Progress on the hydrothermal conversion equipment and technology of organic waste

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0196

Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress ›› 2024, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (7): 3672-3691.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0196

• Column: Thermochemical Reaction Engineering Technology • Previous Articles

Progress on the hydrothermal conversion equipment and technology of organic waste

HU Rui¹^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶(), LI Xianru², PIAO Weiling², FENG Pan², LUO Lei³, LUO Gang¹^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶, WEI Huangzhao²(), LIU Zhengang³(), ZHANG Shicheng¹^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶()

^1.Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
^2.Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
^3.Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
^4.Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Waste, Shanghai 200438, China
^5.Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Shanghai 200433, China
^6.Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China

Received:2024-01-25 Revised:2024-05-07 Online:2024-08-14 Published:2024-07-10
Contact: WEI Huangzhao, LIU Zhengang, ZHANG Shicheng

有机废物水热转化设备与技术研究进展

胡锐¹^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶(), 李先如², 朴玮玲², 冯盼², 罗磊³, 罗刚¹^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶, 卫皇曌²(), 刘振刚³(), 张士成¹^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶()

^1.复旦大学环境科学与工程系，上海 200438
^2.中国科学院大连化学物理研究所，辽宁大连 116023
^3.中国科学院生态环境研究中心，北京 100085
^4.上海市有机固废污染控制与资源化专业技术服务平台，上海 200438
^5.上海市大气颗粒物污染防治重点实验室，上海 200433
^6.上海污染控制与生态安全研究院，上海 200092

通讯作者: 卫皇曌,刘振刚,张士成
作者简介:胡锐（1995—），男，博士研究生，研究方向为有机固废污染控制与资源化利用、废水生物脱氮和资源化利用技术。E-mail：21110740028@m.fudan.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22278085)

Abstract

Abstract:

Heat-driven hydrothermal conversion technology is a typical thermochemical reaction engineering technology, which can simultaneously achieve the organic waste treatment and resource recovery, providing a vital way to achieve the goal of carbon peaking and carbon reduction. Taking organic waste as the object, this study first combs the overall development of hydrothermal technology, introduces the typical categories and characteristics of hydrothermal conversion technology in organic waste conversion, and expounds the properties of subcritical water and supercritical water. Then, the development of hydrothermal conversion equipment is reviewed. The typical hydrothermal conversion equipment in engineering application is emphasized and the potential problems that need to be focused in equipment development are analyzed. The typical cases of hydrothermal conversion technology in organic waste treatment and resource recovery are dissected. Finally, the existing challenges of hydrothermal conversion of organic waste are discussed, and the equipment corrosion caused by complex water quality in the actual environment, the development of highly efficient catalysts for specific products, the production of process pollutants and the technical and economic feasibility are still the restrictive conditions of this technology. This paper aims to provide theoretical and technical reference for the engineering practice of hydrothermal conversion of organic waste.

Key words: thermochemical reaction engineering, hydrothermal, mechanism, reaction equipment, resource recovery, pollutant treatment

摘要：

热驱动的水热转化技术是一种典型的热化学反应工程技术。该技术可在治理有机废物的同时回收有价资源，是实现双碳目标的重要途经。本文以有机废物为对象，首先梳理了水热技术的整体发展脉络，介绍了水热转化技术在有机废物转化中的典型类别和特征，并阐述了亚临界水和超临界水的性质；随后回顾了水热转换设备的发展，强调了工程应用中的典型水热转化设备并分析了设备研发中需注意的潜在问题；分析了水热转化技术在有机废物治理和资源回收上的典型案例。最后对有机废物水热转化现存挑战作出分析，指出实际环境中复杂水质引发的设备腐蚀、特定产物所需高效催化剂的研制、过程污染物的产生和难以协调的技术经济可行性仍是该技术的制约条件。本文旨在为有机废物水热转化工程实践提供理论和技术参考。

关键词: 热化学反应工程, 水热, 机理, 反应设备, 资源回收, 污染物治理

CLC Number:

X703.3

HU Rui, LI Xianru, PIAO Weiling, FENG Pan, LUO Lei, LUO Gang, WEI Huangzhao, LIU Zhengang, ZHANG Shicheng. Progress on the hydrothermal conversion equipment and technology of organic waste[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(7): 3672-3691.

胡锐, 李先如, 朴玮玲, 冯盼, 罗磊, 罗刚, 卫皇曌, 刘振刚, 张士成. 有机废物水热转化设备与技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(7): 3672-3691.

Figures/Tables 17

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条件	温度/℃	压力/MPa	密度/kg·m^-3	静态介电常数/F·m^-1	离子积(pK_w)	动态黏度/mPa·s
标准条件	25	0.1	1000	78.5	14	0.89
亚临界条件	350	25	600	14.07	12	0.064
超临界条件	500	25	78	1.46	23	0.03

条件	温度/℃	压力/MPa	密度/kg·m^-3	静态介电常数/F·m^-1	离子积(pK_w)	动态黏度/mPa·s
标准条件	25	0.1	1000	78.5	14	0.89
亚临界条件	350	25	600	14.07	12	0.064
超临界条件	500	25	78	1.46	23	0.03

方法	温度/℃	压力/MPa	催化剂	主要产物产率	优点	限制
HTC	120~260	2~10	过氧化氢、有机酸、无机酸、无机碱、金属氯化物、金属氧化物等	水热炭：5%~97%	高湿度底物、高热值、无NO _x 和SO _x 释放	水热炭灰分含量高、重金属含量高
HTL	200~375	5~35	碳酸钠、氯化钾、氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠、固体酸/碱等	生物油率：9.4%~77.2%	高的油产率、高热值、应用范围广	生物原油含有较多的杂原子、呈酸性、高黏度和高氨氮性质，需要进一步提炼
HTG	300~900	>22.1	氢氧化钾、镍、碳酸钾、碳酸钠、钌基催化剂、金属氯化物等	H₂产率：10%~80%	消除传质限制、无NO _x 和SO _x 释放	盐沉积、危险性高、催化剂失活、反应器堵塞
HTO	>100	>2	氧化剂：如过氧化氢、氧气	—	有机物矿化率高	盐沉积和堵塞、需要催化剂、高能耗和操作费用

方法	温度/℃	压力/MPa	催化剂	主要产物产率	优点	限制
HTC	120~260	2~10	过氧化氢、有机酸、无机酸、无机碱、金属氯化物、金属氧化物等	水热炭：5%~97%	高湿度底物、高热值、无NO _x 和SO _x 释放	水热炭灰分含量高、重金属含量高
HTL	200~375	5~35	碳酸钠、氯化钾、氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠、固体酸/碱等	生物油率：9.4%~77.2%	高的油产率、高热值、应用范围广	生物原油含有较多的杂原子、呈酸性、高黏度和高氨氮性质，需要进一步提炼
HTG	300~900	>22.1	氢氧化钾、镍、碳酸钾、碳酸钠、钌基催化剂、金属氯化物等	H₂产率：10%~80%	消除传质限制、无NO _x 和SO _x 释放	盐沉积、危险性高、催化剂失活、反应器堵塞
HTO	>100	>2	氧化剂：如过氧化氢、氧气	—	有机物矿化率高	盐沉积和堵塞、需要催化剂、高能耗和操作费用

废水名称	主要有机物	接受废水量 /t	废水COD /mg·L^-1	COD去除率/%
TPU废水	四氢呋喃、丙二醇等	440	15000~40000	90~98
TMP废水	二羟甲基丁醛、 TMP等	6	90000~110000	95~98
IP废水	异佛尔酮、甲醇等	15	80000~100000	90~96
MDBA废水	丁酮、仲丁醇等	80	15000~26000	90~95
SAP废水	丙烯酸等	4	20000~25000	93~95

Progress on the hydrothermal conversion equipment and technology of organic waste

有机废物水热转化设备与技术研究进展

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