As selective catalytic reduction is widely used for eliminating NO_x in thermal power plant,researches on poisoning mechanism and regeneration process of the denitration catalyst have drawn more and more attention. This paper makes a systematic review on the physical and chemical poisoning mechanism and regeneration process of the denitration catalyst. The poisoning mechanism can be summarized into three categories:the deposition of particles or created salts on the surface of the catalyst which blocks the pores on the catalyst; the reaction between poisons and the active site which reduces the acidity and redox performance of the surface; structural damage and irreversible phase transition of the catalyst. As for the regeneration of the catalyst,this paper gives a detailed description of the regeneration process,compares advantages and disadvantages among different regeneration technologies and introduces a demonstration project of the high-calcium catalyst regeneration. In the project,the relative activity of the regenerated catalyst,compared to fresh catalyst,was recovered to 0.96. Moreover,only 1.0% SO₂ was oxidized and each quality index of the regenerated catalyst reaches the level of the fresh catalyst. This paper is important for extending catalyst's lifespan and developing its regeneration technologies through in-depth discussion about poisoning mechanism and regeneration process.

As CO₂ is a vital reagent for the production of useful chemicals,it is high time to find an efficient way to make use of it. The electrochemical reduction of CO₂,which can be conducted under the ambient conditions and converse CO₂ into various products,provides a promising future both for the utilization of CO₂ and for the human beings. The products,the reaction rate and the selectivity of the reaction can be adjusted by conducting the reaction on different electrodes and at different over potentials. This paper highlights the progress of the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ in aqueous electrolyte and summarizes the mechanism of electrochemical reduction of CO₂ proposed by various workers and introduces the main reactions occurred during the reduction process. Studies carried out on different kinds of electrodes,such as metal electrodes,gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) and composite electrodes and so on,have also been reviewed. The products,the selectivity of the reaction and the currency during the process of reduction,also vary with the materials of the electrodes. Besides,the reaction conditions,such as the pressure and the temperature,also affect the reaction rate and the currency. Finally,the applicative prospects of the technology of the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ are proposed and the aqueous electrolytes can provide profuse [H] and then there will be more CO₂ molecules reduced into fuel molecules,which is of great value both in environmental protection and resource utilization and economic development.

Application of nanotechnology in refrigeration equipment is one of the innovative researches in the field of refrigeration. Updated research achievements of nanotechnology in refrigeration field is reviewed,through summarizing the advantages of nanomaterials applied in refrigeration system under the background of energy conservation and environmental protection,introducing common preparation methods in recent years,enumerating the influence of different nano-refrigerants upon heat transfer,and explaining the effect of nano-particle in reducing friction and improving the performance of compressors. Several important questions have been raised:how to prepare long-term stable nano-refrigerant,how to build models of characteristics about flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop of nano-refrigerant,as well as how to make sure that nano-particle will be stable in each part of the refrigeration system during running process. Researches should be focused on these problems in the future.

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) by ammonia process has been the most extensive engineering application of denitrification technology due to its excellent comprehensive performance. The uniformity of the mixed gas flow field ratio on the lateral section of the SCR reactor is a key factor affecting denitrification efficiency. This review represents the basic principle of SCR as well as the mixing efficiency index of NH₃/NO_x. The methods and recent work on mainstream technology of the engineering application were reviewed,such as linear controlled injection grid,divisional controlled injection grid,and mixed element type of injection grid. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods were analyzed. Further studies on the ammonia injection and mixing involve:①The mixed element type of injection grid is preferred,the divisional controlled and linear controlled type of injection grid take second place. ②Focus on the feasibility of the lower concentration of non-uniform coefficient in the design of the mixing device. ③Development of high efficiency,simple and stable hybrid element structure,reducing construction and operating costs,improving operational flexibility. ④Perfection of the ammonia injection effect and modern control theory of amount.

Atmospheric pressure plasma jet(APPJ),as a new type of atmospheric pressure cold plasma discharge technology,which can be generated under atmospheric pressure,and close to room temperature with high chemical activity,has become a hot topic in various applications,such as biomedicine,materials chemistry and environmental hygiene. With further application research of atmospheric pressure plasma jet,it is found that composition of gas source of APPJ has a great impact on its applications. Gas source composition can affect its discharge characteristics,emission spectra and chemical characteristics,where various types of chemical active particles in APPJ play an important role in its applications. All these factors can affect the technology cost and process efficiency of APPJ. This paper presents the discharge characteristics,emission spectra and chemical characteristics of atmospheric pressure plasma jet with different compositions of gas source,and its application researches in microbial inactivation,surface modification and cleaning,analyzes and summarizes the influence and effect of gas source composition on APPJ applications,and predicts its research prospects.

Reactive distillation (RD),combining reaction with separation in a single process unit,has received significant attention. However,due to non-linear coupling of reaction and separation,steady operation and process control are more demanding. At present,the research of control method for the reactive distillation was focused on the designated reactive system. And amyl acetate reactive system has almost not been reported. In this paper,the RD dynamic simulation of amyl acetate was studied with Aspen Plus and Aspen Dynamic. Temperature control method and composition control method were proposed so that the operation results of RD satisfied the production demand. Feed flow rate and feed composition were regarded as two disturbances to test the control methods. The impact of different disturbances on product composition was studied and the control effects of two methods were compared when facing different disturbances. The simulated results showed that feed composition had greater influence on the control and the temperature control method was more stable than the composition control method.

Salt lake expansion is one of the most direct geological responses to the global change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and the subsequent desalination poses challenges to the exploitation of salt lake resources. For these dilute salt lake,understanding the behavior of enrichment of elements and mineralization has become increasingly important. We carried out natural evaporation experiment on the water of Dujiali salt lake,a representative of dilute carbonate-type salt lake,at a nearby science station. On the basis of the 298K metastable phase diagram for the Na⁺,K⁺/Cl^-,SO₄^2-,CO₃^2--H₂O quinary system,the concentration behavior of Na,K,B and Li was investigated,and the precipitation conditions and precipitation sequence were reported. Our experiments showed that the precipitation sequence through natural evaporation was mirabilite (Na₂SO₄·10H₂O) the first,carbonate containing alkaline salts the second,and finally B and K bearing minerals. The brine did not reach the stage for the precipitation of Li bearing minerals in our evaporation experiments,and Li⁺ was enriched in the residual brine.

In this paper,binary interaction parameters were firstly fitted by using Aspen Plus to make its calculation results practical. Secondly based on the analysis of ethanol-water distillation column (C31103) and adsorption system,the energy consumption for both parts was calculated and the relationship between energy consumption and mass fraction of ethanol of C31103 distillation (x_D) was established as well. The amount of dilute alcohol was calculated in association with x_D. A series of energy consumption were calculated when x_D was between 0.945—0.88 with the increment 0.005. It was concluded that the appropriate x_D was within 0.9 and 0.92. The amount of distillate alcohol and the distillation of C31103 under different x_D was calculated by simulation. After analyzing and comparing the results by calculation and simulation,it was obtained that the relative errors were less than 4%,which confirmed the accuracy of the model of energy consumption.

Microencapsulation is an effective technology to reduce the environmental losses of pesticides during their use. This paper reports the complexation mechanism of chlorophenoxy herbicide MCPA with native β-cyclodextrin (CD) and its methyl and hydroxypropyl derivatives by a molecular dynamics/quantum mechanics/continuum solvent model (MD/QM/CSM) approach developed recently. The results reveal that the solvation effect plays a dominant role in determining the relative stabilities of the three CD/MPCA inclusion complexes. However,the results in vacuum environment are opposite to those in solvent media. The calculated relative binding affinities of the three systems in aqueous solution decrease in the order:DM-β-CD>HP-β-CD>β-CD,which agrees with the experimental results,with a correlation coefficient R=0.99. This demonstrates that the MD/QM/CSM method is able to determine the relative stability of host-guest systems with different host molecule.

The separation process of an ethylene plant should be operated at low temperature,and a refrigeration system supplies the cooling demand. The refrigeration system in an ethylene plant is a closed cycle system independent of the separation process. The energy efficiency can be effectively improved if the separation process and refrigeration system are optimized simultaneously. Cascade refrigerating systems are most widely used in ethylene plants. In this paper,Aspen Hysys is used to simulate and analyze an ethylene separation process with a cascade refrigerating system. The exergy analysis showed lower efficiency of heat exchanger and compressor sections,whose exergy loss contribute 83% of the whole loss of the system. So energy conservation work should focus on the two sections. Then pinch technology is used to analyze refrigerant configuration. It is found that refrigerant usage above -56℃ is far more than the theoretical minimum quantity,and refrigerant usage below -56℃ is reasonable. A novel design method by using multi-pass exchangers for heat exchanger networks is proposed and the refrigerant usage is reconfigured. The new design can reduce about 30% propylene compressor work and some ethylene compressor work consumption,reducing the energy consumption of the ethylene separation significantly.

The effects of ammonium nitrogen loading rate,free ammonia and free nitrous acid on ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency,nitrite accumulation ratio and nitrite nitrogen accumulation rate were studied with a sequencing batch reactor under limited oxygen concentration(0.2—0.3mg/L). The substrate inhibition kinetics of ammonium oxidizing bacteria was also analyzed. The fluctuations of performance of reactor were observed due to the influence of shock loading and inhibition of high free ammonia when ammonium nitrogen loading was gradually improved. The recovery process was slower with higher load. Ammonium nitrogen loading rate of 3.60kg/(m³·d) and nitrite nitrogen accumulation rate of 2.98kg/(m³·d) were attained with nitrite accumulation ratio maintained at around 85%. High free ammonia(24.4—85.8mg/L)and limited dissolved oxygen are the main factors to achieve stable partial nitrification. The Haldane model was used to describe the substrate inhibition of partial nitrification and the results show that the maximum specific ammonium nitrogen oxidizing rate is 6.71gN/(gVSS·d). Affinity constant and inhibition constant for free ammonia are 3.2mg/L and 27.8mg/L,respectively.

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of fortified induced turbulence (FIT) tube with inserts were studied with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The momentum and energy equations were solved by using RNG turbulent flow model. The flow and heat transfer characteristics of FIT tube,namely velocity field,turbulent flow field,temperature field were presented and pressure drop,intensified heat transfer factors were calculated. The heat transfer of FIT tube was intensified because swirling flow instead of piston flow by using special tape placed inside the FIT tube caused more turbulence and hydrodynamic boundary layer was cut thinner. Multiple mechanism elements (radiation factor,surface factor,twist factor and boundary layer cutting factor) to intensify the heat transfer of furnace radiant tube were established in the analysis. Compared with plain tube,FIT tube showed a significant increase of heat transfer by about 20%,and could be used as a good heat transfer radiation tube.

Conventional production of 1,6-hexanediol (1,6-HDO) with petrochemicals,has disadvantages of high energy consumption,product separation difficulties and environmental contamination. These limitations can,to some extent,be overcome by biorefinery process,especially that of 5-HMF based. The status quo of production of biobased 1,6-HDO was summarized,and different reaction pathways for conversion of 5-HMF to 1,6-HDO was discussed. This review compared different catalysts and catalytic mechanisms in respect of adsorption of reagent,metal particle size,synergistic interaction,and support. The catalyst performance in promoting hydrogenation of C=O,hydrogenation of furan ring,and hydrogenolysis of C—O,yet restraining hydrogenolysis of C—C were also investigated. Compared with multistep reactions,one-step reaction was simpler but with lower 1,6-HDO production. Therefore,developing more efficient catalyst and process will be the focus of future research.

Clostridium saccharobutylicum DSM 13864 is a solventogenic strain capable of producing ABE solvents (acetone,butanol and ethanol) from various saccharides. To validate its potential in ABE fermentation with cell immobilization,the physicochemical properties of C. saccharobutylicum DSM 13864 cells were investigated. The microbial adhesion to solvents (MATS) analysis shows that the cell surface is hydrophilic due to its strong electron-donating property,and negatively charged at pH above 3. Brick was used as an immobilization material in ABE fermentation with C. saccharobutylicum. At a flow rate of 1.1L/min through the immobilized C. saccharobutylicum,the titer and yield of butanol reached 11.02g/L and 0.18g/g respectively,and butanol productivity was 0.23g/(L·h) in batch fermentation,representing improvements of 10.53%,5.88% and 9.52% compared with free cell fermentation,respectively. The results suggest that cell immobilization with brick is efficacious in enhancing butanol production by C. saccharobutylicum.

Because of its industrial importance,green oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol/one (KA oil) has become a research hotspot in the field of saturated C—H oxidation. The catalytic research results on peroxidative oxidation of cyclohexane and liquid-phase oxidation of cyclohexane with molecular oxygen in past decade have been reviewed in this paper. It is concluded that peroxidative process can be conducted under mild reaction conditions and with high conversion of cyclohexane and selectivity for KA oil,but the catalyst and products are very difficult to separate for the complex homogeneous mixture containing expensive complex,acid,solvent and oxidant. In addition,the low utilization efficiency of H₂O₂ results in high cost of the oxidant. Alternatively,liquid-phase oxidation of cyclohexane with molecular oxygen and heterogeneous catalyst is easy to conduct. Catalysts of gold and nano-metal oxides are expected to find industrial applications. The analysis of the reaction mechanism indicates that cyclohexane oxidation follows a radical mechanism,which is different from the oxygen bond heterolytic cracking mechanism of metal porphyrin catalysts. The reaction is of auto-oxidation,but the employment of catalyst can accelerate the generation of active radicals,activate the C—H bond and enhance the reaction rate. In summary,the development of potential heterogeneous catalysts for cyclohexane oxidation and investigation of its reaction mechanism are considered as directions for future research.

Fixed bed residue hydrogenation technology is an important means of making heavy oil lighter. Coke deposition is one of the important reasons leading to catalyst deactivation and shorter running period of residue hydrogenation unit. The source of catalyst coke deposition,the type of coke,the mechanism of coke deposition,the factors affecting coke deposition and the methods to inhibit coke deposition are discussed and outlined. There are two types of coke deposition:soft coke and hard coke,mainly from dehydrogenative condensation reactions of polyaromatic species,such as asphaltene,and these substances adsorb on the catalyst surface easily. The properties of residue oil,catalyst physicochemical characteristics and process condition have important effect on coke formation. Lower viscosity residue oil,the catalyst with bigger pore size and higher hydrogen pressure can reduce coke content. Blending residue oil with low viscosity and high aromaticity distillate in the reaction process can effectively inhibit coke formation. The review provides reference for effectively controlling catalyst coke deposition and prolonging catalyst life time.

Immobilized ionic liquids have advantages of both high surface area to volume ratio of the carrier material and high catalytic activity of ionic liquids,which can improve not only the utilization efficiency of the ionic liquids,resulting reduced amount of ionic liquids,but also the catalytic reactivity of the ionic liquids in the esterification reaction. This article mainly reviews the application of immobilized ionic liquids in esterification reactions,and the catalytic performance of the immobilized ionic liquids,supported individually by silica gel,mesoporous molecular sieve,magnetic mesoporous silica nano-materials and high polymer,are introduced. Then the catalytic mechanism of the immobilized ionic liquid on the esterification reaction and the factors that affect the catalytic reactivity of the immobilized ionic liquids are discussed briefly. The unsolved problems of immobilized ionic liquids and the future development direction are proposed,including establishing systematic structure-activity relationship of carrier and ionic liquid and its long-term industrial performance evaluation.

A series of Ce_1-xLa_xO₂(x≤0.5) catalysts were prepared by ammonia co-precipitation method and characterized by XRD,N₂ adsorption-desorption,SEM,Raman,H₂-TPR and OSC. Then their catalytic performances in CH₄ oxy-chlorination to chloromethane were investigated. The results showed that the redox properties of Ce_1-xLa_xO₂ changed significantly with the change of the lanthanum content,and there should be a strong link between this change and the conversion and product distribution. More specificly,the surface oxygen species had a remarkable influence on the activities of the catalysts,while advanced oxidation of the generated methane chloride was easily induced by bulk oxygen species. Chloromethane was the main product over Ce_1-xLa_xO₂(x<0.3) and the highest selectivity of chloromethane (52%) could be obtained over Ce_0.8La_0.2O₂. A significant increase of CO selectivity was found over Ce_0.7La_0.3O₂ and Ce_0.5La_0.5O₂ as they had more active bulk oxygen species,and Ce_0.5La_0.5O₂ showed the highest selectivity of CO (48%). The long-term stability test showed that Ce_0.8La_0.2O₂ catalyst had a good stability.

In this work,different high-impedance carriers of ceramic ring particle,ceramic particle,pottery particle and clay particle loaded with activated component of Sb doped SnO₂ were applied to prepare various particle electrodes. The micrograph and crystal structure of the particle electrodes were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) to screen out the ceramic ring particle and the pottery particle. Furthermore,the comparison of the electro-catalytic oxidation efficiency among the selected particle electrodes was made with omethoate pesticide as target pollutant. The ceramic ring particle electrodes exhibited a larger specific surface area,more abundant pore structure and certain electrical conductivity. Omethoate waste water with COD concentration of 900mg/L was treated for 120min under the conditions of supporting electrolyte concentration of 0.1mol/L,excitation cell voltage of 13V,the treatment time of 120min. Compared to the three-dimensional electrode system with pottery particle and the two-dimensional electrode system,the system with ceramic ring particle electrodes increased the COD removal rate by 9.58% and 25.7%,respectively,and reduced the corresponding energy consumption by 2.9kW·h/kg(COD) and 7.9kW·h/kg(COD),respectively.

Conductive ink derives from conductive coating,and the rise of printed electronics industry produces demands of research and development for conductive ink. This work reviews the research status,conductive mechanism,application and the development direction of carbon-based conductive ink fillers. Firstly,the research achievements of the traditional carbon-based conductive ink fillers (graphite,carbon black,carbon fiber and its mixtures) and new carbon-based conductive ink fillers (carbon nanotubes and graphene) are summarized. Especially,the research direction and methods of traditional carbon-based fillers are analyzed,and the superiority of new carbon-based fillers is explained. Secondly,the fundamental principles and application scopes of several main conductive mechanisms are summarized from both macro and micro levels. And the limitation of current research methods for ink conductive properties is pointed out,which describe qualitatively rather than evaluate quantitatively. Finally,the achievements and applications of two new carbon-based conductive ink fillers are introduced. Especially,the key technical problems to be solved at present in application of carbon nanotubes and graphene fillers are proposed,and the research focus and tendency in the future are summarized.

Porous anodic aluminum (PAA) oxide has attracted more and more attention in the fields of catalysis,sensing,filtering and bionic due to their excellent chemical stabilities,hexagonal channel array architecture and controllable pore size. The structure and quality of PAA templates directly affect the results of applications,so the preparation of PAA template has always been a hot research focus. After a brief introduction to the features of self-ordered PAA,this work presents a comprehensive review on the research progress of preparation methods for PAA,including mild anodization method,hard anodization method,plus anodization method and cyclic anodization method. The features of different methods and corresponding PAA templates are analyzed. The importance of anodizing potential,anodizing temperature and type of electrolyte which determine the pore modulation of PAA are demonstrated. Finally,the development prospects of PAA membranes are proposed.

Complex three-dimensional hierarchical structures assembled from well-defined low- dimensional nanosized building blocks are an interesting class of nanomaterials with a rich variety of physicochemical properties. The three-dimensional hierarchical TiO₂ nanomaterials have excellent electrical,optical and chemical properties. They have been widely studied in the field of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. In this review,the latest research progress on preparation methods has been reviewed. Different morphologies of three-dimensional hierarchical structure of titanium dioxide nanomaterial composed of the assembly of nanowire,nanosheet,nanorod and two-dimensional structure can be obtained by different synthesis methods. Furthermore,the applications of these novel materials for dye-sensitized solar cells,lithium ion battery and photocatalysis were discussed. The future developments of synthetic strategies about three-dimensional hierarchical structure were also outlooked.

Activated carbons were prepared from camellia oleifera shell residue after alcohol extraction by phosphoric acid. The influences of impregnation ratio,mass fraction of phosphoric acid and activation temperature on the yield of activated carbon and the adsorption capacity were characterized by adsorption iodine value and adsorption methylene blue value,respectively. The results showed that activated carbon with the optimal adsorption capacity could be prepared at an impregnation ratio of acid/carbon of 3,a phosphoric acid mass fraction of 70% and an activation temperature of 500℃. The adsorption iodine value,adsorption methylene blue value and yield of activated carbon at optimized condition were 1043.29mg/g,148.5mg/g and 38.77%,respectively. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77K of the same activated carbon were measured by physical adsorption instrument. The porous structure was investigated by nitrogen adsorption isotherms on the bases of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Barrett- Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods. The specific surface area,average pore size and pore volume were 1626.45m²/g,4.7nm and 1.94cm³/g,respectively. Surface functional group and micro-structures of activated carbon with the optimal adsorption capacity were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

The sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)/phosphotungstic acid (SPPESK/ PWA) composite membrane prepared by the direct doping method has a problem of serious outflow,which affects the application of the membrane in fuel cells. To solve that,electrostatic layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly was employed to modify the SPPESK/PWA membrane using chitosan (CS) as the polycation and PWA as the polyanion. Properties such as water uptake,swelling ratio and proton conductivity were measured,and stability of PWA was analyzed meantime. It is shown that conductivity of the SPPESK/PWA/(CS/PWA)₂ membrane reaches 154mS/cm (80℃),higher than that of the SPPESK membrane (118mS/cm) and the SPPESK/PWA membrane (147mS/cm). In addition,for the SPPESK/PWA/(CS/PWA)₄ membrane,after soaked in 80℃ water for 30 days,weight loss ratio decreases from 18.45% to 11.81%,and conductivity loss ratio decreases from 32.20% to 16.77%. The results indicate that the LBL self-assembly method improves the proton conductivity and restricts the PWA loss.

The nano-grained zinc ferrite was prepared by high-efficiency microwave sintering,which eliminated the drawback of high energy consumption in traditional sintering. The grain growth kinetics of zinc ferrite by both microwave and traditional sintering were studied. The Fourier transforms infrared spectra,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope were used to characterize the microstructure of the zinc ferrite. Our results showed that zinc ferrite samples obtained by microwave sintering were of better-crystallized phase and more homogeneous grain size distribution than those by the traditional sintering. The particle size of zinc ferrite was calculated by the Scherrer equation. Calcinations method has a significant impact on the grain size when the calcinations temperature is lower than 500℃. The kinetic studies of grain growth showed that the average exponent value of grain growth was 9.66 for the nano-grained zinc ferrite sintered by microwave,lower than that of the traditional sintered samples. It indicates that microwave can accelerate the reaction distinctively. The average activation energy of microwave and traditional sintered zinc ferrite are 122.1kJ/mol and 179.4 kJ/mol,respectively. It reveals that microwave can reduce activation energy of the grain growth and the non-thermal effect of microwave has an effect on the grain growth.

Natural polymer bone glue adhesive material was modified by Al³⁺ coordination. The reaction conditions,i.e,the amount of carbamide,the amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate,coordination temperature on freezing point and viscosity of natural polymer bone glue adhesive material,were optimized using the response surface method. According to the principle of Box-Behnken,experiments were designed and analyzed using the Desig-Expert (V8.0.6.1) software. Freezing point and viscosity were taken as the responses to analyze the significance and interactions of various factors. The optimal synthesis conditions were carbamide of 0.78g,SDS of 0.5g and coordination temperature of 60.56℃. The predicted value for response were freezing point of 4.2℃,viscosity of 4.575Pa·s.

UV strippable adhesive was obtained by adding multifunctional photosensitive resin into adhesive prepared in prior from mixing thermoplastic elastomer SIS proportionally with viscosified resin. The effect of resin/SIS ratio and the amount of the photosensitive resin added on the performance of the product were investigated. Mechanical properties of the products were tested by both the initial adhesion and the 180° peel strength measurements. The bonding/stripping performance of UV strippable adhesive was also characterized by FTIR,DMA and SEM. The experimental results showed that when m(rosin):m(SIS) was (0.6:1)—(1:1) and m(CN9013NS):m(effective constituent) was (1.4:1)—(1.7:1),the peel strength of the UV strippable adhesive could reach 6—12N/25mm and sharply dropped to less than 1N/25mm before and after UV irradiation and no residue were detected.

Template method is used widely to synthesize mesoporous silica. However,the mesoporous structure can be obtained only after the templates are removed. Calcination,solvent extraction etc. are frequently used to remove conventional surfactant templates. However,these template removal methods could bring problems such as resulting structure collapse or massive consumption of solvent. In this paper,we synthesized silica using switchable surfactant of N'-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylacetamidinium bicarbonate as templates and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as silicon source in alkaline solution. Compared to conventional template removal method,the switchable surfactants decomposed and lost its surface activity by heating the mixture together with N₂ injection when the reaction was completed. Mesoporous silica with uniform morphology,ordered mesopore,large specific surface area and pore volume was then obtained after washed with water and acetone. The effect of Na₂EDTA on the order of mesopore,specific surface area,pore volume,size of pore and templates residue was discussed.

ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by microwave-assisted precipitation method using zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as raw materials and polyethylene glycol-400 as solvent. The prepared samples were characterized by means of XRD,FE-SEM and UV-Vis absorption spectra,respectively. The photocatalytic performance of nano-ZnO was carried out by degrading crystal violet and Congo red under UV light (λ=365nm) irradiation. Catalyst dosage,dyes concentration,pH value and reaction time were investigated to make clear how the parameters influenced the photocatalytic performance of nano-ZnO. The results show that the degradation efficiency of 50mg/L CV and CR could reach 98.8% and 97.4%,respectively. The pH value has little impact on dyes photocatalysis degradation and the degradation of CV and CR fit the first-order kinetic process.

The viscosity reduction technology employed for heavy oil was applied for asphalts. The terpolymer of octadecyl acrylate,styrene and maleic anhydride prepared in our laboratory was added to the matrix asphalt,and the viscosity reduction effect of terpolymer modified asphalt was evaluated under different temperature and different dosage. The segregation test and differential scanning calorimetry analysis were adopted to evaluate the stability of terpolymer. The results showed that the terpolymer could effectively reduce the viscosity of asphalts and the reduction was different by different temperatures and different dosage. The terpolymer modified asphalts are all satisfied with the storage stability tests at different storage time and storage temperatures.

The γ-tert-butyl peroxide propyltrimethoxysilane was synthesized with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane,catalyzed by ferric chloride in toluene for the first time. The product was characterized by IR、¹H NMR and mass spectra,and its structure was determined. Synthetic conditions such as the catalyst species,the reactants ratio,the reaction temperature and time were discussed. The optimal conditions were determined as follows:n(tert-butyl hydroperoxide):n(3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane)=1.2:1,m(catalyst):m(3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane) =0.015:1,reaction temperature of 40℃ and reaction time of 8h. The yield of the product could reach 42% under the optimal reaction condition.

Techniques for separating enantiomers are the focus of concern currently. Among numerous techniques for separating enantiomers,such as crystallization,chromatography,enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction is one of the most promising techniques for industrial application. This review firstly introduced the basic principles of the enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction technique,and then summarized various chiral extractants including tartrates-based extractants,cyclodextrin-based extractants,crown ether based-extractants,metal complexes-based extractants,and other enantioselective extraction agents as well as their recent advances. Researches indicate that enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction shows remarkable enantioseparation ability for enantiomers especially racemic pharmaceuticals. With the developing of new chiral extractants,enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction can be an important technique for enantiomers separation.

A new mutant strain Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides G123 was investigated in this study. The nitrogen source,the ratio of glucose and fructose and the pH control strategy were optimized to reduce the cost of mannitol production. Batch fermentations were operated in a 5L fermentor.The results showed that 57.24g/L mannitol was produced with the mannitol yield of 83.2% when 2g/L yeast extract was chosen as the single nitrogen source,the ratio of fructose toglucose was 0.35:1,and the initial pH was controlled at 7.5 and kept constant at 4.5 in the later phase. Besides,20.32g/L D-lactic acid with optical purity of 99.9% was also produced which suggested it could be recovered as a by-product. The yield of mannitol and lactic acid to the total sugar was 89.38%. As a result,the cost was reduced efficiently.

In order to understand the nitrolysis mechanism of hexamethylenetetramine,we studied the waste water from the preparation of hexogeon(RDX) by nitric acid nitration . The byproducts were enriched by extraction with ethyl acetate,washed with water to neutral,and concentrated. Then they were analyzed by thin layer chromatography(TLC) with the developing solvent of acetone/dichloromethane/glacial acetic acid with a (volume) ratio of 1/6/0.1. Finally silica gel column chromatography was applied to separate the stable byproducts,which was then eluted by mixtures of acetone and dichloromethane with different composition. RDX was confirmed as one of the products by melting point,IR and NMR analysis. The other one product obtained was characterized through IR,NMR,MS,elemental analysis and single crystal diffraction,and then identified as 3,5-dinitro- 1-oxa-3,5-diazacyclohexane. The DSC-TG technique was used to investigate the thermal behavior of 3,5-dinitro-1-oxa-3,5-diazacyclohexane,which showed a pair of sharp peaks at 375.85K (melting) and 519.05K (decomposition),indicating that it is a low melting point compound with good stability. The separation and structure identification of main byproducts provided some reliable proofs for the mechanism of RDX obtained by direct nitration.

Sapindus mukurossi saponin,a natural non-ionic surfactant,shows excellent surface activity. At 30℃,the value of critical micelle concentration (cmc) is 0.1g/L,and the lowest surface tension (g_cmc) of 48.48mN/m. The values of g_cmc and cmc remained stable at the temperature range of 30—60℃. The lowest surface tension of Sapindus mukurossi saponin decreased greatly when the solution was acidic,while cmc value was unchanged. The lowest surface tension of Sapindus mukurossi saponin at alkaline condition is similar to that under neural condition. Moreover,Sapindus mukurossi saponin has a good resistance to hard water. There is a certain synergy when Sapindus mukurossi saponin compounds with other surfactants,especially when it compounds with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The micellization ability of commixture of Sapindus mukurossi saponin and CTAB increased by 50.0%,while the surface tension decreased by 4.08%. Sapindus mukurossi saponin has a strong foamability and foam stability. The foam height H₀ is 135.6mm according to the GB/T 7162—1994 conditions (concentration 2.5g/L). The initial foam height increased at the commixture system of Sapindus mukurossi saponin.

The lyotropic liquid crystals formed by Gemini surfactants in ethyl ammonium nitrate (EAN) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),X ray diffractometer(XRD),polarizing microscope(POM) equipped with a hot stage and FTIR. All the surfactants form smectic A phase(SmA) in liquid crystalline region. The EAN molecules mainly exist in the polar sublayers of liquid crystals. The temperature ranges of liquid crystal phase increase with increasing Gemini surfactant alkyl chain length while show maximum with the increase of spacer length. The hydroxyl groups decrease the interactions between the ionic head groups and counterions. The temperature range of liquid crystal state is thus narrowed.

IA/TPEC was synthesized with itaconic acid (IA) and methyl alkenyl polyoxyethylene ether (TPEG) as raw materials,and initiated free radical copolymerization in the presence of oxidation/ reduction system. The product was characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR. The influence of monomer mass ratio,type of initiator and polymerization conditions was investigated. The results showed that when monomer mass ratio of IA to TPEC was 1:1,polymerization temperature was 110℃,polymerization time was 1.5 h,initiating system was ammonium persulfate and sodium hypophosphite,the inhibition rate on CaCO₃ and Ca₃(PO₄)₂ of IA/TPEC reached 90.19% and 92.71%,respectively.The scale inhibiting efficiency of IA/TPEC was better than that of market inhibitors.

Using microwave heating to dispose of fly ash has been studied by researchers,considering its advantages of high efficiency,energy saving and cleanliness. However,due to lack of large-scale industrial equipment,large-scale application of microwave technology is limited. In this paper,current situation of disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) fly ash and the special properties and heating mechanism of microwave are reviewed. Based on microwave application in recent years,the mechanism of microwave disposal is discussed. The disposal methods using microwave are also summarized,including microwave extraction,microwave hydrothermal,microwave sintering and microwave oxidation to remove dioxins. The application effects and the advantages and disadvantages of the four disposal methods are analyzed. Besides,the costs of the four disposal methods are also compared with the traditional one. In the end,to realize application of microwave in large-scale disposal,the difficulties of industrialization of equipment must be resolved,and microwave technology in the field of fly ash disposal has to be studied further.

With the rapid development of Chinese economy,the fossil fuel consumption,such as coal,petroleum,etc.,is increasing continually so that the haze appears frequently and the areas of acid rain continue to expand. A large amount of sulfur dioxide emissions have led to the current situation that the pressure on the environment has intensified. This paper briefly introduces the technologies of dry,semi dry and wet flue gas desulfurization and their advantages and disadvantages. Advantages and disadvantages of different wet flue gas desulfurization methods,such as limestone-gypsum method,sodium alkali method,ammonia method,magnesium method,organic amine method,sea water method,phosphate rock slurry method were discussed. The main aim of this paper is to elaborate the new phosphate rock slurry method and its desulfurization mechanism as well as comparing the characteristics and application range of different wet desulphurization technologies. Through economic analysis of phosphate rock slurry and sodium alkali method,limestone-gypsum and magnesium method wet flue gas desulfurization technology,the running cost of phosphate rock slurry wet flue gas desulfurization technology is the lowest among those technologies. The recovery of sulfur dioxide becomes sulfuric acid by catalytic oxidation,getting into phosphorus chemical industry chain and replacing some of the sulfuric acid. The method has no by-products and no secondary pollution and is suitable for enterprises and parks with phosphate rock production. The principle of phosphate rock slurry wet flue gas desulfurization technology can be extended to the wet metallurgical enterprises.

By analyzing the alkalization degree of existing industrial-grade polymeric aluminum chloride in the laboratory and investigating several chemical reagent factories,we obtained that the alkalization degree of polymeric aluminum chloride commonly used on site is between 1.5—2.7. By synthesizing polymeric aluminum chloride with different alkalization degrees (2.0—2.4),we conducted a systematic coagulation experiment on the simulation of scale-forming water,and investigated the influence of alkalization degree on the coagulation silica removal of polymeric aluminum chloride. The results show that the alkalization degree will determine the distribution of aluminum speciation and therefore influence the effect of coagulation silicon removal. As the alkalization degree increases,the content of Al_a gradually decreases,the content of Al_b first increases and then decreases,while the content of Al_c gradually increases. After simulation of wastewater treatment,the residual silicate speciation is largely different. After silicon removal of polymeric aluminum chloride (2.0),the content of Si_a changes to 32.1mg/L,and the content of Si_c changes to 15.3mg/L;after silicon removal of polymeric aluminum chloride (2.2),the content of Si_a changes to 28.71mg/L,and the content of Si_c changes to 30.5mg/L;after silicon removal of polymeric aluminum chloride (2.4),the content of Si_a changes to 22.4mg/L,and the content of Si_c changes to 41.2mg/L. The proportion in the decrease of Si_a is the largest after silicon removal of polymeric aluminum chloride (2.0),and the proportion in the decrease of Si_c is the largest after silicon removal of polymeric aluminum chloride (2.4). With the increase of alkalization degree,the total residual silicon contents are respectively 47.4mg/L,59.5mg/L and 63.6mg/L. Within the author's scope of research,the lower the alkalization degree,the better the effect of silica removal.

In the process of sodium silicate preparation with hot alkali dissolving micro silicon powder,silica conversion is low. A new approach of acid leaching pretreatment to removing the metal impurity of micro silicon powder was proposed in this study. The method can strengthen the hot alkali dissolution process and improve the conversion rate of silica. The effects of acid types,acid concentrations,temperatures,solid-liquid ratio and reaction time on leaching rate of metal impurities were investigated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer(XRF),ice emission scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum analyzer(SEM-EDS),X-ray diffractometer(XRD)and titration analysis. The reinforcement of the acid leaching process of micro silicon powder on hot alkali dissolution process was also studied. The appropriate reaction condition was as follows:2mol/L HCl,reaction temperature 60℃,solid-liquid ratio 1:(6—8),the reaction time 40—60min. At the beginning of the dissolution process,the dissolution rate of micro silicon powder,after acid leaching,was improved from 46.62% to 61.91%. The results showed that the pretreatment of micro silicon powder with acid leaching had good strengthening effect on the dissolution process,and raised the transformation rate of silica. This will increase the utilization ratio of micro silicon powder as well as to meet the module claim industrial sodium silicate[Na₂O·(2.5—3)SiO₂].

The low-temperature pyrolysis experiments of brown coal(AL),ulva(SC) and their blends were performed. The results show that pyrolysis oil appears to decrease after the increase trend with SC ratio increasing. When SC ratio is 30%,the yield of pyrolysis oil rises to the highest of 12.50 %. The content of alkanes in pyrolysis oil increased by 23.54% on the basis of original content,improving the quality of pyrolysis oil to a certain degree. The pyrolysis characteristics of SC,AL and the blend was studied by thermogravimetric analyzer. Results show that the presence of SC lowers the initial pyrolysis temperature and fasters the weight loss of AL. The residual weight of blend is less than the calculated value at 300—700℃,indicating the promoting effect of SC on the pyrolysis process. The co-pyrolysis reactions were in accordance with first order kinetic equation model. There exists compensation effect between activation energy(E_a) and pre-exponential factor(A). Both E_a and A of co-pyrolysis decrease compared with those of AL pyrolysis alone.

Currently,the researches on metal corrosion are mostly focused on factors which affect the corrosion and the anticorrosion technology. The literature on metal corrosion economy of heat exchanger is comparatively less. This paper adopted the loss of mass experiment by hanging metal specimen and the SEM analysis to study the self-corrosion rate and galvanic-corrosion rate of carbon steel 10^#,copper T2,stainless steel 316L and aluminum alloy LF21 in sea water and sewage respectively as well as the micro corrosion morphology. In addition,the use of fuzzy synthetic evaluation method provides the basis for selecting metal materials of heat-exchange equipment reasonably. The results show that copper T2,stainless steel 316L and aluminum alloy LF21 are all corrosion-resisting metal,and stainless steel 316L has the best corrosion resistance in both static and flowing water environment. Aluminum alloy LF21 is more corrosion-resistant than carbon steel 10^# and copper T2 as long as it is not in a galvanic couple strictly. It is excellent on both corrosion resistance and economy. Although carbon steel 10^# is poor in corrosion resistance,it is the most common metal material in the actual project because of its better economical benefits.

Using sewage source heat pump to heat and ventilate for building is an effective way of energy saving and emission reduction. However,fouling of heat exchanger remains an urgent and unresolved issue. In order to solve this problem,the solid-liquid fouling fluidized-removing technology was applied for fouling prevention and removing of sewage heat exchanger. A set of fouling removing system using sand as fouling removing particles was established in this paper. Combined theory analysis with experimental validation,the optimal flow rate,the heat transfer enhancement effect,the optimal technological parameters of anti-attrition and the fouling removing ability of fouling fluidized-removing were discussed. The experimental results showed that the sand grains with the diameter of 2—3mm could be fluidized if the flow rate of the sewage reached 0.87m/s.The recycling efficiency of the sand grains was almost 95%. The on-line cleaning was realized. The fouling fluidized-removing technology could effectively remove soft dirt and rust of sewage heat exchanger. The heat transfer coefficient increased by 25.6% after the fouling removing system continued to run 24 hours. In order to induce attrition and assure the fouling removing efficiency,the optimum parameters were set as follow:Volume fraction of sand was 4% and the flow rate was stirring-up velocity.

With the rapid development of catering industry in China,a large number of cooking fumes containing harmful gases and carcinogens have been emitted directly into the air,which need to be treated urgently. However,the purification efficiency of traditional methods is low and cannot meet the emission standard. To solve this problem,a composite cooking fume purifier was developed using technologies of centrifuge,filtration,corona discharge and photolysis. The purification efficiency,discharge current,and ozone concentration were studied. The results showed that when using the technologies of centrifuge,filtration and corona discharge,the purification efficiency was the most stable and kept about 95% with the increase of working hours. When there were filter layers,the discharge current in the electrostatic section decreased slowly over time,and it was more slowly at the negative corona discharge at the same voltage. When there was electrostatic section,the ozone concentration of cooking fume purifier was the highest,and it decreased most slowly after adding filter layers. Overall,the filtration technology could effectively improve the purification efficiency,slow down the decline of discharge current and ozone concentration.

The traditional heavy oil thermal recovery wastewater treatment process is comprised of oil eliminating and softening. The effluent quality is comparably poor which can only be used as make up water for once-through small steam injection boiler. Because the parameter of small steam injection boiler is low,both the boiler blowdown and energy consumption are high. The oil extraction steam cost is raised subsequently. Aimed at the problem,a novel heavy oil thermal recovery wastewater treatment process that comprises of pretreatment,bio-treatment,membrane,and mixed bed technology was developed. Operating performance of individual sub-system was investigated by model experiments to enhance the treatment efficiency and to make it possible to reuse the product water as high parameter power plant unit make up water. As a result,the objective to replace the small steam injection boiler by combined heat and power generation unit to reduce the oil extraction steam fee could be achieved. Results show that the operating performance of all sub-system is stable when the heavy oil thermal recovery wastewater was treated by the new process. The average TOC[w1] was about 22mg/L when the wastewater was treated by the silica removal and softening pretreatment system and the evaporator. The TOC was decreased to about 6mg/L in the BAF[w2] effluent,and it was continued to decrease to about 0.15mg/L in the UF-RO effluent. The conductivity,silica and TOC of the final product water were less than 0.15μS/cm,10μg/L and 200μg/L respectively when the UF-RO effluent was treated by mixed bed ion exchanger subsequently. This water quality could meet the demand of high parameter power plant boiler and the direct operating cost is 8.05yuan/ton of product water.

Mono-ethanol amine(MEA) absorption technology for decreasing the emission of carbon dioxide is considered to be one of the most viable carbon dioxide capture,transportation and storage (CCS) capture technologies. Aiming at the patents of MEA technologies and through establishing the patent searching and analysis methods,it is thought that the MEA patents based on CCS have increased quickly in recent ten years. There are many MEA patents in American,China,Japan and Australia. Especially,China and Korea have a lot of MEA patents in recent three years. Different countries have different emphases and superiorities in MEA patents. American,Japan,Russian and other countries may focus on MEA practical application patents including decreasing-carbon from gas,equipment,material and so on,while China is inclined to studies on basic methods of MEA. These results will help to supply the reference for Chinese MEA technology R&D and their patent applications and protection.