the form of a solution. The results indicated that tar yields increased about 1.3—2.17 times on the tested 20 kinds of coal. Thus, it is expected that this new technology would be an effective way for improving coal conversion efficiency.

Coal-tar deep processing is an important process to increase its added value, supercritical fluid is widely used in coal-tar deep processing research nowadays, because of its unique properties. This paper summarizes the research progress of supercritical fluid(SFC)technology in coal-tar processing from three aspects:extraction, upgrading and catalytic hydrogenation. The focus of the future research of supercritical fluid technology in coal tar processing is presented:(1) Do more work on studying the mechanism and other related theory of coal tar extraction, upgrading and catalytic hydrogenation in supercritical fluid. (2) Improve coal tar extraction, upgrading and catalytic hydrogenation performance in supercritical fluid through picking new supercritical fluid, adding late-model entrainer, using novel catalyst and optimizing operation condition. (3) On the basis of study, develop industrialization solutions, process flow and related supporting facilities of coal tar processing under supercritical condition.

A multiphysics-coupled numerical model, containing the equations of momentum and mass transfer, as well as the chemical reaction kinetics, is developed in this work, which is used to calculate the carbon deposition effect in the process of methane carbon dioxide reforming. The velocity field and pressure distribution in the reaction channel with porous media catalyst section, as well as the carbon particle concentration distribution in the reaction channel flowing with the gases and deposited on the catalyst surface, are all analyzed in detail. Meanwhile, the effects of carbon deposition on the porosity and permeability of porous catalyst are discussed, the effects of both temperature and methane concentration on carbon deposition are also analyzed. Finally, the carbon elimination methods are proposed. The conclusions in this paper are helpful for further research on the carbon elimination in CH₄-CO₂ reforming reaction based on Ni catalyst.

The influences of porous aluminum foams, porous copper foams and reticulated polyurethane foams pore parameters on the melting processes of porous-material-filled ice hold-over plates were researched, from which the rules of melting rates, temperature distributions and movements of phase interface at the third boundary conditions were obtained. The results indicate that the higher thermal conductivity of porous material is, the better temperature distribution, the vaguer surface interface and the faster melting rate of ice hold-over plate there will be. The melting rate of ice hold-over plate increases with the decrease of porosity or pore density, and porosity has a larger influence than pore density. Compared with pure ice, the melting time of the copper-foams-filled ice hold-over plate can be shortened by 15.2% at maximum. On the contrary, the lower thermal conductivity of porous material is, the longer melting time of ice hold-over plate there will be. The melting time decreases with the increase of pore density or porosity. Compared with pure ice, the melting time of the reticulated-polyurethane-foams-filled ice hold-over plates can be increased by 11.8% at most. The melting times of porous-copper-filled and reticulated-polyurethane-foams-filled ice hold-over plates were also experimentally investigated and the results show accordance with the simulation results.

Different copper-based catalysts manufactured in laboratory were evaluated in hydrogenation of methyl acetate to ethanol. The Cu-ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst was good but the Cu/ZnO catalyst was not. Methyl acetate hydrogenation over Cu-ZnO/Al₂O₃(Ⅱ)(30~60 mesh) was studied in a tubular reactor, and the influences of reaction temperature, space velocity, feed molar ratio and pressure factor were studied through orthogonal experiments. Reaction temperature of 230℃, higher ratio of H₂/methyl acetate, lower space velocity were beneficial to the reaction, the effect of reaction pressure in the range of investigation was not significant. The highest conversion was up to 0.954, its corresponding selectivity was 0.974, while the highest selectivity was up to 0.989, and its corresponding conversion was 0.920. Gas chromatography at low temperature was used to analyze methanol and ethyl acetate, which were difficult to separate, and achieved perfect baseline separation.

To upgrade bio-oil, two upgrading methods were employed:low temperature hydrogenation (175℃) followed by supercritical upgrading in ethanol (HS), and direct upgrading in supercritical ethanol (DS). By both methods, the physical properties (heating value, pH) of bio-oil were improved greatly. Besides, the relative content of acids, ketones, and phenols decreased significantly while that of alcohols/ethers and esters increased dramatically after upgrading. The reactions occurred in each step were tentatively discussed based on GC-MS results. Compared with the upgraded bio-oil from DS, the relative content of alcohols/ethers was higher in that from HS, while the relative content of ketones, phenols, and esters showed an opposite result. The consumption of ethanol was lower in HS. The recovery of ethanol by rotary evaporation and reutilization of the recovered ethanol not only reduced the consumption of ethanol, but also increased the relative content of esters in the upgraded bio-oil. These results indicated that bio-oil could be effectively upgraded by supercritical upgrading at relatively low ratios of ethanol to bio-oil.

Coal catalytic gasification is valued highly because it can reduce the operation difficulties and convert coal to target products. The effect, merits, demerits and mechanism of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metals during the coal catalytic gasification, are reviewed. Influence factors on catalytic gasification, such as coal rank, minerals, gasification conditions, addition mode and amount of catalyst, are analyzed. The current industrialization process, including the process of synthetic natural gas and hydrogen production, are illustrated. The difficulty of current research is to balance the efficiency and the economy of catalysts. The research focus of coal gasification would be developing economical and recyclable catalysts.

It is an important method to form C—N by palladium-catalyzed ammonolysis of aryl halide, which is widely used for preparing and producing aromatic amine compounds because of its low catalyst dose, mild reaction conditions, wide application range and easy operation. The reaction mechanism is surveyed, and the recent progress in palladium-catalyzed ammonolysis of aryl halide with ammonia, primaryamines, secondary amines and other nitrogen-containing compounds is reviewed. So far highly active and selective catalysts remains limited, and ammonia as ammonolysis reagent and cheap aryl chlorides as ammonolysis substrates are still not widely used. Searching new ligands, designing new catalytic systems, promoting reaction selectivity and improving the tolerance of the ammonolysis to sensitive functional groups will be the development focus of palladium-catalyzed ammonolysis of aryl halide in the future. In addition, carefully studying the mechanism will deepen the understanding on this reaction.

Nickel-based catalysts supported on γ-A1₂O₃ or SiO₂ from Ni(NO₃)₂, NiCl₂ or NiSO₄ as precursors were prepared with incipient technique and further reduced by H₂ at high temperature. Influence of nickel precursors, catalyst supports, nickel loadings and reaction conditions on the catalytic performance of phenol hydrogenation was investigated. Among three nickel precursors studied, Ni(NO₃)₂ was the most easily reduced by H₂ and the catalyst prepared displayed the best catalytic performance. It was shown that the nickel catalyst on SiO₂ exhibited higher performance than that on γ-Al₂O₃. The reasonable nickel loading was helpful to active component dispersion and good catalytic performance. The main product on the nickel supported catalysts was not the cyclohexanone but the cyclohexanol, and yet, the selectivity of cyclohexanone could be increased under the modest reaction conditions. The reaction rate or the cyclohexanone selectivity could be improved in nonpolar solvents like heptane or cyclohexane compared to that in polar solvents, like alcohol or H₂O.

Nickel-based perovskite catalyst, for decomposing ammonia to produce hydrogen, has good stability and low cost, but also requires high decomposition temperature. In order to reduce the complete temperature decomposition of ammonia, experiments, using citrate method, by changing the A-site doping ions and doping amounts to modify LaNiO₃, were conducted with changed carriers and load amounts to prepare a series of catalysts. With XRD, SEM, TEM characterization, the effects of Ba on the structure and properties of catalyst were studied. Under the conditions of catalyst loading amount of 1mL, space velocity of 10000h^-1, and pure ammonia as feed gas, the best electronic aids ions of ammonia decomposition is Ba, the best catalyst is w(NiO) = 20% of La_0.9Ba_0.1NiO₃/MCM-41, which can make the complete decomposition temperature decrease from 650℃ to 575℃. With the increase of Ba doping amount, catalyst activity first increased, reaches a maximum at x = 0.1, and then decreased. Due to too much Ba doping, the structure of the catalyst change from perovskite to non-perovskite. The catalyst activity of perovskite is better than that of non-perovskite.

Water electrolysis will become the core technology of environmental production for hydrogen industry in the future. It is very important to study new cathode materials for reducing the cathode overpotential. Because it not only can reduce energy consumption and the cost of water electrolysis, but also can enhance the stability and safety of production. This paper mainly discusses the research status of hydrogen electrode materials for alkaline water electrolysis. Based on the major improvement of catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction, this paper mainly focuses on the electrodepositing preparation method for three kinds of nickel-based electrodes, which are alloy hydrogen evolution electrode, composite hydrogen evolution electrode, and porous hydrogen evolution electrode. The existing problems on hydrogen evolution electrode in experimental research and industrial application are analyzed. In the end, it is pointed out that the more catalytic activity and more stable electrochemical performance of multivariate composite electrodes based on electrodepositing preparation will be the future of hydrogen electrode development.

Core-sheath multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl butyral(MWNT/PVB) composite phase change fibers are successfully prepared by microfluidic technology, which are composed of paraffin (RT27) as core and PVB blended with MWNT as sheath. The effect of MWNT content on the morphology, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and conductive properties of MWNT/PVB composite phase change fibers is systematically investigated. The results show that the mechanical properties and heat conductive properties of MWNT/PVB fibers have improved significantly by adding the MWNT in PVB fiber matrix. The tensile strength of MWNT/PVB composite fibers firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of MWNT content. When MWNT content is 0.5%, the tensile strength of MWNT/PVB composite fibers reaches the maximum and increases by 28.27% than that of the phase change fibers without MWNT. At 42℃, the inner temperature of model hat twined by MWNT/PVB fibers with 4% of MWNT to PVB raises faster than that of the model hat with PVB phase change fibers. The duration time of the former reduces by 25% compared with the latter when the inner temperatures of two model hats reach the melting point of RT27 (27℃) from the same initial temperature (17℃). The results provide a valuable guidance for the preparation of phase change fibers with satisfactory heat conduction properties, mechanical properties as well as stable and fast thermal regulation properties.

rGO/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites were prepared at a lower temperature in a short period of time based on the combination of double-membrane dispersion technology and hydrothermal method in this paper, and its wave absorbing properties were also studied. Characterization was carried out by XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, TG/DSC, and IR testing methods. Vector network analyzer was used to measure the changes of complex permittivity and complex permeability of the composites in the frequency range from 2GHz to 18GHz, and the microwave attenuation performance were simulated by computer under different thicknesses of materials. The results showed that uniform size of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles were loaded on the surface and the edge of transparent and silk-like graphene sheet; the reflectance loss of single CoFe₂O₄ was only -3.59dB, while the microwave absorption of the sample, with quality ratio of CoFe₂O₄/GO being 10:7, was significantly enhanced when absorber thicknesses between 2mm and 3mm. The maximum microwave frequencies attenuation value of this sample can be obtained at -9.2dB at absorber thickness of 3mm, and the microwave absorption peak moved to the lower frequency region along with the increasing of thickness of absorbing layer. Comparing to single nanometer CoFe₂O₄ power, the absorption of electromagnetic waves for rGO/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites has been increased significantly.

Based on the emulsion film forming technology, colloidal silica/PDMS hybrid membranes were prepared with colloidal silica as filler, and used for the pervaporative separation of n-butanol from aqueous solution. The membranes were analyzed by FI-IR, and characterized with morphology, thermal stability, contact angle, and mechanical property. The effect of colloidal silica content on membrane pervaporative performance was studied. The results showed that the incorporation of colloidal silica improved the pervaporative performance obviously; colloidal silica combined with PDMS substrates very well, and there was no obvious phase interface. At 40℃, feed concentration of 1%, with an increase of colloidal silica content, both n-butanol/water selectivity and permeability for n-butanol increased first and then decreased. When the colloidal silica content is 3.75%, the selectivity was the highest, and reached 9.03; while permeability for n-butanol reached the highest, 2.9×10⁶Barrer, when the content is 7.5%.

1, 3-propanediol is the main raw material to synthesize PTT. Using glycerol to produce 1, 3-propanediol by biological processes is characteristic of green chemistry. Due to the strong polarity of 1, 3-propanediol and complex composition of fermentation broth, 1, 3-propanediol has a low yield and its quality cannot match the requirements for synthesizing high performance PTT. Therefore, the separation and purification of 1, 3-propanediol from fermentation broth become the key technology for biosynthesis. There are several steps to realize it, including pretreatment of fermentation broth, desalination, concentration and purification. In this paper, the main methods for separating 1, 3-propanediol were discussed. It can be described as the following: centrifugation, filtration and flocculation process can be applied to remove macromolecular substances, and then 1, 3-propanediol can be concentrated and purified by icon exchange, electrodialysis, aqueous two-phase extraction, ethanol precipitation to desalt, adopting distillation, extraction and adsorption. It can also be achieved by one or two above processes combined together. There still exist some problems in the whole separation. Each process needs continuously optimized to obtain an economical and efficient separation route. This is the key technology to realize large-scale production of 1, 3-propanediol using biological process.

Drug-loaded chitosan microparticles with acid-induced burst release property are successfully prepared by electrospraying technology. Chitosan aqueous solution containing cimetidine is used as the spray liquid and a mixture of toluene and n-hexanol is used as the collection solution. The effects of cross-linking degree on the drug entrapment efficiency and drug loading are systematically investigated. The results show that, when the cross-linker concentration is up to 2%, the highest drug entrapment efficiency and drug loading are obtained. Due to the use of terephthalaldehyde as cross-linker via forming Schiff base bonds, the prepared chitosan microparticles display rapid acid-triggered decomposition. As a result, the drug-loaded chitosan microparticles show acid-induced burst drug release in simulated gastric acid solution with pH of 2 and 37℃ within 1min. The prepared chitosan microparticles with acid-induced burst release property are promising as gastric drug delivery systems.

In acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation, when both 0.001g/L ZnSO₄·7H₂O and 4.0g/L CaCO₃ were supplemented to the fermentation medium, the butanol and ABE production increased to 14.41g/L and 23.69g/L, respectively, while acetate and butyrate production in turn raised to 2.33g/L and 1.02g/L at the end of the fermentation. When 0.001g/L ZnSO₄·7H₂O, 4.0g/L CaCO₃ and 0.8g/L MnSO₄·H₂O were all supplemented to the fermentation medium, the specific butanol production rate increased from 0.23g/(g·h) to 0.48g/(g·h), which increased by 108.69% compared to the control under both Zn²⁺ and Ca²⁺ supplementation condition. Moreover the acetate and butyrate production decreased to 1.99g/L and 0.54g/L, which decreased by 14.59% and 47.06% compared to the control under both Zn²⁺ and Ca²⁺ supplementation condition. These three metal elements of Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mn²⁺ show dramatic synergic effects on ABE fermentation.

Lipase is one of the most important biocatalysts because of its stereoselectivity towards chiral substrates and reasonable adaptiveness of non-conventional reaction media, including hydrophobic organic solvents. Increasing the selectivity of lipase in such non-conventional environments has been a continuous hotspot. However, current researches on improving lipase selectivity usually cause critical decrease of catalytic activity. In this work, a novel computation- directed approach to enhance lipase enantioselectivity in organic media without losing activity was introduced. Stereoselective acylation of chiral secondary alcohols catalyzed by PcL(Pseudomonas cepacia lipase) in n-hexane was taken as the model reaction. According to the results from molecular dynamics simulation, when the Tyr²⁹ inside the PcL catalytic cavity was modified by N-acetylimidazole (NAI), the enantioselectivity of the lipase was significantly increased. The simulation result was agreed with the experimental data. MALDI-TOF-MS confirmed the Tyr²⁹ modified position, and kinetic resolution of chiral secondary alcohols by NAI-modified PcL displayed an increase of enantioselectivity ratio from 12.6 to 48.1 and higher activity.

Chitin and its derivatives have wide sources and biosafety, which showed well application prospect in the fields of material, food, and chemical industry. This study firstly attempted to immobilize nitrilase-producing resting cells of G. intermedia using surface activated chitin as the material. The immobilization conditions were primarily optimized. 3% of modified chitin, 7% of sodium tripolyphosphate, 5h of immobilization time and 20g/L of biomass were used as the suitable condition with the highest nitrilase activity displayed. The catalytic performance of immobilized cells was characterized for 4-cyanopyridine biotransformation. The results showed that the optimum temperature, pH, and substrate concentration were 50℃, 7.0, and 125mmol/L, respectively. Also, the maximum tolerance toward product concentration was 400mmol/L. These characteristics of immobilized cells demonstrated obvious advantages over corresponding resting cells. Furthermore, the immobilized cells were used for the biotransformation of 4-cyanopyridine into isonicotinic acid. The immobilized cells could be reused for 14 batches, while the resting cells only conducted 3 batches.

Rosin can be endowed with the special biological and optical activities by adding heterocyclic ring. Rosin based nitrogen heterocyclic derivatives introducing nitrogen heterocyclic ring in rosin is an important part of rosin derivatives. The progress of rosin based nitrogen heterocyclic derivatives, such as imidazoline, thiadizole, oxadiazoles, furazan, quinoline, indole, and acridine, are systematically summarized according to the modification of carboxyl, phenanthrene ring and composite. Classification is based on the modification of 18 carbonyl acylating, 18 alkyl carbon atoms cyclization, 18 alkyl connected to the nitrogen atom cyclization, 11, 12 carbon ring formation, 12, 13 carbon ring formation, 13, 14 carbon ring formation and comprehensive cyclization according to the reaction of reduction, amination, acyl, condensation, closed loop on carboxyl and oxidation, electrophilic substitution reaction (bromine, selective nitration), diazotization, condensation and closed loop on phenanthrene ring. Not only the application of biological activity, corrosion activity, properties of fluorescence and surface activity are summarized in detail, but also the synthesis and development trends of rosin based nitrogen heterocyclic derivatives are reviewed and forecasted respectively. What is more, the development prospect of this compounds in functional areas, such as organic metal catalytic materials and dye-sensitized solar cells, is pointed out.

Year by year, the accelerated accumulation of greenhouse gas, CO₂, in the atmosphere, has a serious impact on the global environment. The clean hydrogen resource, obtained from renewable energy, opens up an attractive route for simultaneous conversion of CO₂ into light olefins, which is regarded as a promising process for CO₂ utilization. This process also reduces the light olefins production dependence on petroleum consumption, and makes the achievement of fuel from seawater available. In this paper, the thermodynamics, the reaction mechanism and catalysts of carbon dioxide hydrogenation to light olefins were reviewed. At present, Fe-based catalysts are mainly studied in this reaction. Therefore, the influence of the catalyst supports, promoters and bimetallic active components on the performance of direct conversion of CO₂ into light olefins, as well as the utilization of bi-functional catalysts via the synthesis of methanol intermediates in this reaction, were briefly introduced. In the future, it shall be focused on the design of high performance catalyst and clarifying the reaction mechanism.

Due to wide use and low price, Ca-based absorbents have become the mainstream sorbents used to remove SO₂ in coal-fired power plants. It is plausible to develop SO₂ and NO_x synergistic removal based on the calcium-based desulfurization technology. The feasibility of developing SO₂ and NO_x synergistic removal by calcium based absorbents is illustrated in this paper. According to reaction temperature of SO₂ and NO_x synergistic removal, SO₂ and NO_x synergistic removal technologies are divided into SO₂ and NO_x combined removal in furnace, SO₂ and NO_x simultaneous removal at medium temperature and SO₂ and NO_x synergistic removal at low temperature. The basic principles, research status and problems of each type of technology are analyzed. NO_x can be removed at low temperature in the Ca-based FGD process by using the oxidation method to convert NO to NO₂, but NO₂ absorption efficiency and absorbent utilization are two key issues which restrict the technology progress. The development of SO₂ and NO_x synergistic removal by calcium-based desulfurization is prospected. SO₂ and NO_x synergistic removal at low temperature will have broad industrial application and development prospect as ultra-low emission is achieved in the coal-fired power plants.

Ammonia nitrogen pollution is one of the major factors that cause the eutrophication of water bodies. For this reason, it has become a hot issue in the field of environmental engineering. A series of efficient bio-technologies had been developed for removing nitrogen from ammonia-containing wastewaters. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) process, single reactor for high activity ammonia removal over nitrite (SHARON) process, and completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process are typical integrative biological nitrogen removal processes. In this review, principles, characteristics, performance and applications of the three typical processes are analyzed respectively to provide references for the further development of these technologies. The integrative bio- technologies for nitrogen removal possess the advantages of shorter process cycle, simpler operation, less land requirement and lower cost. At present, the autotrophic integrative nitrogen removal processes based on ammonia oxidizing bacteria and anammox bacteria have become the research frontier, and the further research should be focused on cultivating high-quality species and the optimization of reactor.

The effective treatment of mining and beneficiation wastewater (MBW) is a bottleneck problem of the development of non-ferrous metals industry. In this paper, the source, quality characteristic, pollution damage and the advance of purification and comprehensive utilization of MBW have been investigated. The results showed that MBW is a typical combined pollution wastewater although the pollution characteristic of MBW is greatly influenced by temporal and spatial distribution. It generally contains suspended solids, acid and alkali, heavy metals, organic pollutants and so on. Different processing methods have their applicable object. It is difficult to achieve the comprehensive treatment for all contaminants by single method alone. In the integrated control of MBW, choosing appropriate purification scheme should be combined with the characteristics of MBW, applicable object of methods through technical, economic and environmental argumentation. The ideas of future development should be reduction, recycling and harmless of MBW. It is suggested that the combination of the source control technology and pipe-end treatment, application of cleaner production system engineering, development of new methods for simultaneous removal of combined pollution and organic integration technology of current approaches is the priorities of future research.

Marine SO_x emissions had caused serious air pollutions. This paper introduced regulations of sulphur contents of marine fuel oil from International Maritime Organization, the Ministry of Environmental Protection from America and Europe. This paper also reviewed the research progress of marine SO_x emission control technologies in recent years. Product features of desulfurization equipment from major manufacturers were discussed. Wet desulphurization would be the most promising method. Different types of wet desulphurization technologies were introduced. Advantages and disadvantages of this technology were analyzed in this paper. In addition, this paper pointed out that the development of an efficient, cost-effective, and multi-pollutant treatment system would become an important direction for the technology development. And wet desulphurization in cooperation with other after-treatment technologies could have a great potential in the field of comprehensive treatment of ship exhaust gas.

At present, most researchers focus on the exploration and preparation of the active electrode in the study of degradation of phenol. The development of new type of reactor has been rarely reported. A microfluidic reactor was used to determine the effects of the structure on the degradation of phenol. The electrochemical oxidation of phenol was performed in a micro flow cell equipped with a Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅ anode, and the effects of volume flow rate, inter-electrode gap were investigated. The results demonstrated that a flow cell with a micro-matric distance between cathode and anode can be used to perform the electrochemical treatment of water contaminated by phenol with high removal. A high removal of phenol up to 90% was achieved under the suitable experimental conditions in 2—3h, and the pseudo-first order rate constant of phenol removal was determined from the model.

Using Hebi semi-coke from underground coal gasification as the adsorbent, the removal experiment of phenol from simulated wastewater was conducted. The surface morphology, porous characteristics and functional groups of the semi-coke were characterized by applying scanning electron microscope(SEM), automatic specific surface and porosity analyzer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR). Furthermore, the effects of adsorbent mass, contact time and experimental temperature on phenol removal were also investigated. The results showed that micropore with pore width less than 2nm and layer structure with pore size distribution in 1—5nm of semi-coke were observed and surface oxygen enriched functionalities were also found in semi-coke. The highest phenol removal rate of 65% and adsorption capacity of 0.66mg/g could be obtained under conditions of temperature at 40℃ for 2h, with phenol concentration of 100mg/L and mass ratio of simulated wastewater to adsorbent of 10:1. The porous characteristic as well as surface oxygen enriched functional groups play a positive role in phenol's physical polymolecular layer adsorption, the Freundlich Equation can be calculated as Q=0.0546C^0.6286.

The ultrafiltration(UF) pretreatment process is widely employed in reverse osmosis desalination project at Bohai gulf. Most researches focus on the improvements of UF membrane material, performances and the operation optimization of membrane module. But the pretreatment of UF is not widely studied. This experiment studied the effects of pretreatment to seawater by direct ultrafiltration process and coagulation/UF process. The submerged UF membrane specific flow(SF), water quality, membrane pore size distribution, the recovery rate of membrane SF, and the pollution of membrane surface were investigated for these two technologies. The results showed that both processes could achieve less than 2.0 SDI₁₅;the coagulation/UF process could significantly decrease the number of granules in seawater, thus reducing the probability of pollutants deposition and adsorption in membrane surface and improving the fouling extent of UF membrane. When the coagulation/UF process was adopted, the cake layer of membrane surface was more porous, the variation of membrane pore size distribution was insignificant, the attenuation of UF membrane SF was slowed, and the recovery rate of UF membrane SF was enhanced.

A two-dimension laboratory scale sandbox was manufactured to model the dissolution process of methyl-tert-butyl ether(MTBE)in subsurface. A serial of experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of nonionic surfactant Polysorbate 80(Tween80), anionic surfactant Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate(SDBS)and cosolvent ethanol on MTBE dissolution. The results indicated that Tween80 can promote MTBE dissolution above Critical Micelle Concentration(CMC)and the optimal concentration was 10g/L within the experimental concentration range;SDBS prolonged the time for complete dissolution of MTBE without enhancement of MTBE mobility below Critical Micelle Concentration;ethanol can enhance MTBE dissolution byhigh dissolution concentration and effectiveness was increased with the increase of ethanol content. By comparing the best MTBE removals under different conditions, the following results were obtained. Before 80% of MTBE was dissolved, the descending order for enhancement effects of MTBE dissolution was:nonionic surfactant Tween80> cosolvent ethanol> water> anionic surfactant SDBS. However, after removal rate was greater than80%, the order was:cosolvent ethanol> nonionic surfactant Tween80> water> anionic surfactant SDBS.

The outlet of wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) system is the best location in the application of using membrane adsorption equipment in the removal of carbon dioxide from flue gas in coal-fired power plants. Wet-process desulfurized flue gas contains fine particulate matters which may deteriorate the performances of membrane. In order to obtain a better understanding on the influences of particulate matters on CO₂ adsorption, this research investigated the capture process of carbon dioxide using polypropylene(PP) hollow fiber membrane from flue gas containing three kinds of particles(coal-fired fly ash, calcium sulfate, ammonium sulfate). The results showed that fine particulate matters reduced carbon dioxide removal efficiency due to deposition on the membrane surface. The results also demonstrated a negative correlation between the performance of CO₂ adsorption by membrane and the deposit degree of fine particulate matters. Calcium sulfate affected the performances of CO₂ adsorption by membrane the most among the three materials, and coal-fired fly ash had least influences on CO₂ adsorption. It was difficult to back flush the fine particulate matters adsorbed on the surface of membrane, resulting invalid membrane.

Fouling has become a problem in many industries and ultrasound technology has been widely used for descaling, which is affected by many factors. In order to study the influences of ultrasonic frequency on descaling performances, three ultrasonic frequencies of 20kHz, 28kHz, 40kHz were employed in the descaling experiments, and the results were compared and analyzed using MATLAB. The results showed that different ultrasonic frequencies had different the descaling effects. At the same frequency, the highest descaling efficiency occurred in the vertical center of the ultrasound transducer, and the descaling efficiency decreased gradually with the angle diverging to both sides. The descaling efficiency increased with increasing of ultrasonic frequency. The efficiency reached up to 91.11% at the frequency of 40kHz. As the ultrasonic frequency increased, effective descaling scope gradually narrowed down and focused on the area perpendicular to the transducer center. Descaling scope was highest at the frequency of 20kHz. This research provided references for reasonable selection of ultrasonic frequency for descaling in the actual projects.

Because of asphaltine deposition, in some oil wells, there was serious asphaltine plugging. For this problem, a highly-efficient asphaltine plugging remover was developed. One component with strong penetration ability could make asphaltine deposition disperse to small asphaltine particles. Oil-soluble cationic surfactant could absorb small asphaltine particles onto the surface, which could prevent the clustering of these asphaltine particles. An efficient solvent for asphaltine was also added. The result indicated that the asphaltine plugging remover could disperse and dissolve the asphaltine deposition effectively, on the average, 81.1% of asphaltine deposition could been dissolved in this asphaltine plugging remover at 70℃, the ability was better than that of samples from market, and a good result was also obtained in field tests.

Oil recovery is enhanced by polymer flooding, which resulted in a large number of oil production sewage. It is fundamental and crucial to determine the composition of oilfield sewage, and then to dispose sewage efficiently for the sustainable and competent exploitation of oilfield. In this paper, in order to ascertain the content of each carrying materials component, the carrying samples were analyzed, which come from the settlement node, temperature node and the purification of oil buffer tank node. They were measured by the instrumental characterization methods of IR, SEM, acid soluble-calcining-atomic absorption and XRD. Comparative analysis methods were applied to compare the carrying material composition of each node and to analyze composition differences, as to provide basic information for oil extraction waste water treatment. The results showed that the main ingredient at settlement node was silicate; that at temperature node was calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate; the purification sample at oil buffer tank node was organics. By the evaluation and improvement of treatment technology, the optimal operation parameters and dredging cycle were confirmed in high concentration polymer flooding produced fluid. Therefore, the efficiency of waste water treatment was improved and the cost of production was also reduced.