Energy consumption revolution is an important part of "Four Revolutions" in China's energy sector. It is of great realistic significance for the realization of China's rational consumption and use of energy. The current situation of China's energy consumption structure and existing problems are discussed. Energy consumption should focus on consumer demand and environmental requirements of industrial fuel system, transportation fuel system and life fuel system, realizing clean and efficient use of coal in industrial fuel system, actively promoting transportation fuel substitution and new energy vehicle development, orderly advancing coal-to-gas switch and coal-to-electricity switch in life fuel system. Meanwhile, China should speed up energy market reform, accelerate development of new energy, and strictly control total amount of energy consumption growth, achieving the energy consumption goal of cleaniness, efficiency and low cost to boost China's sustainable social and economic development.

Microreactor belongs to the miniature chemical reaction system, which has some characteristics of high heat-and mass-transfer rates, strictly-controlled reaction time, easy scale-up, excellent safety performance, and so on. Comparing with the common batch reactors, advantages of microreactors are reducing reaction time, greatly promoting conversion and yields. On the other hand, there are some existing challenges, such as the clogging problem, catalyst loading, design and fabrication of microchannels, and so on. This paper aims to introduce the microreactor technology, which has been growing rapidly in recent years. Some of the basic characteristics of microreactor are summarized focusing on applications of microreactor in chemistry and chemical engineering as well as some of typical examples of existing in fine chemical and pharmaceutical industry. A variety of challenges are also discussed. Microreactor is a frontier and hot topic in the research of chemistry and chemical engineering and analysis shows that microreactor still has very big development space and has the potential to change the chemistry and chemical engineering landscape. In the future, further in-depth and systematic understanding of the regularities and mechanisms of chemical reaction in microreactor and design of microchannels should be emphasized. Introducing the microreactor technology into more reaction systems and further improving the integration level still need to be perfected.

As a typical representative of the third-generation anaerobic bioreactor, the expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB) reactor, having the advantages of higher volumetric loading and better shock resistance performance than the upflow anaerobic sludge bed(UASB) reactor, as well as low occupation and biogas generation. And it has been widely applied in various high-strength organic wastewater treatment at home and abroad. The configuration principle and operation process of the EGSB reactor was introduced. The relevant literatures in recent years were analyzed statistically, reflecting the development of the reactor from lab-scale to plant-scale. The basic research of the reactor were reviewed in terms of the methane production, anaerobic ammonia oxidation(ANAMMOX), hydrogen production and simultaneous removal of sulfur and nitrogen. And the application status of the methane production EGSB reactor was discussed by different process couplings including biofilm, sequencing activated sludge and conventional activated sludge process, showing favorable unit and overall treatment results. Additionally, the coupling of the reactor and novel technology suggested a preferable future.

Oil-water emulsions have wide range of applications in the field of petrochemicals, food, medicine and others. The stability of emulsion has been a research hotspot. This paper reviewed research methods of emulsion stability in recent years, summarized the progress of research techniques from three aspects and made brief comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of the same scale. On the macro-scale, emulsion stability analyzers and low-field NMR are used to characterize the phase separation process, which simplifies the test operation and renders a more accurate result. On mesoscopic scale, the in situ characterization of emulsion droplet size can be achieved by fitting calculation of the optical and NMR results. On the micro-scale, the accurate characterization of interfacial film stability is realized by the development and introduction of micropipette, microscopic observation technologies and others, which includes the research of mechanical strength, thickness and morphology of interfacial film. In addition, this article also identified the integrated use of different methods in in-depth inquiring the stability mechanism, analyzed trends of research methods in oil-water emulsion stability, and noted that in situ characterization technology is the development direction of emulsion stability research.

At present, the processes of potassium extraction form potassium feldspar were more complex and the energy consumption was large. In this paper, a new method of hydrothermal reaction for potassium extraction assisted with microwave radiation was proposed. The potassium feldspar was pretreated by microwave radiation, and then potassium ions were extracted by hydrothermal reaction system at low temperature. The effects of microwave radiation time and microwave radiation power on the dissolution rate of potassium were studied, and the phases and microstructure of specimens after different conditions of extraction were investigated using X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Through adjustment and optimization of reaction conditions, the optimum conditions was obtained when microwave irradiation power of 600W, the microwave irradiation time of 15min, the temperature of 180℃ and the hydrothermal reaction time of 180min. The results showed that the dissolution rate of potassium by 92% under the optimal conditions. Microwave radiation made changes in the surface potassium extraction of the residues before and after the pretreatment of potassium feldspar which generated products like K_0.85Na_0.15AlSiO₄, and increased the dissolution properties of potassium feldspar. New product such as Na₈Al₆Si₆O₂₄(OH)₂(H₂O)₂ was generated after reaction. This method can effectively save the reaction time and energy in the process during the reaction.

Most studies on the comparison of organic Rankine cycle(ORC) without internal heat exchanger(IHE) and ORC with internal heat exchanger(IORC) mainly focused on thermal performance changes with the initial parameters, but researches on the comparison based on heat absorption amount are rare. This paper established two systems, ORC without IHE and IORC, with the flue gas as the heat source. Based on the heat absorption amount change with changing the parameter of heat source, the regularity of changes of inlet temperature, net work, heat consumption and exergy loss in the two systems mentioned were analyzed with ten selected fluids, and the better working fluids and their compatibilities with internal heat exchanger showed up. The results showed that when the heat source enters the system at 150℃ and exits between 70℃ to 90℃, plus the pinch temperature keeps at 10℃, IORC is more suitable for the low heat absorption amount area;in the high area, IORC increases little in the thermodynamic performance, and sometimes IORC performs even worse than non-IHE ORC;Through comprehensive comparison, R236ea and R600a are the best choices, and R245fa and R600 are relatively suitable fluids;The difference of thermodynamic performance between the two systems using R123 as working fluid is little, the maximum difference of the heat consumption and net work between IORC and ORC system is only about 600kJ/kg and 2kW, and R123 have worse thermal compatibility with internal heat exchanger.

To know more about the application scope of heat-integrated distillation technology and acquire optimal column schemes, based on four binary systems with increasing relative volatility, the conventional distillation column and four heat-integrated distillation column configurations (a vapor recompression distillation column, an ideal internally heat-integrated distillation column, a simplified internally heat-integrated distillation column, a pressure-swing thermal-coupled distillation column) were optimized for minimizing total annual cost in this work with Aspen Plus. The heat-integrated distillation columns would show lower energy consumption and better economic performance when separating mixtures with close relative volatility, among which the vapor recompression and pressure-swing thermal-coupled distillation columns were the most promising ones. The conventional distillation column was an appropriate choice for mixtures of which relative volatility was relatively large. In addition, as payback period decreased, the economic advantage of heat-integrated distillation columns would also drop compared to the conventional distillation column.

Natural gas hydrate is a kind of complex clathrate crystal formed by water and natural gas molecules, which has an important significance for research and utilization in industries of oil/gas pipeline transportation, natural gas storage and refrigeration. While the formation and growth of natural gas hydrate is a complex process involving multi-components and multistages, and the influence of different factors on hydrate formation and growth still needs to be understood. This paper introduces the physical process of natural gas formation and three hypotheses of natural gas nucleation. Then, the influences of substrate amphipathy, additives, porous media environment and impurities, liquid composition, temperature, pressure and flow conditions on hydrate formation and growth are discussed. At last, this paper points out that quantification of inhibition of hydrate caused by different crude oil compositions, influence of wax on mass transfer and heat transfer during hydrate growth, and a microscopic mechanism of kinetic hydrate inhibition should be further studied in the future.

Microfluidic fuel cells typically operate in a co-laminar flow configuration and the streams of fuel and oxidant are separated naturally without membrane, which can lower cost and improve flexibility of battery design. Microfluidic fuel cells with the advantages of small volume, light weight and large capacity is one of the latest development directions of fuel cell. However, the related research in China is scarcely reported. This paper briefly summarizes the composition, such as fuel, oxidant, electrolyte and restricting factors of microfluidic fuel cell. The development status of flow-over, flow-through and air-breathing microfluidic fuel cell are reviewed on the basis of recent worldwide research publications. Air-breathing microfluidic fuel has much room for improvement and can realize simultaneous improvement of both fuel efficiency and power density by improving anodic reaction kinetics and optimizing the types, concentrations and velocities of fuel and oxidant, and has a good application prospect. Furthermore, the future research directions are presented.

Shale gas, a typical unconventional natural gas mainly consisting of methane, is of great importance to optimize energy consumption structure and to mitigate energy dependence on import. Previous study has shown that shale gas is present in shale reservoir mainly due to adsorption. Thus, a review of adsorption performance of shale is of importance for effective exploration of shale gas. In this work, the recent research progress of adsorption performance of shale is summarized. The adsorption mechanism of shale gas is analyzed. The future work focused on shale and shale gas is also indicated. Shale gas in shale reservoir is accumulated as free state, dissolved state and adsorbed state. The shale gas in adsorbed state accounts for more than forty percent of the total amount of shale gas. Shale gas reserve is greatly dependent on physico-chemical characteristics, temperature and pressure of shale reservoirs. Although investigations on shale gas have been initiated, the depth and scope of study is still inferior to other unconventional natural gas, such as coal-bed methane. Thus, future investigations on adsorption performance of shale could include ①exploration of the geologic characteristics of shale gas reservoirs, ②elaboration of fluid-solid interaction between methane and shale, and ③further implementation of CO₂ sequestration in shale reservoirs with enhanced shale gas recovery due to superior adsorption performance of CO₂ to methane.

As a cost-effective method of enhanced oil recovery, air injection enhanced oil recovery technology has gained widespread attentions from all over the world. Studies on the oxidation reaction of air injection and its kinetics can be used for feasibility evaluations of its applications in oilfield and accelerating the rate of oxygen consumption and therefore ensuring the security of production process. The research progress of oxidation reaction model and kinetics of air injection in crude oil is reviewed in this paper. Both the advantages and disadvantages of these oxidation reaction models were discussed, and it was concluded that the isoconversional method would be a powerful tool in the future for crude oil oxidation kinetics studies. Besides, suitable oxidation reaction model for specific reservoir, effects of total pressure or oxygen partial pressure on the oxidation rate of crude oil, and oxygen reaction order should be further studied.

Air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cell (AB-PEMFC) is able to actively absorbing air, and widely applied in various mobile power system due to its high energy transition efficiency and the product's environmental friendship. However, before the commercialization of AB-PEMFC, it must solve the problems such as fuel leakage, water produced by reactions, heat dissipation, stability of long-time running and the dry-out of the membrane or catalyst layer caused by reactant gas without sufficient external humidification and the electro-osmotic drag, diffusion and evaporation of inner water molecules. Thus this paper introduces research progress on key components of AB-PEMFC, for example, design of novel hole patterns for transporting water and oxygen on cathode current collector of single cell and selection of materials for gas diffusion layer and bipolar plate. It also presents methods of adding hydrophilic materials into catalyst layer or modifying the substrate of catalyst to fabricate self-humidifying membrane electrode assembly (MEA). By introducing a few application examples, we present the progress trends and applications of AB-PEMFC. Furthermore, some methods to improve the performance of AB-PEMFC have also been summarized.

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) bio-crude from microalgae cannot be directly used as transportation fuels, but can find new applications when integrated with modern petroleum processing techniques. The physical properties of HTL bio-crude from microalgae, including density, viscosity, acidity, elemental composition, heating value, boiling range distribution and average molecular weight, were summarized and compared to heavy crude oil and residue oil. The measuring methods were also briefly introduced. Upgrading of HTL bio-crude from microalgae was reviewed based on comparing various upgrading methods and performances. It is important to point out that compared with heavy crude oil and residue oil, HTL bio-crude from microalgae has similar density and viscosity, higher acidity, lower heating value, higher content of oxygen and nitrogen and high boiling point components and larger average molecular weight. Hydrotreating of HTL bio-crude from microalgae can significantly improve its quality. However, it was constrained by coking of the reactor, high catalysts cost and hydrogen consumption.

The low-temperature co-pyrolysis experiments of Australia lignite(AL) blending different proportions of ulva are undertaken. The results show that the amount of pyrolysis oil decreases after a prior increase with the increase of ulva blending ratio, indicating an inhibition effect after first promotion compared with calculated values. When the blending ratio is 30%, the yield of pyrolysis oil rises to 12.5%, an increase of 26.01% to that with pure lignite and reaches the most-positive deviation to the theoretical values. The alkane in co-pyrolysis oil increases by 34.46% in comparison to that with the pure lignite through GC-MS measurements, which improves the quality of pyrolysis oil. Co-pyrolysis chars exhibit depth cracks, improved reactivity and adsorption by the SEM analysis. Co-pyrolysis chars therefore have a wider range of industrial applications.

The development of advanced single site catalysts provided us tremendous opportunities for designing and tailoring the molecular chain structure of polyolefins. However, designing, preparing and optimizing of high temperature stable multi-functional catalysts became core issue to develop high performance and high value added polyolefin products. Firstly, this paper introduced all types of series polyolefin materials and the correlation of melting properties and material behaviors with comonomer content. Secondly, we mainly reviewed:①high temperature stable ethylene/α-olefin copolymerization catalysts, covering modified CGC-titanocenes/half-titanocenes/non-metallocene hafnium; ②half-titanocene and non-metallocene titanium catalysts for ethylene/(styrene, norborene) ser-copolymerization; ③modified C2/C1-symmetric zirconium and high temperature stable non-metallocene hafnium catalysts for stereo-regular propylene homopolymerization and isotactic propylene/ethylene ser-copolymerization; ④heterocycle-containing C2/C1-symmetric zirconocenes for isotactic 1-butene bulk solution polymerization. Meanwhile, more emphases were given to the polymerization behaviors and the tailored chain structures of the corresponding products of these catalysts. At last, it was suggested that future research should be focused on optimizing isotactic non-metallocene hafniums, hetero-cycle/atom containing C2/C1-symmetric zirconocenes and syndiotactic C1-symmetric zirconocenes.

Various novel acidic catalysts in the development history of catalysts, such as molecular sieves, super solid acids, heteropoly acids, ion exchange resins, ionic liquids, are introduced.The products' regioselectivity of p-cresol under the acidic catalysts are also summarized. Through comparing the characteristics of various catalysts and reaction results, ionic liquids are introduced as key points which show both high density acidity by liquid acids and easy separation by non-volatile solid acids. Apart from the acidity of similar to sulfuric acid, ionic liquids also have good features of low consumption, stability to water and air, no pollution and functional design which provide an important research direction for development of the catalysts of p-cresol alkylation reaction. Also, problems of liquid acid catalysts used in industrial such as corrosion and safety can be avoided.

Nanohybrid photocatalysts composed of noble metal nanoparticles (Ag, Au, etc.) with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect and semiconductor nanostructures have become one of the research hotspots in the field of advanced photocatalysis because of their excellent photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. This review summarized some significant research progress about the basic properties, preparation methods and the photocatalytic applications of the plasmonic Ag(Au)/semiconductor nanohybrid photocatalysts. We emphatically introduced the mechanism for the enhanced effect of Ag(Au) nanoparticles with SPR on visible light response photocatalytic activity, as well as the photocatalytic performance of the nanohybrid photocatalysts composed of Ag(Au) nanoparticles and different types of semiconductors, including metal oxides, metal chalcogenides and other semiconductors. The research in this field will focus during the next few years on the microstructure modulation of the novel high-efficiency Ag(Au)/semiconductor nanohybrid photocatalysts and their photocatalytic mechanisms in visible-light-driven organic reactions. This review would provide significant reference for designing Ag(Au)/semiconductor nanohybrid photocatalysts based on the SPR effect, and points out that the research of Ag(Au)/semiconductor nanohybrid photocatalysts is an important direction in developing high-performance visible-lightresponse photocatalysts.

This paper discusses the citric acid treated USY zeolite in detail and the activity of the catalyst was evaluated by the reaction of olefins removal in aromatics with high bromine index. The results showed that the acidity of 0.2mol/L citric acid was suitable for treatment of USY zeolite. The Al removed from the framework of zeolite was in the form of extra-framework Al. It was found that the mesopore area and mesopore volume became larger after modification and the newly generated mesoporous could slow down the deactivation rate. The reduction of the B acid site and the enhancement of the L acid in the samples occurred after the treatment of citric acid. And the deactivation of USY zeolite catalysts was due to a limitation of access of the reactant to the active sites or a blockage of the access. After modified by citric acid, the USY zeolite exhibited a higher catalytic activity in removal of olefins in aromatics than the ordinary clay and the modified clay. Regeneration experiments demonstrated that the activity of the modified USY zeolite was still remained above 90% after three regenerations.

Diatomite supported dawson structure copper phosphotungstate (40%Cu₂H₂P₂W₁₈O₆₂·nH₂O/diatomite) was prepared by liquid impregnation and was characterized with fourier transforming infrared spectrum (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy(EDS). Then it was used to catalyze the cyclodehydration of 1, 4-butanediol to prepare tetrahyfrofuran (THF). The effects of catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time and catalyst reusability were investigated. The results showed that Cu₂H₂P₂W₁₈O₆₂·nH₂O were spherical and distributed evenly on the surface of the diatomite supports which were holemesh-shaped. Copper phosphotungstate kept in the dawson structure before or after supported on the diatomite carrier. Under the optimal reaction conditions, i.e. the mass ratio of catalyst to 1, 4-butanediol 2.3%, reaction temperature 185℃ and reaction time 35min, the yield of THF reached 94.8%. Even used for six times, the catalyst made the yield of THF reach 86.5%. Cu₂H₂P₂W₁₈O₆₂·nH₂O/diatomite catalyst showed good activity, stability and simple process to prepare, providing a new route for the synthesis of THF.

Boron modified K₂O-Cr₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by incipient impregnation. The resulting catalysts had 2% of K₂O and 12% of Cr₂O₃, but different B amout and were investigated under 560℃, isobutane GHSV of 400h-1 and atmosphere in a fixed-bed reactor for its performance in isobutane dehydrogenation. Meanwhile, the catalysts were characterized by means of BET, XRD, NH₃-TPD and O₂-TPO. The results showed that, the addition of B had no significant influence on the structure of the catalysts, but efficiently adjusted the surface acidity of the catalysts, which thereby inhibited the side reaction of cracking and carbon formation, and improved the isobutene selectivity and stability in consequence. However, too much addition of B would result in the aggregation of Cr₂O₃, leading to a decrease of isobutane conversion considering the catalytic activity, stability and isobutene selectivity of the catalysts, we proposed the proper B capacity was around 1.0%.

As a new type of composite ion-exchange membrane, bipolar membrane(BPM) has provided new ideas and solutions for many long-standing problems in the fields of chemical technology, environmental science and energy utilization for its unique advantages. At present, researches about BPM focus on promoting hydrolysis from bipolar membrane, improving the bipolar membrane ion exchange capacity and reducing energy consumption by modification of membrane materials and the middle layer. This paper reviewed the following techniques particularly:hot pressing molding, bonded molding, cast molding and impregnation molding. The principle, applications, advantages and shortcomings of these techniques were analyzed. The modification of membrane materials and the middle layer of BPM were mainly discussed. This paper indicated that the majority of domestic studies on BPM preparation are still in the laboratory stage. Applying grafting, blending and ionizing radiation in the preparation of a bipolar membrane, and looking for new membrane materials with better hydrophilic and high temperature resistance would be very important.

Recently, nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary materials based Li-ion batteries(LIB) have achieved great success in electronic equipment, such as cellphone, computer, digital cameras and so on. Meanwhile, relevant researches and developments also attracted much attention. Nickel-cobaltmanganese ternary material is the most important category of ternary materials, and several products produced from this material have been successfully applied in lithium ion batteries already. This paper reviews the latest research progress of nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary materials, mainly focusing on the synthesis methods, structure, performance, and doping and coating modification of the materials with various compositions, such as 333, 523, 811, 622, and 424 so on. Further, the applications as well as problems of this material have been discussed. The future development trends of this material have also been predicted in this paper.

This paper begins with a review of the research status of microcapsules-based self-healing polymeric materials including dicyclopentadiene-Grubbs catalyst, polydimethylsiloxane-tin (Pt) catalyst, epoxy-curing agent and isocyanate system. Self-healing mechanism and research progress of encapsuled isocyanate self-healing material are summarized. Self-healing function of particles encapsuled isocyanate actived through the curing process of isocyanate agent(mainly includes isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate and its trimer) healing in moisture environment. Following that, the factors (core material, mechanical property of microcapsules and its compatibility with substrate) influencing self-healing properties of microcapsules-based self-healing polymeric materials are briefly discussed. Finally, the future research directions, eg. establishment of self-healing process models and applications of microcapsules to material with microstructure such as grain boundary, porosity, are pointed out and the application prospects(improving the reliability of some high-speed high-risk projects such as aerospace and civil high-speed rail, self-healing coatings and adhesives development) of self-healing materials are exhibited.

Ce-doped CaAl/layered double hydroxide was coated at activated carbon(CeO₂/CaAl-LDHs/AC) by co-precipitation method with the aid of ultrasound. The products was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Flower-like layer structure CeO₂/CaAl-LDHs was well distributed on the surface of active carbon with good thermostability. The adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ), Pb(Ⅱ), fluoride and malachite green by CeO₂/CaAl-LDHs/AC were investigated respectively in aqueous solution. All the adsorption processes agree with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(Ⅵ), Pb(II), fluoride and malachite green are 83.06mg/g, 131.58mg/g, 61.20mg/g and 420.17mg/g at pH=7.0, 45℃ and 2h, respectively.

The magnetic cassava starch microspheres have been prepared using Fe₃O₄ and cassava starch as starting materials. Fourier transform infrared spectrum, X-ray diffraction, thermal analyzer, scanning electron microscope, laser granulometer, and magnetic balance were used to characterize the product. The adsorption behavior of lysozyme on these microspheres was studied. The influence of magnetic microsphere dosage, solution pH, adsorption temperature and time on the adsorption efficiency was evaluated by single factor experiments. The results showed that magnetic starch microspheres contain 19.71% of Fe₃O₄, with D₅₀ (median diameter) of 15.40μm, and magnetic susceptibility of 1.571×10^-3cm³/g. When the dosage of microspheres was 1.25g, with solution pH value of 10, adsorption temperature of 25℃, adsorption time of 80min, the best adsorption efficiency of lysozyme on the microsphere was 84.67%. Based on the correlation coefficient R², the adsorption rate can be better described by pseudo-second-order kinetics(R²=0.99997) than by pseudo-first-order kinetics (R²=0.99174), and the particle diffusion model(R²=0.69996).

The conjugated polymer with an azobenzene backbone can be synthesized by diazotization and coupling using m-phenylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine, o-phenylenediamine and o-aminophenol. The products obtained by different synthesis conditions are very different. For example, the solubility and the conductivity of the products are very different when different amout of NaNO₂ are used. The conductivity of synthetic polymers were studied after doping and the results show that the conductivity of synthetic polymers can be improved by controlling the doping ratio of NaNO₂. As the result, poly (azo-o-phenylenediamine), and poly(azo-o-aminophenol) are relatively more worthy of further study among the four different types of polymers, because they are of semi-solid state and the future research will be focused on their solidification. The novel material will be cheaper and gain more applications.

Because of their short half-life, hydrophilic small molecule drugs need frequent administration and sustained release microspheres can control the release of drug and therefore overcome this disadvantage. This article reviewed the present preparation status and development direction of microencapsulating hydrophilic small molecule drugs, and introduced the advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods from the view of using different support materials. Emulsion solvent evaporation method and phase separation method were elaborated for water-insoluble support materials, while for water-soluble support materials, emulsion crosslinking method and spray drying method were discussed. Then the technical principles and preparation procedures of layer-by-layer self-assembly method and solvent evaporation method with magnetic particles were analyzed. It was pointed out that the development of encapsulating hydrophilic small molecule drugs would favor simple, safe and effective and intelligent target operation.

Glycerol dehydratase and 1, 3-propanediol dehydrogenase are the key enzymes for 1, 3-propanediol metabolism in Clostridium butyricum VPI3266. The gene dhaB consisted of a 3315bp fragment encoding two proteins subunits, glycerol dehydratase and its activator protein, respectively. The former consisted of 2367bp encoding 788 amino acids, which belonged to family gly-Radical. The latter consisted of 918bp encoding 305 amino acids, which belonged to family Radical-SAM. The activity of glycerol dehydratase was determined by expressing dhaB in E. coli. 1, 3-PD dehydrogenase gene dhaT consisted of 1166bp encoding 388 amino acids with calculated molecular mass of 4.19×10⁴. The activity of recombinant β-glucosidase was 5.2U/mL in LB medium by IPTG induction. The optimal activity was achieved at pH=10.0 and 50℃. The purified enzyme was stable over pH range of 8.5-10.0, and had a 2h half-life at 45℃. The V_max and K_m for 1, 3-propanediol was 29.2U/mg and 19.8mmol/L, respectively.

A series of synthesized quinoxalinone compounds have been investigated for their inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The activity data of in vitro and in vivo inhibition of lipid peroxidation has been obtained. These quinoxalinone compounds were found to have excellent antioxidant activity. 2-(3-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl)-2-oxoquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl) acetic acid showed appreciable antioxidant properties, much more potent than other tested compounds, with the inhibition value of 57.7%. Further structure activity relationship analysis demonstrates the importance of the para-hydroxystyryl structure for the quinoxaline derivatives in the antioxidant activity.

Chemo-enzymatic epoxidation of α-pinene was achieved in a non-aqueous system which employed esters as solvent and perhydrolysis substrate, urea-hydrogen peroxide (UHP) as an oxygen source and lipase as catalyst. Different esters were found to affect the reaction significantly. The optimal reaction condition was 30℃ and ethyl propionate as the solvent considering both the reaction rate and the stability of enzyme. Under these conditions, the conversion could achieve 87% after 3h and remain 47.6% after 6 cycles. The synergy toxic effect of H₂O₂ and peracid was more significant than that of single one. It was found that using different acyl donors such as ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, amyl acetate, ethyl caproate and the like, the reaction of lipase-catalyzed production of peracid can all reach equilibrium within 60min. However, the equilibrium concentration of peracid and the rate of chemical epoxidation greatly depended on the ester employed, which in turn affected the overall epoxidation of α-pinene. The mechanism of the reaction with ethyl propionate as the exclusive acyl donor was discussed. The reaction rate and the equilibrium concentration for producing peracid by enzyme with propionic acid was significantly lower than those with esters and it was found that there are competitions between the enzymatic hydrolysis with H₂O and the perhydrolysis with H₂O₂ when H₂O existed, and therefore the nonaqueous environment was more suitable for the epoxidation.

With the improvement of life quality, there has been an increasing demand on high quality and high safety food sweeteners. Sucralose is exactly such an ideal artificial sweetener, which has the features of non-nutritive, low-calorie, high sweetness, high safety, and good flavor. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to study the synthetic methods of sucralose. This paper mainly summarizes the recent progress in the synthetic methods of sucralose, and comprehensive evaluation is given. It is concluded that, while the omni-group protection method contains too many synthetic steps and the mono-group protection method of the acetic anhydride method and trimethyl orthoacetate method are still in development, the organotin method has fewer synthetic steps and the organotin can be recycled, therefore it is considered to be the most applicable in industrial production so far. On the other hand, chemical-enzyme synthetic method, especially the sucrose method, is believed to be the most promising one in the future due to its environment friendly and high selectivity aspect. In addition, there are some other synthetic methods, such as enzymatic hydrolysis of sucralose-6-ester, etc., worthy of further research. Finally, the research trends are also discussed and several development suggestions are proposed.

4-bromothymol was synthesized by the bromination reaction using thymol as starting material. The product was characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR and the product structure was determined. The effects of different solvent, the type and amount of bromine generation agent, the reaction time, the reaction temperature and microwave heating power on the yield of product were discussed. The N-bromobutanimide was used as bromine generation agent and the solvent was ethanol acetic acid. The optimum conditions were:n(thymol):n(N-bromobutanimide)=1:1.5. The reaction temperature was 20℃, the reaction time was 15min, the microwave heating power was 500W. Under the above optimal conditions, 4-bromothymol yield was 65.1%.

1, 3, 2-dioxathiolane-2, 2-dioxide was synthesized by ethylene glycol and thionyl chloride, with the heterogeneous catalyst of ruthenium(III) chloride and various oxidants. The product was characterized by ¹H NMR and IR spectra. The effects of different oxidants, molar ratio of raw materials, reaction temperature, reaction time, and the amount of oxidants and catalyst on the yield of target product were investigated. The optimal reaction conditions were determined as:n(thionyl chloride):n(ethylene glycol)=1.2:1, m(sodium periodate):m(ethylene glycol)=3:1, m(catalyst): m(ethylene glycol)=0.002:1 and the reaction were carried out at 40℃ for 60 min using sodium periodate as oxidant. The yield of the product could reach 81.25% under the above optimal reaction conditions. The new process has the advantages of fewer by-products, lower toxicity and higher yield and therefore are more valuable in practical application.

This paper summarized the applications of iron sulfide nanoparticles in environment in last twenty years. Synthesizing method of iron sulfide nanoparticles, pollutants removal mechanism, and influences of solution components on reaction system were described in detail. Iron sulfide nanoparticles could be used in the removal of heavy metal ions such as cadmium, mercury, uranium, and technetium, the dechlorination of chlorinated organic compounds, and the advanced oxidation process for resistant organic pollutants degradation. The removal pathways, mainly including adsorption, precipitation, co-precipitation, reduction and catalytic oxidation, were described in this paper elaborately. Although the iron sulfide nanoparticles has achieved good performance in pollutant treatment field, but there are still problems such as, the presence of ions and humic acids in reaction solution which can cause agglomeration, corrosion of nanoparticles, and competitive adsorption. Up to date, the research on iron sulfide nanoparticles's property is still inadequate, and subsequent researches on the migration, transportation, and transformation of iron sulfide nanoparticles during reaction in environment and their influences on pollutants removal are needed.

Water quality and influence factors of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater and characteristics of treatment technologies were summarized. Future development of FGD wastewater treatment technologies was pointed out. Understanding the characteristics of FGD wastewater is critical to managing its impacts on wastewater system of power plant, the use of coal and limestone, as well as the design and operation of the scrubber. FGD wastewater treatment technologies are classified into four categories, namely, traditional treatment technologies, such as chemical precipitation, advanced treatment technologies, such as biological treatment, zero discharge technologies, such as evaporation treatment in flue duct and other technologies, such as vapor-compression evaporation, respectively. Because of the low discharge standard in China, all technologies except precipitation pond can meet the standard. Up till now, chemical precipitation, as a mature technology, is widely applied in many power plants, which can make FGD wastewater meet the discharge standard, but has low treatment efficiency on Cl^-、Hg and Se. By viewing the FGD wastewater treatment situation in China, evaporation treatment in flue duct, as zero discharge method, is considered a potential technology, which has low operating cost but has the possible problems of system corrosion and negative effect on fly ash reuse.

The major categories of catalytic ozonation have been introduced in this paper. The catalytic mechanisms and existing applications in refractory petrochemical wastewater of homogeneous catalytic ozonation and heterogeneous catalytic ozonation were described respectively. A brief analysis of catalytic mechanism and the main functions of activated carbon in heterogeneous catalytic ozonation were given. The effects of pH, temperature, catalyst system, dosage and the mode of dosage of ozone and catalyst were discussed respectively. On the basis of existing research, the combination of catalytic ozonation with biochemical treatment was proposed and its feasibility was proved. Intending research direction of catalytic ozonation was predicted. According to the problems in the treatment of refractory petrochemical wastewater by activated carbon in catalytic ozonation process, we should strengthen the research on the modification of activated carbon, meanwhile, a thorough study of some process should be carried out in order to obtain a comprehensive grasp of the possible problems. Finally, we should put an effort to improve and perfect the catalytic mechanism.

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) integrates anaerobic biotechnology with membrane separation technology. It has the advantages of high loading rate, low energy consumption, biogas production and high-rate interception. Thus, it has a great potential in the treatment of high concentration organic wastewater. However, the engineering operation parameters of the AnMBR in the world were still limited. Moreover, the membrane pollution is the major cause preventing AnMBR from application, so the pollution has been the research hot spot these years. In this paper, the features of the process and the structure of the AnMBR were outlined, and the application status of the projects at home and abroad was summarized. At present the external type was popular in application. And the built-in type has been receiving attention due to its distinctive features. The engineering application status of the AnMBR and its combination process were reviewed, such technology was partly in the lab-scale. The domestic application of engineering of AnMBR was fallen behind that at abroad. The membrane fouling mechanism was explored, so as the effects of other elements(membrane components, sludge characteristics and operation conditions)contributing to membrane fouling. Furthermore, the prevention and controlling measures of the membrane fouling were put forward to provide the references for the relative researches and applications.

The situation of SO_x emission from ships is becoming increasingly serious. Seawater desulphurization technology is paid great attention due to its advantages, such as low operation cost, abundant resources of desulfurizer and non-solid waste. The effects of alkalinity and salinity of seawater, metal cations such as Ca²⁺, temperature, liquid-gas ratio and SO₂ initial concentration on desulfurization efficiency were analyzed. Improving alkalinity of seawater is proposed to be the most direct and efficient way to enhance desulfurization efficiency. Research hotspots, including how to increase alkalinity of seawater, how to decrease the size of desulphurization system and how to removal SO_x and NO_x simultaneously, were outlined. According to mobility of ship, problems existed in applying seawater desulfurization technology to ship were introduced. Without influence on reliability of desulfurization equipment, developing environmental and efficient additives will be a focus of study on improving alkalinity of seawater. How to oxidize SO₃^2- efficiently in desulfurization tower provides a vital research orientation in term of reduction on the size of desulfurization system. Seawater desulphurization technology applied to ships in the future will be developed in a more efficient, economic and environment-friendly way.

Solar-assisted carbon capture, which integrates three technologies of energy efficient, renewable energy utilization, CO₂ capture together, is a reasonable solution to mitigate the challenge of climate change. The research status of solar-assisted carbon capture of post-combustion, pre-combustion and oxygen-combustion is summarized in terms of separation method and technology, etc. Then separation processes of different technologies are evaluated using ideal minimum separation work and thermodynamic separation efficiency. Finally, several potential directions of solar-assisted carbon capture in the future may be the basic theory of energy efficiency, highly-efficient integration and cascade utilization. The separation model would not fit to the second generation technologies and the framework of carbon capture would be expanded. Solar-assisted links would be added as well from carbon capture to transportation and storage. Cascade utilization of solar-assisted carbon capture would become more flexible.

As the most promising renewable resource, lignocellulose may replace the existing liquid fuel. Lignin is one of the main components of lignocellulose biomass cell walls and therefore developing high value-added products from lignin will greatly improve the economic efficiency in recycling biomass to energy. This paper reviewed the advantages of the auto-catalytic ethanol refining technology. Compared with other pulping technology, it can not only separate highly active lignin from lignocellulose biomass feedstock, but also attain high-value co-products, for instance the furfural, oligosaccharide, levulinic acid, formic acid and acetic acid, etc. Simultaneously, the extracting liquor can be recycled. In the review, based on the characteristics of auto-catalytic ethanol refining lignocellulose biomass feedstocks, we introduced the advantages of high value application of highly active lignin separated from the lignocellulose biomass via autocatalytic ethanol refining. Furthermore, the utilizations of products prepared from the lignin were reported, which provides a new way in large scale development and utilization of lignocellulose biomass lignin in industries.

The TG-MS technique was used to analyze the slow pyrolysis characteristics of municipal sewage sludge and the transformation mechanism of gaseous nitrogen compounds in the pyrolysis process. The dynamic change of functional groups on the surface of solid residual coke in sludge pyrolysis process was detected by an in-situ infrared spectrometer. Results showed that the pyrolysis process of primary sludge has been finished before 500℃ whereas due to the addition of mineral salts there is a relatively large weightlessness peak around 700℃ in the secondary sludge pyrolysis process. The generations of both HCN and NH₃ in secondary sludge pyrolysis process are less than those of primary sludge. It means that release of HCN and NH₃ is restrained on account of the addition of mineral substances. Whereas the added gives rise to the promoting of HNCO above 400℃. Cyclic amide materials, nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds and nitrile materials can be produced from the thermal decomposition of protein and those compounds are eventually converted to HCN, which is the main source of HCN in the pyrolysis process. When the temperature is below 400℃, NH₃ is mainly derived from the decomposition of ammonium salt and the conversion from HCN, while the thermal decomposition of protein contributes slightly to the generation of NH₃. When the temperature is above 400℃, NH₃ has not been detected. It means that the secondary reactions of volatile have minor impact on the formation of NH₃ in this temperature range. In the range of 300-480℃, a large number of oxygen free radicals is produced from thermal decomposition of lignin, this leads to the conversion of HCN into N₂O and the conversion of HNCO into NO.

A novel cationic decolorant was synthesized by using dicyandiamide and formaldehyde as the main raw material, modified by urea and melamine. The flocculation ability of the polycondensate was studied by the flocculating sedimentation experiment in the simulated dyestuff wastewater that used acid red 18. Effects of material molar ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature on the performance of decolorant were studied by the single factor experiments. Mixed usage with polymeric aluminium chloride was also investigated. The infrared spectrogram showed that the product is the modified compound. The results showed that the modified decolorant had a better performance than the unmodification decolorant. The optimum conditions are that reaction temperature is 80℃, reaction time is 3h and the molar ratio of dicyandiamide to formaldehyde to ammonium chloride to urea to melamine is 1:3.5:0.75:0.13:0.03. When the best dosage of modified decolorant is 120mg/L, the decolorization rate is 94.6%. PAC is used alone with the optimal dosage of 60mg/L, the decolorization rate is only 57.6%. When the modified decolorant mixed with PAC which dosage is unchanged, the dosage of the modified decolorant is 80mg/L the decoloring rate reached 94.8%. The mixed usage of the modified decolorant and PAC not only benefit the decoloration efficiency but also reduce the dosage of the modified decolorant that made the processing cost reduced.

In order to enhance the effect of pulse discharge on degradation of organic matter, a pulse discharge system of single needle-plate electrode aimed at phenol was established. The paper investigated the effect of various factors on phenol degradation and analyzed the degradation of intermediate products and their concentrations in the degradation process. Such factors, as pulse voltage, electrode spacing, needle-liquid spacing, pulse frequency, and air volume, had a great influence on the degradation rate of phenol. Phenol degradation rate increased with the increase of pulse voltage and tended to stablize while pulse voltage reached a specific value. With the increase of electrode spacing, needle-liquid spacing, pulse frequency, air volume, degradation rate of phenol increased, but, would decrease while each factor was greater than a specific value. Under the best condition of 10mm electrode spacing, 7.5mm needle-liquid spacing, 26kV pulse voltage, 70Hz pulse frequency and 1.5L/min aeration, phenol degradation rate was 64.63% when 100mL concentration of 100mg/L of phenol wastewater was discharged for 60min. In addition, phenol degradation rate reached 85.02% when wastewater was discharged for 140min. The concentration of byproducts such as resorcinol, hydroquinone, benzoquinone and catechol increased firstly, then decreased gradually and eventually disappeared with the increase of discharge time. Besides, concentration of resorcinol was the lowest and appeared in two stages, that of benzoquinone was the largest, and catechol disappeared first. The completeness of phenol degradation could be improved by studying the change of byproducts.

The adsorption efficiency of the anionic azo dye (methyl red) on amino-modified ordered mesoporous silica (NH₃⁺-MCM-41) have been investigated. The research results indicate that the surface charge of MCM-41 are redistributed after the amino modification. By means of the electrostatic effect, the adsorption efficiency of methyl red on NH₃⁺-MCM-41 was 90.4% which was 1.1 times more than that on the unmodified MCM-41. The pH value of the solution determines the surface charge of NH₃⁺-MCM-41 and then affects the adsorption efficiency, and the optimal pH value is 4. The impurity ions in the methyl red solution also influence the adsorption efficiency through competitive adsorption. When the solution contains only Cl^- and NO₃^-, there is little effect on the adsorption efficiency. But when the solution contains the weak acid anion with high valence, such as CO₃^2- and HPO₄^2-, the adsorption efficiency is greatly reduced and there is no methyl red adsorbed. Through the adsorption kinetics study, the adsorption rate is quasi second order rather than quasi first order, indicating the presence of chemical adsorption, which involves electron sharing or electron transfer between the agent and the adsorbate.

The present paper presents the investigation of fuel nitrogen transfer of anthracite in chemical looping combustion (CLC) with an iron ore oxygen carrier based on a small scale fluidized bed reactor. With respect to its volatile nitrogen and char nitrogen conversion behavior, the combustion characteristics of volatile matter and its corresponding char were experimentally investigated. The nitrogen intermediates (HCN and NH₃) from fuel nitrogen had a high chemical affinity with the bed materials of the iron ore oxygen carrier towards formation of N₂ and NO. During the volatile nitrogen conversion of the Huaibei anthracite, NO was the sole product of nitrogen oxide. Meanwhile, some HCN and NH₃ were released and the NH₃ concentration was higher than HCN. In the reduction process of char combustion, part of NO was formed due to the oxidation of HCN and NH₃ by the iron ore, and there was no N₂O formation in the process. A high reduction temperature accelerated formation of NO. To reduce the amount of char into the oxidation process, that is oxygen carrier regeneration process, could totally reduce evolution of NO and N₂O in the air reactor.

Based on the data mining and patentometric analysis of Chinese invention patents, an overview of anode materials for lithium-ion battery is presented. The results show that the lithium ion battery anode materials have achieved sustained growth for several years, but now the growth speed has slowed down. According to the nationality analysis of the applicants, a large number of patents are from Chinese and Japanese applicants and the domestic applicants are mainly from Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing and Zhejiang. In addition, with analysis of the patents from key companies, we can better understand the technology hotspots distribution of anode materials for lithium-ion battery.