Treatment technologies of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0075

Abstract

Abstract:

Incineration is the primary method of municipal solid waste disposal in China, and the resulting fly ash contains dioxins and heavy metals, classifying it as hazardous waste. The treatment methods are relatively limited, but the demand for effective disposal is substantial. Promoting the development of technologies for the harmless disposal and resource utilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash, actively addressing the shortcomings in municipal solid waste treatment facilities, all align with the national requirements for energy conservation, emission reduction, and green development. This study systematically analyzed the basic characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in typical regions of China, focusing on the generation of dioxins and heavy metals. It provided an overview of the main technologies for treating dioxins in fly ash, including sintering, melting/vitrification, cement kiln co-treatment, low-temperature pyrolysis, and mechanochemical techniques. The major methods for treating heavy metals in fly ash were compared, encompassing solidification/stabilization, thermal treatment, and heavy metal extraction technologies. The study gave a summary and outlook on the application of fly ash treatment technologies, aiming to guide the development of reduction, harmlessness, and resource utilization technologies for municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in China.

Key words: municipal solid waste, incineration, fly ash, dioxins, heavy metals

摘要：

焚烧是我国生活垃圾最主要的处置手段，焚烧飞灰含有二英和重金属，属于危险废物，处理方式比较受限，但处理需求量大。推动生活垃圾焚烧飞灰无害化处置与资源化利用处理技术的发展，积极补齐城镇生活垃圾处理设施短板，符合国家节能减排与绿色发展的要求。本文系统分析了我国典型地区生活垃圾焚烧飞灰基础特性、二英和重金属产生特征，综述了飞灰二英的主要处理技术，包括高温烧结、高温熔融/玻璃化、水泥回转窑热处理、低温催化热解、水热处理技术、机械化学降解技术，对比了飞灰中重金属的主要处理方法，包括固化稳定化、固热处理、金属分离技术，并对飞灰处理技术的工程化应用进行总结与展望，以期为我国生活垃圾焚烧飞灰减量化、无害化、资源化技术发展提供理论支撑。

关键词: 生活垃圾, 焚烧, 飞灰, 二英, 重金属

CLC Number:

X799.3

KONG Xiangrui, DONG Yuecen, ZHANG Mengyu, WANG Biao, YIN Shui′e, CHEN Bing, LU Jiawei, ZHANG Yuan, FENG Lele, WANG Hongtao, XU Haiyun. Treatment technologies of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(7): 4102-4117.

孔祥蕊, 董玥岑, 张蒙雨, 王彪, 尹水娥, 陈冰, 陆家纬, 张媛, 冯乐乐, 王洪涛, 徐海云. 生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(7): 4102-4117.

Figures/Tables 8

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地点	炉型	集中粒径/μm	CaO/%	SiO₂/%	K₂O/%	Al₂O₃/%	Fe₂O₃/%	Na₂O/%	Cl/%	SO₃/%	参考文献
国内
浙江	流化床	—	29.38	32.79	—	10.97	10.88	—	17.44	—	[13]
山东	炉排炉	—	45.52	1.28	10.85	0.56	1.05	13.73	16.17	5	[12]
山东	炉排炉	—	52.67	1.14	7.93	0.69	0.63	13.62	11.09	5.58
山东	炉排炉	—	61.49	2.67	5.07	0.56	1.92	1.18	17.7	5.97
浙江	炉排炉	—	74.11	2.91	1.74	0.68	1.13	0.34	11.56	4.66
浙江	炉排炉	—	45.11	1.53	1.81	0.26	28.2	—	2.82	3.31
上海	炉排炉	—	57.88	1.76	4.61	0.26	0.88	1.37	25.01	4.62
四川	炉排炉	—	61.86	2.07	4.98	0.48	0.9	0.81	15.93	10
江苏	炉排炉	—	56	3.71	5.12	1.19	2.75	1.6	19.92	5.27
浙江	炉排炉	75～2000	34.39	3.42	7.71	2.58	1.85	11.38	24.31	5.33	[14]
浙江	流化床	5～75	44.07	9.82	3.19	9.85	5.47	3.99	10.32	2.89	[14]
上海	炉排炉	38～75	41.38	3.44	6.15	0.66	0.52	13.4	26.07	5.31	[15]
山东	炉排炉	—	52.42	2.84	5.3	0.88	0.92	5.09	22.26	6.3	[16]
北京	炉排炉	—	42.81	6.78	6.41	2.96	0.96	6.19	14.83	5.01	[17]
北京	炉排炉	56.38	32.46	3.27	8.46	0.802	0.649	11.34	35.21	4.38	[18]
河南	炉排炉	108.8	38.4	6.6	6.09	2.25	1.75	9.44	26.62	4.74
贵州	炉排炉	64.84	52.13	2.52	5.17	1.06	1.14	10.06	21.78	3.22
辽宁	炉排炉	55.16	36.72	3.17	7.01	0.727	0.65	16.47	27.23	4.59
天津	流化床	70.95	38.16	8.59	3.88	7.61	1.68	12.27	16.37	2.99
重庆	炉排炉	2～100	55.08	3.97	4.23	1.2	2.28	2.74	16.95	6.92	[19]
天津	炉排炉	2～100	52.7	6.34	3.42	2.7	2.77	2.52	10.51	7.06	[19]
天津	炉排炉	—	41.7	2.27	7.69	0.72	0.49	12.9	24.2	7.54	[20]
山西	流化床	—	30.09	17.91	2.35	11.9	4.4	1.26	5.23	5.45	[21]
云南	炉排炉	10～176	36.727	21.926	1.383	8.525	9.349	1.969	2.658	3.779	[22]
江苏	炉排炉	—	42.71	5.63	6.16	2.47	—	—	23.41	10.6	[23]
辽宁	炉排炉	—	45.25	2.12	8.15	2.36	0.75	9.94	21.48	8.55	[7]
广东	炉排炉	50～280	30.57	15.92	4.18	5.74	2.26	4.49	14.1	6.91	[24]
广东	炉排炉	2～100	26.87	5.22	10.04	—	—	9.84	20.96	11	[25]
国外
瑞典	流化床	—	40.6	6	2.4	4.5	1.7	6.2	12	8.7	[26]
新加坡	炉排炉	—	58.79	4.71	4.66	—	2.63	—	20.94	3.96	[27]
丹麦	炉排炉	—	21	4.9	13.3	2.3	1.1	17.5	8.9	22.5	[26]
韩国	炉排炉	—	41.64	3.22	6.65	1.38	0.57	9.41	—	—	[28]

地点	炉型	集中粒径/μm	CaO/%	SiO₂/%	K₂O/%	Al₂O₃/%	Fe₂O₃/%	Na₂O/%	Cl/%	SO₃/%	参考文献
国内
浙江	流化床	—	29.38	32.79	—	10.97	10.88	—	17.44	—	[13]
山东	炉排炉	—	45.52	1.28	10.85	0.56	1.05	13.73	16.17	5	[12]
山东	炉排炉	—	52.67	1.14	7.93	0.69	0.63	13.62	11.09	5.58
山东	炉排炉	—	61.49	2.67	5.07	0.56	1.92	1.18	17.7	5.97
浙江	炉排炉	—	74.11	2.91	1.74	0.68	1.13	0.34	11.56	4.66
浙江	炉排炉	—	45.11	1.53	1.81	0.26	28.2	—	2.82	3.31
上海	炉排炉	—	57.88	1.76	4.61	0.26	0.88	1.37	25.01	4.62
四川	炉排炉	—	61.86	2.07	4.98	0.48	0.9	0.81	15.93	10
江苏	炉排炉	—	56	3.71	5.12	1.19	2.75	1.6	19.92	5.27
浙江	炉排炉	75～2000	34.39	3.42	7.71	2.58	1.85	11.38	24.31	5.33	[14]
浙江	流化床	5～75	44.07	9.82	3.19	9.85	5.47	3.99	10.32	2.89	[14]
上海	炉排炉	38～75	41.38	3.44	6.15	0.66	0.52	13.4	26.07	5.31	[15]
山东	炉排炉	—	52.42	2.84	5.3	0.88	0.92	5.09	22.26	6.3	[16]
北京	炉排炉	—	42.81	6.78	6.41	2.96	0.96	6.19	14.83	5.01	[17]
北京	炉排炉	56.38	32.46	3.27	8.46	0.802	0.649	11.34	35.21	4.38	[18]
河南	炉排炉	108.8	38.4	6.6	6.09	2.25	1.75	9.44	26.62	4.74
贵州	炉排炉	64.84	52.13	2.52	5.17	1.06	1.14	10.06	21.78	3.22
辽宁	炉排炉	55.16	36.72	3.17	7.01	0.727	0.65	16.47	27.23	4.59
天津	流化床	70.95	38.16	8.59	3.88	7.61	1.68	12.27	16.37	2.99
重庆	炉排炉	2～100	55.08	3.97	4.23	1.2	2.28	2.74	16.95	6.92	[19]
天津	炉排炉	2～100	52.7	6.34	3.42	2.7	2.77	2.52	10.51	7.06	[19]
天津	炉排炉	—	41.7	2.27	7.69	0.72	0.49	12.9	24.2	7.54	[20]
山西	流化床	—	30.09	17.91	2.35	11.9	4.4	1.26	5.23	5.45	[21]
云南	炉排炉	10～176	36.727	21.926	1.383	8.525	9.349	1.969	2.658	3.779	[22]
江苏	炉排炉	—	42.71	5.63	6.16	2.47	—	—	23.41	10.6	[23]
辽宁	炉排炉	—	45.25	2.12	8.15	2.36	0.75	9.94	21.48	8.55	[7]
广东	炉排炉	50～280	30.57	15.92	4.18	5.74	2.26	4.49	14.1	6.91	[24]
广东	炉排炉	2～100	26.87	5.22	10.04	—	—	9.84	20.96	11	[25]
国外
瑞典	流化床	—	40.6	6	2.4	4.5	1.7	6.2	12	8.7	[26]
新加坡	炉排炉	—	58.79	4.71	4.66	—	2.63	—	20.94	3.96	[27]
丹麦	炉排炉	—	21	4.9	13.3	2.3	1.1	17.5	8.9	22.5	[26]
韩国	炉排炉	—	41.64	3.22	6.65	1.38	0.57	9.41	—	—	[28]

地点	炉型	PCDDs/ng·g^-1	PCDFs/ng·g^-1	PCDDs/PCDFs比值	dl-PCBs/ng·g^-1	TEQ毒性当量/ng·g^-1	参考文献
国内
吉林	流化床	1.1	1.6	0.69	0.095	0.034	[36]
北京	炉排炉	10	31	0.32	0.5	0.55
山东	流化床	51	79	0.65	2.3	1.8
江苏	炉排炉	38	24	1.58	1.4	0.71
江苏	炉排炉	7.3	17	0.43	0.55	0.44
上海	炉排炉	39	16	2.44	0.37	0.56
上海	炉排炉	26	24	1.08	1.5	0.64
浙江	流化床	27	52	0.52	2.1	1.3
重庆	炉排炉	28	35	0.80	1.7	1
四川	炉排炉	3.3	8.1	0.41	0.18	0.21
福建	炉排炉	5.6	4.2	1.33	0.21	0.11
广东	流化床	100	73	1.37	9.3	2.5
广东	炉排炉	10	17	0.59	0.36	0.44
福建	炉排炉	59	34	1.74	2.9	1
浙江	流化床	2.384	9.21 4	0.26	—	0.234	[37]
浙江	流化床	0.717	0.951	0.75	—	0.058	[38]
浙江	炉排炉	0.32	1.118	0.29	—	0.048	[38]
国外
法国	炉排炉	99.48	92.55	1.07	—	6.83	[39]
日本	炉排炉	54	86	0.63	—	3.3	[40]
韩国	炉排炉	80	30	2.67	—	3.35	[28]

地点	炉型	PCDDs/ng·g^-1	PCDFs/ng·g^-1	PCDDs/PCDFs比值	dl-PCBs/ng·g^-1	TEQ毒性当量/ng·g^-1	参考文献
国内
吉林	流化床	1.1	1.6	0.69	0.095	0.034	[36]
北京	炉排炉	10	31	0.32	0.5	0.55
山东	流化床	51	79	0.65	2.3	1.8
江苏	炉排炉	38	24	1.58	1.4	0.71
江苏	炉排炉	7.3	17	0.43	0.55	0.44
上海	炉排炉	39	16	2.44	0.37	0.56
上海	炉排炉	26	24	1.08	1.5	0.64
浙江	流化床	27	52	0.52	2.1	1.3
重庆	炉排炉	28	35	0.80	1.7	1
四川	炉排炉	3.3	8.1	0.41	0.18	0.21
福建	炉排炉	5.6	4.2	1.33	0.21	0.11
广东	流化床	100	73	1.37	9.3	2.5
广东	炉排炉	10	17	0.59	0.36	0.44
福建	炉排炉	59	34	1.74	2.9	1
浙江	流化床	2.384	9.21 4	0.26	—	0.234	[37]
浙江	流化床	0.717	0.951	0.75	—	0.058	[38]
浙江	炉排炉	0.32	1.118	0.29	—	0.048	[38]
国外
法国	炉排炉	99.48	92.55	1.07	—	6.83	[39]
日本	炉排炉	54	86	0.63	—	3.3	[40]
韩国	炉排炉	80	30	2.67	—	3.35	[28]

地点	炉型	Pb/mg·kg^-1	Cr/mg·kg^-1	Cd/mg·kg^-1	Ni/mg·kg^-1	Cu/mg·kg^-1	Zn/mg·kg^-1	参考文献
国内
浙江	流化床	493.75	311.09	11.36	78.38	588.16	2265.04	[13]
山东	炉排炉	1239	89	184	22	563	4716	[12]
山东	炉排炉	922	42	152	11	376	4325
山东	炉排炉	720	85	65	25	400	2420
浙江	炉排炉	635	50	65	10	350	2985
浙江	炉排炉	710	480	25	125	750	4715
上海	炉排炉	1115	35	75	15	435	4650
四川	炉排炉	980	70	140	15	280	4490
江苏	炉排炉	720	140	75	55	575	2595
浙江	炉排炉	1310.8	147.7	127.8	46	901.2	4582	[14]
浙江	流化床	1343.5	296.5	60	53.6	1438.9	9411.2	[14]
上海	炉排炉	4039	140.4	267.1	—	694.4	7714.8	[15]
山东	炉排炉	2120	—	220	—	—	—	[16]
浙江	炉排炉	1830	229	191	44.1	757	7640	[50]
浙江	流化床	1604	767.8	71.75	299.7	4084	9782	[50]
山西	流化床	677.4	—	60.9	—	1070.2	1166.3	[21]
安徽	流化床	1063.35	468.04	77.38	145.61	2237.22	6305.25	[51]
江苏	炉排炉	1647.26	40.7	280.3	24.23	626.8	6803.43	[51]
西藏	炉排炉	1578	57.4	107.4	25.4	561	3842	[52]
黑龙江	流化床	715	307	107	114	1122	5664	[53]
黑龙江	炉排炉	1653	221	424	62	872	6532	[53]
江苏	炉排炉	2622	787	111	—	950	4803	[23]
辽宁	炉排炉	924	50	172	36	506	4516	[7]
广东	炉排炉	1700	—	—	40	860	4900	[25]
国外
瑞典	流化床	5730	190	90	30	5400	5780	[54]
瑞典	流化床	3630	23.1	62.7	—	6940	6860	[26]
挪威	炉排炉	2900	500	200	—	1200	15900	[49]
日本	流化床	1274	192	17	—	3517	5029	[55]
奥地利	炉排炉	2300	190	180	—	780	13000	[56]
瑞士	炉排炉	9540	650	227	—	3901	26770	[57]
丹麦	炉排炉	6250	126	280	—	1070	34690	[26]