Research progress and perspective of diesel reforming to hydrogen production for fuel cell applications

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-0539

Abstract

Abstract:

Due to the obvious defects in hydrogen storage density, energy consumption and the relative infrastructure construction, the existing hydrogen storage technology is difficult to meet the commercial needs of fuel cell technology. The on site hydrogen production technology has attracted the abroad attentions，with the advantages of high hydrogen production rate, wide application field, perfect infrastructure, good safety and low cost, the hydrogen production technology of diesel reforming can be widely applied in automobile, ship, distributed power generation and other civil fields as well as submarine, warship and other military fields, thus has become one of hot-spots worth studying. In this paper, the diesel reforming for hydrogen production technologies are introduced and classified, the reaction mechanisms of steam reforming, partial oxidation and autothermal reforming are specified, and a comparative analysis of the positive and negative aspects of the three diesel reforming technology are carried out. On this basis, the research progress of the three diesel reforming technology are summarized. Overall, the steam reforming technology has the highest hydrogen concentration and higher system weight, which is more suitable for fixed hydrogen production. Due to the compact structure and the moderate hydrogen concentration of the product, the autothermal reforming technology is considered more suitable for automobile and other mobile hydrogen production field. By comparison, because of lower H₂/CO ratio of the product, higher reaction temperature which prone to coking reaction, the applications of partial oxidation technology are relatively limited.

Key words: diesel reforming, hydrogen production, fuel cell

摘要：

现有储氢技术在储氢密度、能耗及相应的基础设施建设等方面存在明显短板，难以满足燃料电池技术商业化发展需求，现场制氢技术得到了广泛关注。其中，柴油重整制氢技术以其理论产氢比率高、适用领域广、基础设施完善、安全性好、成本低等优点，可广泛应用于汽车、船舶、分布式发电等民用领域以及潜艇、舰船等军事领域，成为热点研究之一。本文综述了柴油重整制氢的分类，详细介绍了蒸汽重整、部分氧化重整和自热重整制氢的反应机理，并对三种重整反应的优缺点进行了对比分析；在此基础上，概述了三种重整反应国内外研究现状。总体而言，蒸汽重整产物中氢气浓度最高但系统质量较大，比较适用于固定制氢领域；自热重整技术系统结构较为紧凑，产物氢气浓度适中，比较适用于汽车等移动制氢领域；部分氧化重整技术由于产物H₂/CO比率较低，加之反应温度较高，容易发生结焦反应，目前其应用领域还相对有限。

关键词: 柴油重整, 制氢, 燃料电池

CLC Number:

TQ116.2

Bin YUAN, Jianxin PAN, Ao WANG, Yuanting PENG. Research progress and perspective of diesel reforming to hydrogen production for fuel cell applications[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2020, 39(S1): 107-115.

袁斌, 潘建欣, 王傲, 彭元亭. 燃料电池用柴油重整制氢技术现状与展望[J]. 化工进展, 2020, 39(S1): 107-115.

Figures/Tables 4

References 40

1	衣宝廉. 燃料电池——原理·技术·应用[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2003.
	YI Baolian. Fuel cell—principle, technology and application[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2003.
2	谢欣烁, 杨卫娟, 施伟, 等. 制氢技术的生命周期评价研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2018, 37(6): 2147-2158.
	XIE Xinshuo, YANG Weijuan, SHI Wei, et al. Life cycle assessment of technologies for hydrogen production-a review[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2018, 37(6): 2147-2158.
3	黄格省, 李锦山, 魏寿祥, 等. 化石原料制氢技术发展现状与经济性分析[J]. 化工进展, 2019, 38(12): 5217-5224.
	HUANG Gesheng, LI Jinshan, WEI Shouxiang,et al. Status and economic analysis of hydrogen production technology from fossil raw materials[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2019, 38(12): 5217-5224.
4	PEREIRA C, J-M BAE, AHMED S, et al. Liquid fuel reformer development: autothermal reforming of diesel fuel[R]. U.S Department of Energy, 2000.
5	GLOCKLIN K. Economic analysis of various reforming techniques and fuel sources for hydrogen producton[D]. Auburn: Auburn University, 2006.
6	PARMAR R D, KUNDU A, KARAN K. Thermodynamic analysis of diesel reforming process: mapping of carbon formation boundary and representative independent reactions[J]. Journal Power Sources, 2009, 194: 1007-1020.
7	MARTIN S, KRAAIJ G, ASCHER T, et al. Direct steam reforming of diesel and diesele-biodiesel blends for distributed hydrogen generation[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40: 75-84.
8	YERGA R M, ALVAREZ-GALVAN M C, MOTA N, et al. Catalysts for hydrogen production from heavy hydrocarbons[J]. Chem. Cat. Chem., 2011, 3: 440-457.
9	THORMANN J, MAIEAR L, PFEIFER P, et al. Steam reforming of hexadecane over a Rh/CeO₂ catalyst in microchannels: experimental and numerical investigation[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34: 5108-5120.
10	STEINBERG M. Hydrogen production from fossil fuels, energy carrier and conversion systems[EL/OL].
11	MA L, TRIMM D L, JIANG C. The design and testing of an autothermal reactor for the conversion of light hydrogarbons to hydrogen I: The kinetics of the catalytic oxidation of light hydrocarbons[J]. Appl. Catal. A, 1996, 128: 275-283.
12	CUTILLO A, ANTONINI M, SPECCHIA S, et al. Performance comparison between autothermal and steam reforming in a diesel fuel processor for a pem fuel cell[C]//Joint Meeting of the Greek and Italian Sections of The Combustion Institute, 2009: 105-118.
13	HAN F, KAHALICH M, BEHM R J, et al. Kinetic study of selective CO oxidation in H₂-rich gas on a Ru/Y-Al₂O₃ catalyst[J]. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2002, 2: 389-384.
14	MIEVILLE R L. Coking characteristics of reforming catalysts[J]. J. Catal., 1986, 100: 482-488.
15	KANG I, BAE J, YOON S, et al. Performance improvement of diesel autothermal reformer by applying ultrasonic injector for effective fuel delivery[J]. Power Sources, 2007,172: 845-852.
16	BORUP R L, INBODY M A. Fuel composition effects on transportation fuel cell reforming[J]. Catal. Today, 2005, 99: 263-270.
17	KARATZAS X, NILSSON M, DAWODY J, et al. Characterization and optimization of an autothermal diesel and jet fuel reformer for 5 kWe mobile fuel cell applications[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2010,156: 366-379.
18	HOLLADAY J, HU J, KING D L, et al. An overview of hydrogen production technologies[J]. Catal. Today, 2009, 139: 244-260.
19	WILHELM D J, SIMBECK D R, KARP A D, et al. Syngas production for gas-to-liquids applications: technologies, issues and outlook[J]. Fuel Process Technol., 2001, 71: 139-148.
20	HUERTA G V, JORDAN G A, DRAGON M, et al. Exergy analysis of the diesel pre-reforming solid oxide fuel cell system with anode off-gas recycling in the SchIBZ project. Part I: Modeling and validation[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43: 16684-16693.
21	NAVARRO R M, PENA M A, FIERRO J. Hydrogen production reactions from carbon feedstocks: fossil fuels and biomass[J]. Chem. Rev., 2007,107: 3952-3991.
22	MING Q, HEALEY T, ALLEN L, et al. Steam reforming of hydrocarbon fuels[J]. Catal. Today, 2002,77: 51-64.
23	THORMANN J, PFEIFER P, SCHUBERT K, et.al. Reforming of diesel fuel in a micro reactor for APU systems[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2008, 135: S74–S81.
24	MARTIN S, KRAAIJ G, ASCHER T, et al. Direct steam reforming of diesel and dieselebiodiesel blends for distributed hydrogen generation[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40: 75-84.
25	BOZDAG A A, KAYNAR A D D, DOGU T, et al. Development of ceria and tungsten promoted nickel/alumina catalysts for steam reforming of diesel[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 377: 120274.
26	BOON J, DIJK E VAN, DE MUNCK S, et al. Steam reforming of commercial ultra-low sulphur diesel[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2011, 196: 5928-5935.
27	徐立昊, 米万良, 苏庆泉. 入口气组分对质子交换膜燃料电池柴油水蒸气重整制氢流程的影响[J]. 北京科技大学学报, 2012(6): 712-717.
	XU Lihao, MI Wanliang, SU Qingquan. Influence of inlet gas components on the diesel steam reforming of proton exchange membrane fuel cells for hydrogen production[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2012(6): 712-717.
28	BROWN L F. A survey of processes for producing hydrogen fuel from different sources for aotumotive-propulsion fuel cells[R]. Los Alamos Nafional Laboratory, 1996.
29	AHMED S. Catalytic partial oxidation reforming of hydrocarbon fuels[C]//Fuel Cell Seminar Palm Springs, CA,1998.
30	ELGHAWIA U, THEINNOI K, SITSHEBO S, et al. GC-MS determination of low hydrocarbon species (C₁-C₆) from a diesel partial oxidation reformer[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33: 7074-7083.
31	KRUMMENACHER J, WEST K, SCHMIDT L. Catalytic partial oxidation of higher hydrocarbons at millisecond contact times: decane, hexadecane, and diesel fuel[J]. Journal of Catalysis, 2003, 215:332-343.
32	周琦, 郭瓦力, 任洪宝, 等. 柴油部分氧化重整制氢[J]. 天然气化工, 2009(3)34-37.
	ZHOU Qi, GUO Wali, REN Hongbao, et al. Partial oxidation reforming of diesel for hydrogen production[J]. Natural Gas Chemical Industry,2009(3): 34-37.
33	于涛, 郭瓦力, 丁东各, 等.柴油自热重整制氢反应及反应器[J].现代化工, 2010, 30(3): 73-78.
	YU Tao, GUO Wali, Dongge DIN, et al. Reaction and reactor of autothermal reforming for hydrogen production with diesel[J].Modern Chemical Industry, 2010, 30(3): 73-78.
34	于涛, 郭瓦力, 王建武, 等. 柴油自热重整制氢工艺过程研究[J]. 天然气化工, 2010, 35(1): 46-49.
	YU Tao, GUO Wali, WANG Jianwu, et al. Study on process of autothermal reforming of diesel to hydrogen[J]. Natural Gas Chemical Industry, 2010, 35(1): 46-49.
35	于涛, 郭瓦力, 李芳芳, 等. PtLaCe/Al₂O₃催化柴油自热重整制氢的研究[J]. 可再生能源, 2009, 27(6): 41-49.
	YU Tao, GUO Wali, LI Fangfang, et al. PtLaCe/Al₂O₃ catalyst used autothermally reforming of diesel for hydrogen product[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2009, 27(6): 41-49.
36	KRUMPELT M, KRAUSE T, KOPASZ J P, et al. Catalytic autothermal reforming of hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cells[C]//American Institute of Chemical Engineering Spring National Meeting, CA, 2002.
37	KANG I, BAE J. Autothermal reforming study of diesel for fuel cell application[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2006,159(2):1283-1290.
38	GONZÁLEZ A V, PETTERSSON L J. Full-scale autothermal reforming for transport applications: the effect of diesel fuel quality[J]. Catalysis Today, 2013,210:19-25.
39	O’CONNELL M, KOLB G, SCHELHAAS K P, et al. Development and evaluation of a microreactor for thereforming of diesel fuel in the kW range[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34: 6290-6303.
40	SAMSUN R C, PRAWITZ M, TSCHAUDER A, et al. An autothermal reforming system for diesel and jet fuel with quick start-up capability[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(51): 27749-27764.

[1]	CHEN Kuangyin, LI Ruilan, TONG Yang, SHEN Jianhua. Structure design of gas diffusion layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cell [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 246-259.
[2]	XIE Luyao, CHEN Songzhe, WANG Laijun, ZHANG Ping. Platinum-based catalysts for SO₂ depolarized electrolysis [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 299-309.
[3]	XU Jiaheng, LI Yongsheng, LUO Chunhuan, SU Qingquan. Optimization of methanol steam reforming process [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 41-46.
[4]	GE Quanqian, XU Mai, LIANG Xian, WANG Fengwu. Research progress on the application of MOFs in photoelectrocatalysis [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(9): 4692-4705.
[5]	ZHANG Qi, ZHAO Hong, RONG Junfeng. Research progress of anti-toxicity electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFC [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(9): 4677-4691.
[6]	ZHANG Yajuan, XU Hui, HU Bei, SHI Xingwei. Preparation of NiCoP/rGO/NF electrocatalyst by eletroless plating for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(8): 4275-4282.
[7]	WANG Yunqing, YANG Guorui, YAN Wei. Transition metal phosphide modification and its applications in electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(7): 3532-3549.
[8]	JIANG Bolong, CUI Yanyan, SHI Shunjie, CHANG Jiacheng, JIANG Nan, TAN Weiqiang. Synthesis of transition metal Co₃O₄/ZnO-ZIF oxygen reduction catalyst by Co/Zn-ZIF template method and its electricity generation performance [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(6): 3066-3076.
[9]	MA Zhejie, ZHANG Wenli, ZHAO Xuankai, LI Ping. Progress on the influence of oxygen mass transfer resistance in PEMFC cathode catalyst layer [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(6): 2860-2873.
[10]	FU Shurong, WANG Lina, WANG Dongwei, LIU Rui, ZHANG Xiaohui, MA Zhanwei. Oxygen evolution cocatalyst enhancing the photoanode performances for photoelectrochemical water splitting [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(5): 2353-2370.
[11]	YU Haiqiang, GUO Quanzhong, DU Keqin, WANG Chuan. Application of pulse electrodeposition PbO₂ coating on stainless steel bipolar plate of PEMFC [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(2): 917-924.
[12]	XIAO Zhourong, LI Guozhu, WANG Li, ZHANG Xiangwen, GU Jianmin, WANG Desong. Research progress of the catalysts for hydrogen production via liquid hydrocarbon fuels steam reforming [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(S1): 97-107.
[13]	GAO Weitao, YIN Qinan, TU Ziqiang, GONG Fan, LI Yang, XU Hong, WANG Cheng, MAO Zongqiang. Proton transport in metal-organic frameworks and their applications in proton exchange membranes [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(S1): 260-268.
[14]	HU Bing, XU Lijun, HE Shan, SU Xin, WANG Jiwei. Researching progress of hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis under the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(9): 4595-4604.
[15]	YAN Peng, CHENG Yi. Numerical simulation of membrane reactor of methane steam reforming for distributed hydrogen production [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(7): 3446-3454.