Research progress on iron-based autotrophic biological denitrification technology

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2025-0423

Abstract

Abstract:

Iron-based autotrophic biological nitrogen removal technology is an emerging wastewater treatment strategy, showing good nitrogen removal potential in a low carbon-nitrogen ratio environment. This paper systematically reviewed the core research progress of nitrate-dependent ferrous oxidation (NDFO) and iron ammonia oxidation (Feammox). The NDFO process uses Fe(Ⅱ) as an electron donor to reduce nitrate, which has the advantages of low sludge production and no secondary pollution. The functional microorganisms are mainly autotrophic and mixed nutrient flora, but the inhibition of microbial activity caused by iron compound precipitation restricts the long-term stability of the system. The Feammox process uses Fe(Ⅲ) as an electron acceptor to directly oxidize ammonia nitrogen and relies on iron-reducing bacteria to drive the reaction. However, the limited nitrogen removal efficiency and the lack of Fe(Ⅲ) regeneration need to be broken through. The synergistic denitrification system realizes the coupling of NDFO and Feammox through the Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ) cycle: the ferrous iron generated by Feammox is used for the reduction of nitrate by NDFO, and the trivalent iron regenerated by NDFO is reused for ammonia oxidation to form a denitrification cycle and reduce the dependence of exogenous iron source. Further coupling anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) to construct a composite process can synergistically treat multi-form pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen and nitrate, and expand the adaptability to complex water quality. The current bottleneck is still focused on the imbalance of iron cycle sustainability and the inhibition of microbial activity by iron precipitation. In the future, it is necessary to deeply analyze the interaction network and electron transfer mechanism of functional bacteria, develop iron precipitation control strategy, optimize system operation parameters, and promote engineering verification to accelerate the application of technology.

Key words: iron-based autotrophic denitrification, nitrate-dependent ferrous iron oxidation, Fe(Ⅲ)-reducing coupled anaerobic ammonium oxidation, anaerobic ammonia oxidation, sewage treatment

摘要：

铁基自养生物脱氮技术是一种新兴的废水处理策略，在低碳氮比环境下展现出良好的脱氮潜力。本文系统综述硝酸盐依赖亚铁氧化（NDFO）与铁氨氧化（Feammox）的核心研究进展：NDFO过程以Fe(Ⅱ)为电子供体还原硝酸盐，具备低污泥产量、无二次污染优势；其功能微生物以自养型和混合营养型菌群为主，但铁化合物沉淀引发的微生物活性抑制制约系统长期稳定性。Feammox过程以Fe(Ⅲ)为电子受体直接氧化氨氮，依赖铁还原菌驱动反应，然而脱氮效率受限与Fe(Ⅲ)再生不足亟待突破。协同脱氮体系通过Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)循环实现NDFO与Feammox耦合：Feammox生成的亚铁供NDFO还原硝酸盐，NDFO再生的三价铁回用于氨氧化，会形成脱氮循环并降低对外源铁依赖；进一步耦合厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）构建复合工艺，可协同处理氨氮、硝酸盐等多形态污染物，拓展复杂水质适应能力。当前问题仍集中于铁循环可持续性失衡、铁沉淀对微生物的活性抑制。未来需要深入解析功能菌群互作网络和电子传递机制，开发铁沉淀控制策略，优化系统运行参数，并推进工程化验证以加速技术应用。

关键词: 铁基自养脱氮, 硝酸盐依赖亚铁氧化, 铁氨氧化, 厌氧氨氧化, 污水处理

CLC Number:

X703

XUE Jialin, LI Wenxuan, WU Xintong, WANG Xuechao, WANG Kexin, XIE Huina, LI Jie. Research progress on iron-based autotrophic biological denitrification technology[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(S1): 504-517.

薛佳琳, 李文譞, 武欣童, 王雪超, 王可馨, 谢慧娜, 李杰. 铁基自养生物脱氮技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(S1): 504-517.

Figures/Tables 4

类型	电子受体/供体	产物或中间产物	特点	参考文献
NDFO	Fe(Ⅱ)	N₂、 $N O 3 -$ -N、Fe氧化物	成本低廉、处理效能高、反应产物多效，但Fe形态变化易影响效能	[80]
Feammox	Fe(Ⅲ)	$N O 3 -$ -N、 $N O 2 -$ -N、N₂、Fe氧化物	成本低、温室气体少，但脱氮效率不高	[81-82]
NDFO与Feammox耦合	Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)	N₂	较低的Fe需求、持续稳定脱氮，但Fe的形式和氧化还原速率、氮比例控制影响脱氮效果	[16,19,83]

类型	电子受体/供体	产物或中间产物	特点	参考文献
NDFO	Fe(Ⅱ)	N₂、 $N O 3 -$ -N、Fe氧化物	成本低廉、处理效能高、反应产物多效，但Fe形态变化易影响效能	[80]
Feammox	Fe(Ⅲ)	$N O 3 -$ -N、 $N O 2 -$ -N、N₂、Fe氧化物	成本低、温室气体少，但脱氮效率不高	[81-82]
NDFO与Feammox耦合	Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)	N₂	较低的Fe需求、持续稳定脱氮，但Fe的形式和氧化还原速率、氮比例控制影响脱氮效果	[16,19,83]

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