Progress on emission reduction and resource utilization of ultra-low concentration methane

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1219

Abstract

Abstract:

Methane (CH₄) is the second largest greenhouse gas in the world, accounting for 19% of the global greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions. Its global warming potential is more than 80 times that of carbon dioxide (CO₂) on a 20-years timescale and has become a key concern for GHG emission reduction. For the ultra-low concentration methane below 6.0%, its emission and utilization still have important environmental significance, although the characteristics of dispersed emission sources and wide range of concentration variations make abatement technology face many challenges. In this paper, the research progress on emission abatement and resource utilization of ultra-low concentration methane was analyzed and summarized. Firstly, the main emission sources of methane in human-being activities were overviewed, specially focusing on the emissions of ultra-low concentrations of methane. Secondly, the policy and market mechanism of ultra-low concentration methane emission reduction were described. Finally, the technologies currently used for resource utilization of ultra-low concentration methane were especially discussed, including the working principles and development progress of separation-purification-concentration, thermal oxidation utilization and biocatalytic utilization. In the future, it is necessary to further strengthen technological innovation and improve policy mechanisms to achieve emission reduction and resource utilization of ultra-low concentration methane and promote the sustainable development of energy in the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.

Key words: ultra-low concentration methane, emission, resource utilization, separation-purification-concentration technology, thermal oxidation utilization technology, biocatalytic utilization

摘要：

甲烷（CH₄）是全球第二大温室气体，占全球温室气体排放量的19%，其20年时间尺度内增温潜能是二氧化碳（CO₂）的80倍以上，成为重点关注的温室气体减排方向。对于体积分数在6.0%以下的超低浓度甲烷，尽管排放源分散和浓度变化范围广等特点使得减排技术面临诸多挑战，但对其进行减排处理具有重要的环保意义。本文针对超低浓度甲烷减排及资源化利用的研究进展进行了讨论、分析和总结。首先，概述了人类活动排放甲烷的主要来源，着重分析了超低浓度甲烷主要的排放源；其次，阐述了超低浓度甲烷减排的政策及市场机制；最后，着重讨论了超低浓度甲烷资源化利用目前主要采用的技术，包括分离提纯浓缩、热氧化利用和生物催化利用等技术的工作原理和开发研究进展。未来，需要进一步加强技术创新和完善政策机制，实现超低浓度甲烷的减排及资源化利用，助力“双碳”背景下能源的可持续发展。

关键词: 超低浓度甲烷, 减排, 资源化利用, 分离提纯浓缩, 热氧化利用, 生物催化

CLC Number:

TQ042

WANG Xiaoguang, DONG Qing, LANG Wenli, HONG Xiangxin, HUANG Zhenxiang, TAN Fengyu, LEI Yizhu, YU Ziyi. Progress on emission reduction and resource utilization of ultra-low concentration methane[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(9): 5363-5376.

王晓光, 董青, 郎文丽, 洪翔鑫, 黄振祥, 谭凤玉, 雷以柱, 余子夷. 超低浓度甲烷减排与资源化利用研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(9): 5363-5376.

Figures/Tables 11

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政策文件名称	主要内容	时间
《碳排放权交易管理暂行条例》	重点排放单位可以按照国家有关规定，购买经核证的温室气体减排量用于清缴其碳排放配额	2024年
《全国温室气体自愿减排交易（CCER）》	构建强制碳配额+自愿碳减排两个相互关联的碳市场体系，对碳市场期现联动的打通及碳金融产品开发创新的推动	2024年
《甲烷排放控制行动方案》	甲烷排放控制顶层设计文件；强调加强甲烷排放监测、核算、报告和核查体系建设；推进能源、农业、垃圾和污水处理领域甲烷排放和利用	2023年
《“全球甲烷承诺”部长级会议》	到2030年将人为甲烷排放量从2020年水平减少至少30%	2023年
欧盟《甲烷减排法规》	通过立法强制要求对能源生产活动产生的甲烷排放进行监测、报告和核查	2023年
《“十四五”现代能源体系规划》	指出要加大能源行业甲烷采收利用力度，推进甲烷减排	2022年
《通胀削减法案甲烷排放收费政策简介》	首次提出2024年正式对石油和天然气行业的甲烷排放收费；对甲烷排放收费的范围和适用性、费率和潜在收费豁免作出了详细规定	2022年
《工业领域碳达峰实施方案》	提出加快推进工业绿色低碳转型，切实做好油气、煤炭、固废利用等工业领域“碳达峰”工作	2022年
《美国甲烷减排行动计划》	针对油气领域甲烷减排制定了新的规则；针对废弃煤炭、石油、天然气设施以及改进工业制造设备等	2021年

检测方法	工作原理
催化燃烧型传感器	利用甲烷在催化剂表面氧化产生的热量变化，通过热敏元件转化为电信号，热敏电阻感应到温度升高，其阻值相应变化，从而形成与甲烷浓度成正比的电信号输出
电化学型传感器	利用甲烷与电解质发生化学反应，产生电流；电流大小与甲烷浓度直接相关，通过测量电流强度即可确定甲烷浓度
红外吸收型传感器	利用甲烷分子对特定红外波段具有选择性吸收，吸收程度与甲烷浓度成正比；通过比较入射光与出射光强度，即可计算出甲烷浓度
半导体型传感器	利用甲烷吸附导致半导体材料电阻变化的特性，当甲烷气体吸附到半导体表面时，改变了其电阻率；通过测量电阻变化，间接反映出甲烷浓度
光纤型传感器	利用光的传播特性，通过检测甲烷对光信号的调制（如吸收、散射、相位变化等）来判断甲烷浓度
气相色谱法	将气体样本引入色谱柱，利用不同成分的分离特性来检测甲烷的存在
化学分析法	使用化学反应法，如甲烷的特定化学试剂反应，可以检测到低浓度的甲烷
光谱分析法	利用甲烷特定的光谱特性来检测其浓度，比如傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）技术

检测方法	工作原理
催化燃烧型传感器	利用甲烷在催化剂表面氧化产生的热量变化，通过热敏元件转化为电信号，热敏电阻感应到温度升高，其阻值相应变化，从而形成与甲烷浓度成正比的电信号输出
电化学型传感器	利用甲烷与电解质发生化学反应，产生电流；电流大小与甲烷浓度直接相关，通过测量电流强度即可确定甲烷浓度
红外吸收型传感器	利用甲烷分子对特定红外波段具有选择性吸收，吸收程度与甲烷浓度成正比；通过比较入射光与出射光强度，即可计算出甲烷浓度
半导体型传感器	利用甲烷吸附导致半导体材料电阻变化的特性，当甲烷气体吸附到半导体表面时，改变了其电阻率；通过测量电阻变化，间接反映出甲烷浓度
光纤型传感器	利用光的传播特性，通过检测甲烷对光信号的调制（如吸收、散射、相位变化等）来判断甲烷浓度
气相色谱法	将气体样本引入色谱柱，利用不同成分的分离特性来检测甲烷的存在
化学分析法	使用化学反应法，如甲烷的特定化学试剂反应，可以检测到低浓度的甲烷
光谱分析法	利用甲烷特定的光谱特性来检测其浓度，比如傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）技术

燃气轮机类型	工作原理	燃烧温度	甲烷最低体积分数	NO _x 排放量	CO排放量
EDL回热式燃气轮机	整体式蜂窝状反应器	700~1000℃	1.6%	较高	低
CSIRO稀燃催化燃气轮机	整体式反应堆	—	0.8%	低	低
IR微型燃气轮机	整体式反应堆	500℃	1.0%	低	低
川崎催化燃烧燃气轮机	整体式反应堆	300~1000℃	2.0%	低	低