Redox mediators-mediated anaerobic ammonium oxidation process for biological nitrogen removal: a review

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0994

Abstract

Abstract:

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) process is considered as an efficient, economical and environmentally friendly biological nitrogen removal technology, which is an ideal alternative to the conventional biological nitrogen removal process. However, anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB), as the functional microbes in Anammox process, has slow growth rate, resulting in a long reactor start-up time, which hinders the practical application and promotion of the process. Therefore, it is urgent to enhance the AnAOB activity and further reduce the reactor start-up time. Redox mediators (RMs), as electron carriers, can enhance the activity and metabolic performance of AnAOB nitrogen-converting enzymes by accelerating the electron transfer process, thus improving the overall nitrogen removal effect. This paper discussed the role of RMs in enhancing the Anammox performance, introduced the characteristics and types of RMs, as well as their basic principles, reviewed the effects of RMs on the Anammox process in terms of Anammox performance, extracellular polymeric substances production, nitrogen-converting enzymes activity and functional bacterial abundance, as well as analyzed and summarized the potential mechanism, with a view to providing theoretical basis and reference value for future practical applications.

Key words: anaerobic ammonium oxidation, redox mediators, biological nitrogen removal, process enhancement, electron transfer

摘要：

厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonium oxidation，Anammox）工艺被认为是一种高效经济且环境友好的生物脱氮技术，是传统生物脱氮工艺的理想替代。然而，该工艺的核心微生物——厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）生长速度缓慢，导致反应器启动时间长，限制了该工艺的实际应用与推广。因此，如何提高AnAOB活性，进一步缩短反应器启动时间成为亟待解决的问题。氧化还原介体（redox mediator，RMs）作为电子载体，通过加速电子传递过程，可增强AnAOB脱氮酶活性和代谢性能，从而提高整体脱氮效果。本文围绕RMs在强化Anammox性能中的作用进行讨论，介绍了RMs的特性、种类及其基本原理，从Anammox性能、胞外聚合物产量、脱氮酶活性及功能菌丰度等方面综述了RMs对Anammox过程的影响，并对其潜在的机理进行了分析和总结，以期为今后的实际应用提供理论依据和参考价值。

关键词: 厌氧氨氧化, 氧化还原介体, 生物脱氮, 工艺强化, 电子传递

CLC Number:

X703.5

ZHAO Xingcheng, JIA Fangxu, JIANG Weiyu, CHEN Jiayi, LIU Chenyu, YAO Hong. Redox mediators-mediated anaerobic ammonium oxidation process for biological nitrogen removal: a review[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(3): 1606-1617.

赵星程, 贾方旭, 蒋伟彧, 陈佳熠, 刘晨雨, 姚宏. 氧化还原介体介导厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(3): 1606-1617.

Figures/Tables 8

RMs 类型	反应器类型/ 有效体积	温度 /°C	pH	运行时间	添加量 /mg·L^-1	进水浓度/mg·L^-1		氮去除效果	参考文献
RMs 类型	反应器类型/ 有效体积	温度 /°C	pH	运行时间	添加量 /mg·L^-1	NH $4 +$	NO $2 -$	氮去除效果	参考文献
FA	血清瓶/100mL	37±0.2	7.8±0.1	120h	308.24	50	50	NRR^①提高7.6%	[41]
	UASB^②/7L	32±1	—	70d	50	150	150	NRR提高12.7%	[42]
	UASB/2.5L	35±1	7.5±0.1	54d	25.2~80.3	150~210	150~220	NRR=1.7kg/(m³·d)	[48]
	ABR^③/1L	15	7.8±0.2	77d	15.4~30.8	75~115	100~132	NRR提高39.2%	[43]
HA	SBR^④/3.75L	30	7.5~8.0	43d	50~200	2300	2300	随HA浓度增加，NRE由58%降低至39.45%	[45]
	SNAP^⑤/12L	32~33	7.5~7.8	92d	120~1637	200~700	—	HA=576mg/L时，NRE=96%	[46]
	SBBR^⑥/7L	33±2	—	54d	50~200	600	—	HA=50mg/L时，NRE提升了0.6%	[47]

RMs 类型	反应器类型/ 有效体积	温度 /°C	pH	运行时间	添加量 /mg·L^-1	进水浓度/mg·L^-1		氮去除效果	参考文献
RMs 类型	反应器类型/ 有效体积	温度 /°C	pH	运行时间	添加量 /mg·L^-1	NH $4 +$	NO $2 -$	氮去除效果	参考文献
FA	血清瓶/100mL	37±0.2	7.8±0.1	120h	308.24	50	50	NRR^①提高7.6%	[41]
	UASB^②/7L	32±1	—	70d	50	150	150	NRR提高12.7%	[42]
	UASB/2.5L	35±1	7.5±0.1	54d	25.2~80.3	150~210	150~220	NRR=1.7kg/(m³·d)	[48]
	ABR^③/1L	15	7.8±0.2	77d	15.4~30.8	75~115	100~132	NRR提高39.2%	[43]
HA	SBR^④/3.75L	30	7.5~8.0	43d	50~200	2300	2300	随HA浓度增加，NRE由58%降低至39.45%	[45]
	SNAP^⑤/12L	32~33	7.5~7.8	92d	120~1637	200~700	—	HA=576mg/L时，NRE=96%	[46]
	SBBR^⑥/7L	33±2	—	54d	50~200	600	—	HA=50mg/L时，NRE提升了0.6%	[47]

生物炭制备温度/℃	反应器类型/ 有效体积	温度 /℃	pH	运行时间	最佳添加量 /g·L^-1	进水浓度/mg·L^-1		氮去除效果	参考文献
生物炭制备温度/℃	反应器类型/ 有效体积	温度 /℃	pH	运行时间	最佳添加量 /g·L^-1	NH $4 +$	NO $2 -$	氮去除效果	参考文献
300	UASB/1L	35±1	—	160d	0.01	70~210	70~210	提高10.7%	[56]
500								提高7.1%
800								下降4.9%
300	血清瓶/120mL	32±1	约7.5	60h	0.01	70	200	提高64.5%	[57]
500								提高63.6%
800								提高43.9%
300	UASB/1L	35±1	7.2~7.8	80d	10	100	100	粒径10~30μm，NRE提高21.6%	[55]
								粒径10~30μm，NRE提高21.1%
								粒径10~30μm，NRE提高9.2%
300	血清瓶/100mL	35	—	72h	10	100	100	提高11.6%	[58]
400	血清瓶/100mL	35±1	7.5±0.1	40d	10	TN=(220±10)~(300±15)		提高11.6%	[53]
400	SBR/1L	35±1	—	106d	10	350±20	420±20	C/N=0.5时，NRE下降3.1%	[54]
400	SBR/1L	35±1	—	106d	10	350±20	420±20	C/N=0.7时，NRE提高0.4%	[54]
300	血清瓶/120mL	35±1	7.5	56d	10	70	100	粒径1~5μm，NRE提高17.5%	[59]
300	血清瓶/120mL	35±1	7.5	56d	10	70	100	粒径500~1000μm，NRE提高34.6%	[59]

生物炭制备温度/℃	反应器类型/ 有效体积	温度 /℃	pH	运行时间	最佳添加量 /g·L^-1	进水浓度/mg·L^-1		氮去除效果	参考文献
生物炭制备温度/℃	反应器类型/ 有效体积	温度 /℃	pH	运行时间	最佳添加量 /g·L^-1	NH $4 +$	NO $2 -$	氮去除效果	参考文献
300	UASB/1L	35±1	—	160d	0.01	70~210	70~210	提高10.7%	[56]
500								提高7.1%
800								下降4.9%
300	血清瓶/120mL	32±1	约7.5	60h	0.01	70	200	提高64.5%	[57]
500								提高63.6%
800								提高43.9%
300	UASB/1L	35±1	7.2~7.8	80d	10	100	100	粒径10~30μm，NRE提高21.6%	[55]
								粒径10~30μm，NRE提高21.1%
								粒径10~30μm，NRE提高9.2%
300	血清瓶/100mL	35	—	72h	10	100	100	提高11.6%	[58]
400	血清瓶/100mL	35±1	7.5±0.1	40d	10	TN=(220±10)~(300±15)		提高11.6%	[53]
400	SBR/1L	35±1	—	106d	10	350±20	420±20	C/N=0.5时，NRE下降3.1%	[54]
400	SBR/1L	35±1	—	106d	10	350±20	420±20	C/N=0.7时，NRE提高0.4%	[54]
300	血清瓶/120mL	35±1	7.5	56d	10	70	100	粒径1~5μm，NRE提高17.5%	[59]
300	血清瓶/120mL	35±1	7.5	56d	10	70	100	粒径500~1000μm，NRE提高34.6%	[59]

RMs 类型	反应器类型/ 有效体积	温度/℃	pH	运行时间	添加量 /mg·L^-1	进水浓度/mg·L^-1		氮去除效果	参考文献
RMs 类型	反应器类型/ 有效体积	温度/℃	pH	运行时间	添加量 /mg·L^-1	NH $4 +$	NO $2 -$	氮去除效果	参考文献
GN	血清瓶/75mL	35±2	7.5±0.1	45h	10	100	100	46.0%	[61]
GO	血清瓶/100mL	35	—	42h	100	120	150	—	[62]
GO	血清瓶/100mL	35±1	7.5	4h	100	50	50	17.2%	[64]
GO	USFCWs^①/1.5L	37±1	7~8	61d	1或10	50	66	—	[63]
rGO	SBR/0.3L	35±1	7.0±0.2	220d	100	50	65	27.4%	[17]
rGO	SBR/0.5L	35±1	7.0±0.2	200d	100	120	150	13.7%	[66]
rGO	血清瓶/100mL	13	7.3±0.2	2~8h	15	25	30	—	[67]
rGO	SBR/5L	10~30	7.6±0.3	316h	15	TN=124~269		温度大于15°C时，NRR可提升17%	[65]
rGO	SBR/1L	15或23	7.5±0.4	26d	—	—		NRR与对照组相似	[68]
GO/rGO	血清瓶/100mL	35	7.5±0.2	36h/18d	25~150	100	132	GO比RGO对Anammox具有更好的促进效果	[60]

RMs 类型	反应器类型/ 有效体积	温度/℃	pH	运行时间	添加量 /mg·L^-1	进水浓度/mg·L^-1		氮去除效果	参考文献
RMs 类型	反应器类型/ 有效体积	温度/℃	pH	运行时间	添加量 /mg·L^-1	NH $4 +$	NO $2 -$	氮去除效果	参考文献
GN	血清瓶/75mL	35±2	7.5±0.1	45h	10	100	100	46.0%	[61]
GO	血清瓶/100mL	35	—	42h	100	120	150	—	[62]
GO	血清瓶/100mL	35±1	7.5	4h	100	50	50	17.2%	[64]
GO	USFCWs^①/1.5L	37±1	7~8	61d	1或10	50	66	—	[63]
rGO	SBR/0.3L	35±1	7.0±0.2	220d	100	50	65	27.4%	[17]
rGO	SBR/0.5L	35±1	7.0±0.2	200d	100	120	150	13.7%	[66]
rGO	血清瓶/100mL	13	7.3±0.2	2~8h	15	25	30	—	[67]
rGO	SBR/5L	10~30	7.6±0.3	316h	15	TN=124~269		温度大于15°C时，NRR可提升17%	[65]
rGO	SBR/1L	15或23	7.5±0.4	26d	—	—		NRR与对照组相似	[68]
GO/rGO	血清瓶/100mL	35	7.5±0.2	36h/18d	25~150	100	132	GO比RGO对Anammox具有更好的促进效果	[60]

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