Bio-based chemicals are synthesized from sustainable and renewable biomass by biological catalysts. The superiorities of the new industrial mode are obvious, such as independence of fossil resources, and avoidance of energy consumption and pollution. Taking account of the sustainable development of resource and environment, green synthesis will dominate in future bio-based chemicals manufacturing, i.e. using renewable biomass to substitute fossil resources. In this article, development of bio-based chemicals was reviewed from the aspects of research and industrialization. In the future, bio-based chemicals technology will be diversified in terms of feedstocks, efficient transformation systems and high-valuable products. The key scientific problems related to high-effective bio-transformation process was discussed, together with the future development direction of bio-based materials production, which combined biological technology with other technologies (e.g. biology, chemical or process control).

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) is a promising NF membrane technology developed rapidly in recent years. OSN technology shows a broader application prospects in separation of industries organic solvent solution system. The key issue of OSN technology application is the solvent-resistant nanofiltration (SRNF) membranes, and the preparation of which is one of the heat spots of research. This paper reviewed and analyzed in detail the progress of preparation of SRNF membranes such as phase inversion, interfacial polymerization, layer-by-layer self-assembly and organic-inorganic hybrid membrane preparation method, etc. Phase inversion is the mostly investigated SRNF membrane preparation method. However, as the membrane prepared by this method has a relative thick skin layer, the permeation flux is apparently low. Interfacial polarization method has not been investigated extensively by now. However, the membrane prepared by interfacial polarization method has excellent solvent resistance and good separation performance and is the trend of the SRNF membrane preparation. Layer-by-layer self-assembly is also another method of SRNF membrane preparation. The hybrid of organic-inorganic can improve the solvent-resistant performance apparently, which might be the trend of the SRNF membrane preparation. The industrial application of SRNF membrane was also briefly introduced, which demonstrated that OSN technology is an energy effective method in industrial organic solution system separation.The future development of SRNF membranes is proposed as well.

This paper studied on aluminum leaching from coal ash in fluidized bed boiler(CFB) produced from northeast China. The coal ash was leached by sulfuric acid under various conditions to get suitable aluminum dissolution with less energy and acid cost. The products were acid solutions with rich aluminum sulfate and residue high in silicon. The results of acid leaching experiments showed that the aluminum dissolution was 91.5%, and the content of SiO₂ in high silicon residue reached 87.6% under the suitable leaching conditions of sulfuric acid 5 mol/L, reaction temperature 105—110℃、reaction time 2h and ratio of solid to liquid 1:3. X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysis showed that the aluminum element in the raw coal ash mainly occurred in amorphous phase. The high chemical reactivity of the amorphous material contributed to the high aluminum leaching rate. Thus, coal ash from kind of circulating fluidized bed boiler is suitable for aluminum leaching and silicon extracting.

Pulsating heat pipe(PHP) is a high-efficiency heat transfer device with simple structure and excellent thermal performances. With phenomena such as boiling, condensation and two-phase flow, the mechanism of heat transfer and flow is quite complex and the relevant numerical investigation still needs to improve. A two-dimensional single loop closed-loop pulsating heat pipe(CLPHP) was numerically investigated by CFD software in this research. The start-up characteristics and thermal performances of CLPHP with different length ratios of the evaporation section to the condensation one were studied by volume of fluid(VOF) approach. Considering the effects of surface tension and wall contact angle, the continuum surface force model was adopted. The input power(ranged from 10 W to 40 W) and filling ratio(40%, 50%, and 60%)were applied in present numerical investigation. The motions of creation and oscillation of bubbles and vapor/liquid plugs were discussed. The numerical results were compared with experimental data of available literature. The results showed that the start-up time and the thermal resistance of CLPHP could be reduced when the input power was increased on the evaporation section. For the same filling ratio and input power, reducing the length of condensation section within a suitable range was helpful to accelerate the start-up of CLPHP and decrease the thermal resistance, while the “dry-out” occurred easily at low filling ratio. Two types of start-up, the temperature abrupt change at lower input power and the temperature gradual change at higher input power, were observed as well. The temperature oscillation feature at evaporation section can be used to determine the start-up time of CLPHP.

This article studied the effects of evaporating pressure on the Kalina cycle system. Ammonia concentrations of the base solution were 65%, 75% and 85% and a mathematical model was established for simulation analysis. Evaporating pressure was the only variable in this experiment in order to analyze its effects on Kalina thermodynamics process from the aspects of thermodynamics first and second law of and economic efficiency. The results showed that when the ammonia concentrations of the base solution and heat source were fixed, mass flow rate of base liquid ammonia and rich ammonia steam decreased with the increase of evaporating pressure, and thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of system increased with the decrease of heat transfer of evaporator and condenser. At the optimal evaporating pressure for ammonia solution at certain concentration, the net output power was maximized, and the optimal evaporating pressure increased with the increase of base liquid ammonia concentration. The exergy loss of evaporator and condenser increased as the evaporating pressure increased, but the results for steam turbine and regenerator were the opposite. When evaporating pressure was greater than 2.5MPa, the investment of heat exchanger was relatively favorable. Therefore, the cost and power generation should be considered in the optimal design of steam turbine.

Secondary air of air classifier has important effects on the classification performances of air classifier. This paper investigated the impacts of secondary air flow change to same material, particles of different sizes and particles of same size, different material classification effect, and proposed a classifying evaluating index—the relative classification precision δ, which could be obtained directly from coarse and fine streams size distribution, to evaluate the quality of classifying effects. The experimental results showed that relative classification precision for particles in fly ash and cement clinker. For the same sized particles, in the case of the same secondary air, the relative classification precision of fly ash with smaller particle diameter was greater than that with larger particle diameter, and the relative classification precision of cement clinker with smaller particle diameter was greater than that with larger particle diameter. For the same sized particles, under the condition of the same secondary air, the relative classification precision of fly ash with smaller proportion was larger than that with larger proportion. Optimum classification performance was obtained under the condition of 150m³/h of secondary air flow and the ratio of 0.168 to main flow air rate, using LNJ-36A air classifier to classify fly ash and cement clinker.

Water-sparged aerocyclone(WSA) is a new type of gas-liquid mass transfer equipment with a coupling field of liquid jet with gas cyclone, which can be widely used in wastewater treatment process. To further optimize the structure design of WSA, the effect of bottom baffles and air inlet position on mass transfer performance of WSA was comparatively studied by air stripping of ammonia from wastewater. The results indicated that the separation space configuration of a WSA affects its mass transfer performances. Under the same conditions, the axial air inlet position has no effect on mass transfer performance, but moving air inlet position downward could reduce the gas pressure drop in WSA by about 10%, which was probably caused by abating the friction loss between the gas cyclone and the wall. In case of high air inlet velocity and low liquid flow rate, the bottom baffles in the WSA could intensify the mixing effect between gas and liquid phases, thereby improving the mass transfer performance, and the effect is more pronounced with the increase of air inlet velocity. The results could be used as a guide for the design of WSA with good mass transfer performance.

A volume of fluid multiphase-flow model for two adjacent sheets of structured packing was used to investigate the effect of structure of structured packing on liquid distribution in meso-scale. The three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation visualized liquid distribution, and the results showed good agreement with the existing correlation for effective area. Numerical simulation results showed that both angle of inclined corrugation to the horizontal and micro-structure of surface played significant roles in liquid distribution and flow pattern on structured packing surface, while specific area of packing had little influence. Under a specific liquid load, better liquid distribution and hydrodynamic performance were found on the Y-type of structured packing with larger specific area and coarser surface.

Operational performance and energy-efficiency were studied on a concentric structured internally heat-integrated distillation column. At total reflux, pressure ratio affected reflux rate, condenser duty and reboiler duty. Reflux rate, condenser duty and reboiler duty decreased with the increase of pressure ratio. Furthermore, theoretical plates and heat transfer rate of the internally heat-integrated distillation column were determined based on experimental data, 9 theoretical plates in the rectifying section and 4 theoretical plates in the stripping section. The heat transfer rate between rectifying and stripping sections was 9.98 kW when pressure ratio was 2.2:1. During continuous operation, energy efficiency of internally heat-integrated distillation column was measured experimentally. Compared with conventional distillation column, the saving of cooling capacity consumption of internally heat-integrated distillation column could be up to 52.3%, and the total heat duty of reboiler and compressor could be decreased by 20.34%. In addition, dynamic simulation was conducted based on experimental data, and the internally heat-integrated distillation column could reach steady state in 2 hours.

A high speed camera was used to investigate the dynamics of permanent obstructed bubble break-up in a T-junction with unequal width bifurcations. N₂ and distilled water-glycerol solution with 0.5% surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used as dispersed and continuous phases, respectively. The process of permanent obstructed bubble break-up could be divided into two stages:squeezing stage and pinch-off stage. The squeezing stage could further be partitioned into fast squeezing stage and slow squeezing stages. During the fast squeezing stage, the change of minimum width of bubble neck could not be generalized. During the slow squeezing stage, the change of dimensionless minimum width of bubble neck with time could be described by a power-law relationship:(1-w_m/w₀)∝t^0.62. The thinning rate of bubble neck would be accelerated with the increase of superficial velocity and liquid viscosity, but was not affected by bubble length. During the pinch-off stage, the change of dimensionless minimum width of bubble neck with remaining time could be described by a power-law relationship:w_m/w₀∝(T-t)^0.32.

The liquefaction products of cornstalk liquefied in sub/supercritical ethanol were divided into 5 lumps:residue (RE), water solute oil (WSO), heavy oil (HO), volatile (VO) and gas (GAS). Reaction pathways and 5-lump network were established according to the liquefaction process and product distribution, followed by kinetic modeling. Simplification and optimization were achieved using genetic algorithm (GA) combined with nonlinear programming. Pre-exponential factor (A), reaction activation energy (E_a) and reaction order (n) were determined. Then the model is used to simulate the liquefaction process, and the result shows that WSO and VO yields grow with increasing remaining time, while HO and GAS yields behave just the opposite. The model is validated by experiment results, and correlation coefficient is ranged 0.9345—0.9995, which indicated that the model is reliable and the method used to calculate kinetic parameters is practicable.

Compared with other coal-to-chemicals routes, Coal to SNG is characterized by synthesis gas methanation. In view of reactor type, syngas methanation processes can be classified into adiabatic fixed bed process, isothermal fixed bed process, fluidized bed process and slurry bed process. Adiabatic fixed bed process has been proven in industrial application and has been widely used in Coal to SNG projects. Adiabatic fixed bed processes are introduced and five specific processes are analyzed and compared in terms of process, technology characteristics and application situation. Domestic adiabatic fixed bed technology has reached the same level of foreign processes, ready for commercialization. But further research is required on energy saving, consumption reduction and catalyst life. Furthermore, isothermal fixed bed process, fluidized bed process and slurry bed process are also introduced. Their existing problems and further research points are analyzed. As to isothermal fixed bed process, attention should be paid to reaction temperature control and reactor development. Research on fluidized bed process should be focused on the development of catalyst with high strength and engineering scale-up. About slurry bed process, efforts should be made to increase CO conversion rate and decrease catalyst loss.

Alkane isomerization is an important method to increase gasoline octane value. The surface characteristics of SO₄^2-/M_xO_y solid superacid, the formation mechanisms of acid sites and their regulatory method were described. The isomerization mechanisms of light alkanes over SO₄^2-/M_xO_y solid superacid catalyst, including the carbenium ion mechanism, monomolecular reaction mechanism, bimolecular reaction mechanism and mental-acid bifunctional catalytic mechanism were discussed in detail. Some different viewpoints on ismerization mechanisms over SO₄^2-/M_xO_y solid superacid catalysts were illustrated. In the future, it is necessary to further study the isomerization mechanism, formation of active sites and the deactivation reasons of catalysts, and to explore the modification and preparation methods for superacid, so that the catalysts with a higher activity for isomerization and more stability could be prepared. Finally, the future research emphasis on SO₄^2-/M_xO_y solid superacid catalyst was pointed out.

This review provides a brief summary of research progress in Cu₂O with different morphologies, including nanocrystals and nanocages and nanoframes. The synthesis and research development, including one-dimension Cu₂O structures, were emphatically introduced. The fabrication methods of Cu₂O were compared and the key steps of synthesis were pointed out. Furthermore, the properties of photogradation of different crystals were discussed, it indicated that Cu₂O crystals with more photoactive {110} planes or polyhedral crystals with more high-index facet have higher photocatalytic performance for dye gradation. Finally, ways to prepare different morphology Cu₂O were summarized and the mechanism of morphologically controlled synthesis and the synthesis of Cu₂O with more crystal faces and nanocage with integrated crystal face are very important fundamental research. The main problems of Cu₂O crystals for the photogradation application are the poor stability and low efficiency.

Lithium-air battery has been considered as one of the most promising secondary batteries due to its high theoretical energy density, small volume, light weight, low cost and environment compatibility. In this review, the structures, principles and types of lithium-air battery were discussed first. Then the recent developments of non-precious metal catalysts for lithium-air batteries were overviewed, including transition metal oxides, metal nitrides, carbon materials, and transition metal macrocycles. In the end, it was proposed that the development of materials chemistry and nanotechnology as well as the clarification of catalytic reaction mechanism is crucial to obtain high-performance non-precious metal catalysts for lithium-air batteries.

Nitrogen doping is an important method for modifying structures and properties of the carbon materials. This paper introduces the synthetic methods (direct-synthesis and post-treatment method) and the properties of nitrogen-doped carbon-based materials. The recent application of the nitrogen-doped carbon-based materials in the research field relevant to the cobalt- and iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalysts is reviewed. As a new support used for the supported FTS catalyst, the prominent advantages of nitrogen-doped carbon-based materials are shown in detail. The nitrogen-containing groups on the support improve the dispersion of metallic component and the reducibility of catalyst. And the electron-rich nitrogen species also facilitates CO dissociation. These effects enhance the performance of the nitrogen-doped carbon supported catalyst in FTS reaction. In this paper, problems related to the synthesis and application of the nitrogen-doped carbon-based materials in the catalysis are also discussed.

A serious of Zr-terephthalates metal-organic frameworks [UiO-66(Zr)] were synthesized by solvothermal method starting from a solution of ZrCl₄ and different organic ligands, such as terephthalic acid, 2-nitroterephthalic acid, and 1, 2, 4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, dissolved in DMF. These materials were investigated as heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of dihydroxyacetone into the valuable compound, ethyl lactate. The catalytic activity and selectivity towards ethyl lactate of UiO-66(Zr) materials can be easily tuned by using linkers with different electron withdrawing groups in the synthesis mixture. When pyruvic aldehyde, the intermediate product of the conversion reaction, was applied as the starting reagent, the activity of the MOFs was significantly improved. Characterization shows that the Brønsted acid in the MOFs is strong but with low amount;however, the number of Lewis acid sites is higher. For the conversion of dihydroxyacetone, the reaction mechanism was fully explored and a complete substrate conversion with full selectivity towards ethyl lactate was achieved with the studied catalysts.

ZnO/CdS nanocomposites were synthesized at low temperature by single crystal Si assisted hydrothermal method. The structure and morphology of the products were examined by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electronic microscopy(SEM), ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance (Dr-UV-vis), and carried on the research of photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics. The result shows that the ZnO/CdS of optimal morphology was obtained at zinc and cadmium molar ration of 25:1 reacted for 10 hour, there are several CdS nanoparticles adhere to the surface of porous ZnO rod skeleton. CdS component makes band gap of ZnO reduced to 2.87eV, leading to the degradation of tetracycline(TC), oxytetracycline(OTC) and doxycycline(DC) under xenon light reached 81.65%, 70.68% and 54.61% respectively. Moreover, ZnO/CdS composites can almost complete the degradation of three kinds of antibiotics under UV irradiation, proving high catalytic efficiency of the composite catalyst.

Transition-metal compound multiple-shell hollow spheres show significant material advantages in many applications over conventional simple hollow structures due to their low density, high surface area, as well as high light-harvesting efficiency. They have unique structural features and intriguing properties, hollow structures with tunable size, shape, composition and interior architecture. The vast array of synthetic strategies used to create multi-shelled hollow structures, such as hard templates, soft templates and free templates methods, were summarized. With rising interest in engineering in the morphology of transition-metal compounds multiple-shell hollow spheres during the past decade, it is found that their performance is also deeply affected by their morphology characteristics. Furthermore, the possible application of these novel materials for lithium ion battery, dye-sensitized solar cells, supercapacitor and gases sensing, were discussed. The future developments of synthetic strategies about multi-shelled hollow structures were also prospected.

Zeoliticimidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a new class of MOFs materials, characterized by porous crystalline and topology structure which is formed through the complexation of N atom in imidazole ring with divalent transition metal ions. Different ZIFs structures could be obtained through the modulation of the interaction between the ligands. The synthesis methods include solvothermal method, hydrothermal method, liquid phase diffusion method, colloid chemical method, microwave synthesis method, and ultrasonic method, etc. Recent studies on the excellent performances and the applications of ZIFs materials were reviewed in this paper. Specially, their applications, such as selective adsorption/separation of gas, catalytic reaction, optics, magnetic materials and other areas, were introduced in detail. In the end, the synthesis of novel ZIFs materials as well as their potential applications in electronic equipment, energy utilization and environment protection in the future is prospected.

Ferrite absorbing materials with wide absorption band, high absorption rate, thickness, etc, but due to the existence of large density, narrow frequency band, high temperature performance and other issues, it is difficult to meet the requirement of wave absorbing materials “thin, light, wide”, limiting the application of the ferrite absorbing wave materials. This paper introduces the absorbing mechanism and research progress, summarizes the method of performance improvements, and prospects the development of ferrite microwave absorbing materials, combining the development of ferrite wave absorbing materials in recent years. The future development direction of preparation of high performance absorbing wave material is to make the ferrite absorbing materials to be nano- crystallized, composed, doped and the morphology to be changed, as well as further research and development of the excellent performance of the microwaveabsorbing material and its application to industrial production.

Straw reinforced thermoplastic resin composites are environment-friendly materials which are widely used in different areas. The interface compatibility of the composites will directly affect the performance of the composites, which makes interface modification research a hot spot in recent years. This paper summarizes the current status of development and new progress in interface modification of straw reinforced thermoplastic resin composites in domestic and overseas. Several typical surface treatment methods are introduced. It mainly analyzes the application of two new methods:plasma treatment and enzyme treatment for the surface pretreatment of straw, and further illustrates the influence of maleic anhydride-grafted polyolefin compatilizer and silane or titanate low molecular weight coupling agent on the interface modification of the composites. Besides, this paper briefly analyzes future research trends of the interface modification of straw/resin composites, and further making a research on the compound treatment of straw fiber and the development of efficient, environmentally friendly and cost-effective interface modifier is the key to improve the straw / resin composite material application performance in the future.

The latest research progress in toughening modification of poly lactic acid (PLA) was summarized in this work, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of novel PLA-based composite materials. Physical modification, chemical modification, plasticization, as well as several other toughening technologies were outlined, and comparison among them was also presented. The material physical and mechanical properties, optical performance and heat resistance of PLA can be significantly improved through the use of new synthetic method and blending, copolymerization, etc. The development of more efficient toughening modifier, in an attempt to enhance the interfacial interactions between PLA and the toughening fillers, is the direction of further study on PLA. The investigation on PLA toughening from the microscopic molecular scale, together with the design of green synthetic route, remains the focus of current research work.

In the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of the compound semiconductor thin film process, measurement of gas concentrations is crucial to the understanding of reaction mechanism. UV-visible absorption spectrum (UVAS) and infrared spectrum (IR) are the main methods to measure gas concentrations, and used for in situ measurement of gas concentrations. CVD measurements system of UVAS and its applications on measuring concentrations of group Ⅲ—Ⅴ gases are introduced, including absorption characteristics of metal organic materials etc. and applications of UVAS on mechanism of InN and GaN growth processes at different temperatures and pressures. Finally, applications of IR spectrum is introduced, including analysis of gas-phase reaction between TMG and NH₃ under different conditions, analysis of SiC thin film compositions, and determinination of gas phase reaction rate for GaN growth process.

The reaction mechanism of nano-titanium dioxide (TiO₂) modified with the silane coupling agent (KH-560) grafted with acrylonitrile(AN) to produce TiO₂(KH-560)-g-AN was studied. Functional group structures of TiO₂ (KH-560) and TiO₂(KH-560)-g-AN were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis show that chemical environment of C1s, O1s in TiO₂(KH-560) are caused by slight variations of oxygen and carbon element binding energy in TiO₂(KH-560). So the structure of TiO₂(KH-560) is determined. Chemical environment of C1s, O1s, and N1s in TiO₂(KH-560)-g-AN are caused by slight variations of oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen element binding energy in TiO₂(KH-560)-g-AN. So the structure of TiO₂(KH-560)-g-AN is determined. The graft polymerization mechanism of TiO₂(KH-560) and AN is determined ultimately by the analysis of both FT-IR and XPS.

New kind of copolymides(PI-BTDA/MDA/Bz) have been synthesized by the reaction of 3, 3', 4, 4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride(BTDA), 4, 4'-diaminodiphenyl methane(MDA) and 4, 4'-diaminodiphenyl p-diaminodiphenyl(Bz) according to a certain molar ratio. Four kinds of polymide homogeneous membranes with different chemical structures were prepared through adjusting the proportion of MDA and Bz. The contact angles of the polyimide homogeneous membranes were tested with deionized water, while the swelling property was investigated in N, N-dimethylformamide. The results showed that the homogeneous membranes have the best hydrophilicity and optimal solvent-resistant performance while the molar ratio of BTDA/MDA/Bz was 5:4:1. Using this polyamide acid as casting solution, a polyimide composite membrane was prepared on Al₂O₃ ceramic membrane as support, which has a pore size of 0.2μm. And the influence of concentration and temperature of feed on the separation performance were investigated.

The wormlike micelles were prepared by self-assembled with anionic surfactant Potassium erucic(KEU) and organic counterion three hydroxyethyl benzyl ammonium chloride(BTHEAC). Styrene and twin tail hydrophobic monomer N, N-twin tails substituted acrylamides(DiC_nAM) as monomers. 2, 2'-Azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] dihydrochloride (VA-044) acted as initiators. The new wormlike micelles, solubilized and polymerized, were synthesized at a certain temperature. The properties of wormlike micelles were measured by viscometer. The results showed that the wormlike micelles added with monomers and polymerized, the concentration of styrene was 0.02mol/L, the molar ratio of n(KEU):n(BTHEAC)=5:3, n(styrene):n(DiC₈AM)=5:2, the best apparent viscosity of the wormlike micelles was obtained, which is 1320mPa·s, higher than the apparent viscosity of KEU/BTHEAC wormlike micelles, and it was also good at high temperature.

The one-pot synthesis of the WPU-AFC fluorescent emulsion, very stable for long-term storage, was realized, based on IPDI, PNGA and DMPA, with blocking by fluorescent agent 7-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin (AFC). The mole ratio of IPDI:PNGA:DMPA:AFC is 1:0.45: 0.30:0.15. The structure of WPU-AFC was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. The influence of stereohindrance, temperature and AFC content was thoroughly investigated. It was found that the fluorescence intensity of AFC was not originated from the so-called “concentrational self-quenching effect”, which could result from the “structural self-quenching effect”. The fluorescence intensity of WPU-AFC decreased with the increasing temperature, and was enhanced compared with that of AFC. In addition, the improved thermal stability of WPU-AFC was attributed to the incorporation of benzopyrone units in the preformed urethane groups.

As the main component of disproportionated rosin amine, dehydroabietylamine with the tricyclic diterpene skeleton is one of the important modified products of rosin. The research progress in the application of dehydroabietylamine and its derivatives is reviewed, including the application of dehydroabietylamine in chiral compound separation and the application of dehydroabietylamine derivatives in antibacterial, anticorrosion, corrosion inhibition, metal ion flotation, catalysis, anticancer, antioxidation, antiulcer and combining with testosterone. At present, the study of dehydroabietylamine derivatives modified on B ring and C ring is still needed to be strengthened although dehydroabietic amine salts and N—C derivatives are widely studied. And furthermore, the in-depth study of dehydroabietylamine derivatives modified on B ring and C ring will further promote the application of dehydroabietylamine derivatives in biological activity. The future research and application of dehydroabietic amine derivatives on biomedical engineering are previewed.

With Isobutene polyoxyethylene ether (HPEG), acrylic acid (AA), methyl propene sulfonate (SMAS) as raw material, and initiated by Fenton reagent, polycarboxylate superplasticizers were prepared at room temperature. Relationship between different reaction condition and dispersion of polycarboxylic superplasticizer was discussed respectively. The copolymer was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR) and Gel permeation chromatography(GPC) .The optimal condition of synthesis is obtained as follows:H₂O₂/Fe²⁺as initiator was used in an amount of 2% of the total mass of the monomers and m(H₂O₂):m(FeSO₄)=1.2:1, the titration time of initiator was 3h, the polymerization temperature was 30℃, n(AA):n(HPEG)=4:1, the dosage of sulphonates was 1.6% of the total mass of the monomers, the chain transfer agent was thioglycolic acid and the dosage is 1.5% of the total mass of the monomers. The results showed that the initial fluidity of cement paste could exceed 290 mm and exceed 302mm after 1hours, when the dosage of polycarboxylate water reducer was 0.3% of cement mass, together with 0.29 of water cement ratio. This polycarboxylate superplastic synthesized at room temperature has high dispersity and dispersion retention, which provides a promising room temperature synthesis method.

Based on the basic idea of Green Chemistry, a water-based cleaning agent with very simple formula, alkalescence and high detergency was successfully developed via organic built-up of appropriate surfactants and emulsifier without addition of any acid and base. Based on orthogonal experiments and formula optimization experiments, the optimal recipe was decided as follows:8.0% alkyl polyglucoside, 3.5% fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, 3.5% polyoxyethylene nonyl phenol ethers and 2.0% coconut oil glycolamide in a tap water solution. The cleaning agent has a nearly neutral pH of 7.5 and very high decontamination rate of 99.3%. The cleaning agent and its diluent solutions for 2 and 4 times have higher decontamination rate than that of the commercial multi-purpose cleaning agent and their corresponding diluent solutions. The cleaning agent has the advantages of cheap industrial raw materials, very simple recipe, excellent cleaning performance, and thus has widespread application prospect.

Interior decoration materials are mostly made of flammable materials, such as cotton, wood and so on, which can likely cause fire, casualties and property losses. Therefore, the study on the combustion performance of interior decoration materials is very necessary. Phosphate flame retardant, an additive flame retardant, can improve the flame retardant efficiency of the cotton, wood, and so on by spraying or dipping. Phosphate fire retardant liquid is synthesized with diammonium phosphate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as the reagents. Nine mass ratios of diammonium phosphate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate are 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, 1:9, respectively. These phosphate flame retardant liquids are applied on cotton, and then these samples are characterized by a microcomputer differential thermal balance and CONE. The results indicate that the cotton treated by the ratio of 2:8 has the longest ignition time and the best flame retardant effect. The current investigation is helpful to improve the flame retardant property of the phosphate fire retardant liquid and explore the effects of its performance factors.

Pyridine Gemini surfactant containing amide spacer was synthesized using ethylenediamine, 1-bromoalkane, chloroacetyl chloride and pyridine as raw materials by halogenation amidation reaction and quaterisation. The target product synthesis condition is as following:ultrasonic for assisting reaction was 40kHz and 100W, reaction temperature was 60℃, and reaction time was 5h. The target products were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR. The major performance of target products was investigated, including critical micelle concentration and bactericidal property. The results show that the cmc of target product is 1.4×10^-2～2.3×10^-5mol/L, and has a good emulsification and stability. The antibacterial effect of surfactant with eight carbon alkyl chains for escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis is the best.

Three reactive cationic Gemini surfactants, C₁₂-3(OH)-DM, C₁₄-3(OH)-DM and C₁₆-3(OH)- DM, were synthesized through three-step reaction using 2-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate (DM), Epichlorohydrin (ECH) and three kinds of long chain alkyl tertiary amine(N, N-dimethyldodecylamine, N, N-Dimethyltetradecylamine and N, N-dimethylhexadecylamine) as main raw material. The structure of Gemini surfactants was confirmed by FTIR, ¹H NMR and elemental analysis, and their abilities to lower water surface tension and critical micelle concentrations (cmc) were also evaluated by surface tension measurement. Foaming and emulsification properties were also studied. The results showed that three reactive cationic Gemini surfactants C_m-3(OH)-DM(m=12, 14, 16)showed superior surface properties to conventional monomeric surfactant, and their critical micelle concentrations (cmc) were 0.0265mmol/L, 0.0169mmol/L and 0.0083mmol/L, γ_cmc were 32.1mN/m, 30.1mN/m and 27.7mN/m.

L-phenylephrine is an α₁ receptor agonist drug, with vasoconstriction, which is widely used in clinical practice, and its market demand shows a trend of steady growth. Some synthesis methods of L-phenylephrine were reported at home and abroad. However, most of these reports are patents and apart from each other, lack of systematic review. The paper is aimed to summarize various routes for the synthesis of L-phenylephrine and the latest research results, then divides them into two categories, split method and asymmetric synthesis. Both the advantages and disadvantages of each method are reviewed. The traditional split method will continue to play an important role in the production of L-phenylephrine with the racemic synthesis process innovation and the application of new technologies, such as dynamic kinetic resolution. Chemical asymmetric synthesis, after nearly 30 years of research, has been the most economical and effective mean to prepare L-phenylephrine drug, and maintains a good momentum of development. Biological asymmetric synthesis technology will develop gradually from the lab and basic research into application stage. It will occupy a very important position in the synthesis of L-phenylephrine in the future.

Mesoporous molecular sieves SBA-15 was the best one among 4 kinds of carriers in terms of both carrier content and recovery of enzyme activity. The remaining carriers were MCM-41, modified silica, and calcium alginate. Immobilization of fusion enzyme CR2-GDH on SBA-15 was realized, and effect of immobilization conditions on immobilization content and activity, stabilization of immobilized enzyme, asymmetric reduction in biphasic system was investigated. The results showed that adsorption capacity was 27.7mg/g carrier under the condition of pH5.5, enzyme concentration 1.4mg/mL, reaction time of one hour. The recovery of immobilized enzyme activity was increased by near 20% adding metal ion Ca²⁺ of 25mmol/L. It was also found that the thermal and operational stabilities of the immobilized enzyme were higher than those of free enzyme. The recovery was increased by 19.1% at the temperature of 40℃. Immobilized enzyme was not more sensitive to organic solvents especially alkanes than free enzyme. In biphasic system, the production yield obtained by Ca²⁺/SBA-15 immobilized enzyme was increased by 23.8%.

Using anti-cancer drug doxorubicin hydrochloride and cross-linking hyaluronic acid as a model and a carrier respectively, a series of cross linking hyaluronic acid films bearing different loadings of doxorubicin hydrochloride and sustained-release activities have been prepared by swelling in the sorption of drug molecules, freeze-drying, and crushing. Their microstructures and drug release behaviors in vitro were investigated by SEM and ultraviolet spectrophotometer, respectively. The effects of different time, drug loadings and hyaluronidase, on drug release behavior were studied, and the results showed that the drug releases fast within 12 h, then gets slow, the drug cumulative release speed is inversely proportional to drug loading, and the drug cumulative release speed in the presence of hyaluronidase is faster than that without hyaluronidase because of the continuously degradation of cross-linked hyaluronic acid.

Classified by liquid and sludge separation mechanisms, the existing continuous flow aerobic granular reactors(CFAGRs) are divided into four categories:gravity settling by settling tank or settling area, three phase separator, sieve filtration and membrane module separation. The research on CFAGR still has some disadvantages, including:①Although there are many kinds of three phase separators equipped by CFAGR, but their separation effectiveness is rarely investigated, thus, it is difficult to evaluate the reliability of these separators;②Hydraulic flow state of these reactors is rarely studied. However, hydraulic flow pattern determines the existence form of microbe and mass transfer effects, which eventually affects the stability of aerobic granular sludge;③As there is lack of long-term stable operational data, it is hard to evaluate the feasibility of these reactors. In summary, in order to reduce the risk, research and development of CFAGR should rely on the existing achievements obtained from SBR and absorb the successful experience and lessons from engineering.

Magnetic seeding flocculation(hereinafter referred to as MSF) has been studied and applied to various types of waste water treatment, but very few studies have been reported regarding magnetic seed mechanism. In order to solve this problem, MSF method was conducted in this study to simulate micro-etching copper waste water. This study compared the influences of dosing magnetic seed on removal rates of copper and turbidity, floc sedimentation rate or floc size, and analyzed the mechanism of magnetic seed effectiveness. The results showed that MSF reached its best performance at 2.0g/L and particle sizes between 300 and 400mesh. Under optimal conditions, the highest removal rates for copper and turbidity were 98.53% and 94.72%, 4.11% and 0.61% higher than traditional flocculation respectively; settling speed also reached its maximum of 5cm/min, 2.64times greater than traditional flocculation;and floc size D₅₀ also reached its maximum of 41.94μm, 20micrometers larger than traditional particle size. The above figures indicated that the floc growth rate was affected by magnetic seed dosage and particle size. This study provided theoretical and practical parameters for the application of MSF.

The single-component and competitive adsorption properties of Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺ ions on water-quenched blast furnace slag (WBFS) were investigated by isothermal adsorption experiment. The results showed the adsorption process and isotherm curves of the metal ions followed Langmuir isotherm model and “H” type in single-component adsorption, respectively. The order of the adsorption capacities was Cu²⁺> Cd²⁺> Zn²⁺, which determined mainly by the electro negativity, hydrated ionic radius and charge to radius ratio. The adsorption isotherms of Cu²⁺ maintained the original shape and still fitted to Langmuir adsorption model in competitive condition, while the other adsorption model could not well represent the competitive adsorption of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺. The mutual competition and antagonism effect of heavy metals in competitive system resulted in the irregularity of sorption isotherm curves of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺. The adsorption capacities of the competitive ions on WBFS decreased to some extent compared with those of single ion adsorption. The sorption kinetic processes were rapid first and followed slow in accordance with pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which suggested that the process controlling the rate may be a chemical sorption between WBFS and Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺.

The potential risk of heavy metals in sewage sludge will seriously influence sludge treatment and disposal process, therefore, the extraction of heavy metal by different agents was investigated, and the extraction rate and economical extractable index (EEI) were then studied. The results showed that the extraction efficiency of heavy metal would decrease with the increase of pH of inorganic acid. H⁺ concentration is a significant factor during the extraction process. The extraction rate of heavy metal advanced when the concentrations of low molecular weight (LMW) organic acids rose. Zn was favorable to be extracted than Cr and Cu. In addition, the extraction efficiency of oxalic acid is better than that of citric acid. However, Zn and Cu were preferentially to be extracted than Cr in the extraction process by high molecular weight (HMW) organic acids. There is a positive correlation between the extraction efficiency and HMW organic acid concentrations. Organic acids were suitable in the heavy metal extraction. Furthermore, citric acid and oxalic acid have good performances in Zn extraction while citric acid and EDTA should be utilized in priority in Cr and Cu extraction, respectively.

Chemical oxygen demand(COD), NH₃-N are routine water-quality indexes. Large amount of extremely toxic waste liquid has been generated from COD and NH₃-N monitoring. Waste was utilized to control waste on controlled mixing. Control point was chosen according to character of raw waste liquid and process requirement. COD monitoring waste liquid (Ag 478mg/L;Cr 207.5mg/L;Hg 411.6mg/L) reacted with NH₃-N monitoring waste liquid (Hg 464.7mg/L) on control point. Waste liquid volume ratio was 1.16 and 1.2. After solid-liquid separation, Hg content of filtrate had been reduced to 10.07mg/L, 10.12mg/L. Removal rate of Hg was 97.7%. Ag content of filtrate had been reduced to 0.07mg/L. Removal rate of Ag was 99.99%. The burden of subsequent procedure had been significantly reduced. Hg and Ag were enriched in the form of sludge. Ag content of filtrate was under 0.5mg/L when waste liquid ratio was from 0.3 to 1.25. Hg removal ratio achieved more than 96% when waste liquid ratio was from 1.11 to 1.25. When 1 liter COD monitoring waste liquid was treated, 0.86 liter NH₃-N monitoring waste liquid was reduced synchronously on this process. I^- and Cl^- from raw waste liquid were utilized as precipitants of heavy metal ions. The advantage of controlled mixing process compared with conventional process includes smaller dosage, lower overall operational cost, purer heavy metal sludge, and less sludge quantity. Performance and mechanism of controlled mixing process were deeply discussed.

A new experiment was designed to investigate microbial fouling characteristics on heat exchanger of electroless plating of Ni-P. In this paper, the surface of low-carbon steel sheet, which is common for heat exchanger, was modified by using the method of electroless Ni-P and low-carbon steels before and after electroless Ni-P, and pictures were taken by scanning electron microscopy. A comparative experiment was designed to investigate microbial fouling characteristics of low-carbon steel sheet and low-carbon steel sheet with electroless plating of Ni-P. Slime-forming bacteria that was isolated and purified from Songhua River is chosen as the strains. The changes of fouling were recorded by the method of weighing, and the changes of bacterial counts were recorded by the method of optical turbidity. The results of the experimental show that the surface morphology of electroless plating of Ni-P is better than that of low-carbon steel after the low-carbon steel sheet was electroless plated. For the corrosion caused by slime-forming bacteria, the corrosion resistance of electroless plating of Ni-P is better than that of low-carbon steel sheet and the anti-microbial fouling of electroless plating of Ni-P is preferred. When the slime-forming bacteria grew and reproduced vigorously and metabolites were excessive, biofouling was formed soon; in contrast, biofouling was formed slowly.

Straw is a representative lignocellulose resource, and its pretreatment is a key factor in its separation and the application of its constituents. Based on SO₃ micro-thermal explosion and alkali treatment, an efficient separation of three major constituents of rice straw was achieved. In this paper, in order to recover the lignin and recycle the lye, the flocculation-separation through ion exchange of lignin was explored by learning from ion exchange separation. With the screening of metal ion, CaCl₂ was chosen to separate lignin in the lye. Also, the effects of different factors, such as adding amount of CaCl₂, flocculation time, temperature, rotating speed and pH, on lignin isolated yield were explored. The result shows CaCl₂ flocculation of lignin can be greatly improved by dialysis treatment. Meanwhile, the yield of lignin in the flocculation was investigated. The optimal condition is as follows:1% of CaCl₂ adding amount, 6h, 50℃, 150r/min and pH 11. Under above condition, lignin isolated yield could reach 61.08%. With the detection of flocculate, the analysis of IR and XPS, the existence of lignin in the flocculate was determined. Further, the mechanism of flocculation-separation of lignin by Ca²⁺ in the lye was analyzed preliminarily.

For the comprehensive utilization of oil slurry, to enhance the economic value of slurry oil refinery, reduce black product rate, improve the overall economic efficiency of the Petro China Lanzhou Petrochemical Company, a “comprehensive utilization of FCC slurry research group” was established, and 3 million tons of heavy oil catalytic cracking device was tested for oil slurry capturing settling agent (KOD CK2704A) in May 2013, where cooperative R & D unit(special mixed slurry oil pump) were applied to test capturing settling agent and agent oil mixed technology. The treated slurry quality meet the subsequent device processing requirements, 500mL/L slurry are captured in three stage settlement agent fluence[s1] . Test data show that slurry ash decreased obviously, oil slurry ash content decreased from 0.65% to 0.069%, and average oil slurry ash removal rate reached 88.01%.

Currently spray drying process and freeze-drying process are widely used in oligosaccharide drying process. However, there exists several weaknesses in temperature, cost, and material handing capacity. To solve these problems, single-step drying in agitated thin-film evaporator was put forward to find a new way of oligosaccharides drying. The relationship between temperature, pressure, feed rate and evaporation rate per unit area was investigated, and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to fit the data. A model which was in good agreement with the experimental data was obtained. The model determined that under the condition of 70.0℃, 1.0kPa and 0.50L/h the equipment could reach the maximum capacity. Finally, 2.1% moisture content was obtained. The process route and prediction method were feasible. Meanwhile, it provided a new method to treat this kind of material.

In order to solve the overheating problem of the 5^# boiler exhaust gas for the direct air cooling 600 MW unit in a power plant, this paper proposed the technical solution by installing low-temperature economizer. Flue gas heat was used to heat the condensed water in this process. Extraction steam was routed back to the steam turbine to continue expanding, the power of steam turbine was increased, the turbine heat rate and the gross coal consumption rate were decreased. Condenser vacuum fell by1.617kPa after low-temperature economizer was added. Using the habitual thermal balance method and equivalent enthalpy drop method, the thermal economic of the designs was evaluated. The habitual thermal balance method's results indicated that after the low-temperature economizer was added, the heat rate decreased by 25.711kJ/(kW·h) , the gross coal consumption reduced by 0.959g/(kW·h);and the equivalent enthalpy drop method's results indicated that the low-temperature economizer made turbine heat rate decrease by 26.832kJ/(kW·h) and reduced the gross coal consumption by 1.001g/(kW·h). That adding low-temperature economizer achieved good energy saving results. Also proved that the consistency of the equivalent enthalpy drop method and the habitual thermal balance method.

The low grade steam is transformed into a high grade steam through the compression by mechanical vapor recompression(MVR) heat pump technology, and the high grade steam is cyclic utilized for heat source to reduce energy consumption. The heat integration technology is reasonable to match the heat exchange of cold and hot logistics to improve the effective energy utilization of logistics. In view of the high energy consumption and low mechanical efficiency of the distillation process, heat integrated separation technology based on the MVR heat-pump distillation was applied to separate the four mixed alcohol system in this research, and the MVR heat-pump distillation process with and without heat integration were proposed. Based on the minimum total annual cost(TAC) and energy consumption, simulations for the each kind of distillation process were performed by Aspen Plus software, and the optimal operating parameters and plant parameters were determined. The simulation results showed that the MVR heat-pump distillation can save energy by 50% and total annual cost by 61% respectively compared with the conventional order separation process. Both of the MVR heat-pump distillation with and without heat integration have the same excellent performance in energy saving and annual total cost saving, but the former can improve the thermodynamic efficiency by 9.5%.