Recent progresses in chemical recycling and upcycling of waste plastics

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-2227

Abstract

Abstract:

Plastics play an important role in social and economic development, while their mass production and inappropriate disposal have caused serious ecological disasters. The transformation of waste plastics into value-added products through chemical recycling and upcycling is one of the key technologies to achieve sustainable development of plastic resources. This review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in waste plastic valorization by various methods (e.?g., catalytic pyrolysis, solvolysis, hydrogenolysis, photocatalysis, chemical oxidation, etc.), focusing on discussing the effects of reaction conditions on product distribution and yields, structure-activity relationships, and reaction mechanisms. In view of the existing problems such as harsh reaction conditions, high catalyst cost and low reuse ability, future research directions are proposed, including optimization of process conditions, clarification of catalyst deactivation mechanism and development of inexpensive and efficient catalysts, which are expected to realize the industrial development of plastic resource utilization.

Key words: waste plastics, catalyst, chemical recycling, chemical upcycling, reaction mechanism

摘要：

塑料对人类社会进步和经济发展发挥着重要作用，但其大规模生产和不恰当的处置已造成了严重的生态灾难。通过化学回收和化学升级再造的方法将废弃塑料转化为高附加值的产品是实现塑料资源可持续发展的关键技术之一。本综述总结了近年来废弃塑料的回收现状和化学升级再造的途径，包括催化热解、化学解聚、催化氢解、光催化、化学氧化等，着重探讨了反应条件对于产物分布和产率的影响、催化剂的构效关系及反应机理等。针对目前存在的反应条件严苛、催化剂成本高且重复利用性差等问题，提出未来研究方向包括优化工艺条件、弄清催化剂失活机理和开发价格低廉的高效催化剂，有望进一步实现废塑料资源化利用的工业化发展。

关键词: 废塑料, 催化剂, 化学回收, 化学升级再造, 反应机理

CLC Number:

TQ320.9

CHEN Huan, WAN Kun, NIU Bo, ZHANG Yayun, LONG Donghui. Recent progresses in chemical recycling and upcycling of waste plastics[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(3): 1453-1469.

陈欢, 万坤, 牛波, 张亚运, 龙东辉. 废弃塑料化学回收及升级再造研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(3): 1453-1469.

Figures/Tables 13

References 74

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EG/PET	催化剂	催化剂/PET	温度/℃	时间/min	PET 转化率/%	BHET 收率/%	文献
4/1（mL/g）	［Bmim］Cl	0.5（质量比）	175	180	100	64	［46］
4/1（质量比）	［Bmim］［FeCl₄］	0.2（质量比）	140	240	100	59.2	［47］
11.7/1（质量比）	［Bmim］₂［CoCl₄］	0.17（质量比）	170	90	100	81.1	［48］
4/1（质量比）	［Ch］₃［PO］₄	0.2（质量比）	180	180	100	60.6	［49］
4/1（质量比）	［Ch］［OAc］	0.05（质量比）	180	480	94.3	85.2	［50］
4/1（质量比）	尿素/ZnCl₂	0.05（质量比）	170	30	100	82.8	［51］
4/1（质量比）	1，3-二甲基脲/ZnCl₂	0.05（质量比）	190	20	100	82	［52］
6.7/1（质量比）	［Bmim-Fe］［（OAc）₃］/膨润土	0.33（质量比）	190	180	100	44	［53］
10/1（mL/g）	Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@（mim）［FeCl₄］	0.15（质量比）	180	1440	N/A	100	［54］
5/1（质量比）	乙酰胺/ZnCl₂@ZIF-8	0.004（质量比）	195	25	100	83.2	［55］

EG/PET	催化剂	催化剂/PET	温度/℃	时间/min	PET 转化率/%	BHET 收率/%	文献
4/1（mL/g）	［Bmim］Cl	0.5（质量比）	175	180	100	64	［46］
4/1（质量比）	［Bmim］［FeCl₄］	0.2（质量比）	140	240	100	59.2	［47］
11.7/1（质量比）	［Bmim］₂［CoCl₄］	0.17（质量比）	170	90	100	81.1	［48］
4/1（质量比）	［Ch］₃［PO］₄	0.2（质量比）	180	180	100	60.6	［49］
4/1（质量比）	［Ch］［OAc］	0.05（质量比）	180	480	94.3	85.2	［50］
4/1（质量比）	尿素/ZnCl₂	0.05（质量比）	170	30	100	82.8	［51］
4/1（质量比）	1，3-二甲基脲/ZnCl₂	0.05（质量比）	190	20	100	82	［52］
6.7/1（质量比）	［Bmim-Fe］［（OAc）₃］/膨润土	0.33（质量比）	190	180	100	44	［53］
10/1（mL/g）	Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@（mim）［FeCl₄］	0.15（质量比）	180	1440	N/A	100	［54］
5/1（质量比）	乙酰胺/ZnCl₂@ZIF-8	0.004（质量比）	195	25	100	83.2	［55］

塑料	催化剂	反应条件	产物	收率/%
LDPE^［56］	Ru/C	200~250℃，20bar H₂，16h	C₇~C₄₅液体烷烃	>90
HDPE^［57］	Ru/C	220℃，60bar H₂，1h，正己烷	C₈~C₁₆液体烷烃	60.8
PE^［58］	Pt/SrTiO₃	300℃，12bar H₂，96h	润滑油和蜡	42~97
PE^［59］	Ru/CeO₂	200~240℃，20~35bar H₂，8144h	C₅~C₂₁液体烷烃，C₂₂~C₄₅蜡	83~92
PP^［60］	Ru/TiO₂	250℃，30bar H₂，16h	润滑油	>80
LDPE^［61］	Pt/WO₃/ZrO₂-HY	225℃，30bar H₂，2 h	柴油和汽油	85
PE^［62］	mSiO₂/Pt/SiO₂	250℃，13.8 bar H₂，24h	柴油和润滑油	38
PET^［63］	Ru/Nb₂O₅	280~320℃，3bar H₂，8~16h	芳烃	75~85
PET^64］	Ru/Nb₂O₅	220℃，20bar N₂，12h，乙二醇	苯、甲苯、二甲苯	91
PE^［65］	（ ^t^-BuPCP）Ir，Re₂O₇/γ-Al₂O₃	150~175℃，72~96h，正己烷	液体油和蜡	98
PE^［66］	SnPt/γ-Al₂O₃，Re₂O₇/γ-Al₂O₃	200℃，20~40bar He，15h	低分子量齐聚物	N/A
PE^［67］	Pt/γ-Al₂O₃	280℃，24h	烷基芳烃和蜡	80

塑料	催化剂	反应条件	产物	收率/%
LDPE^［56］	Ru/C	200~250℃，20bar H₂，16h	C₇~C₄₅液体烷烃	>90
HDPE^［57］	Ru/C	220℃，60bar H₂，1h，正己烷	C₈~C₁₆液体烷烃	60.8
PE^［58］	Pt/SrTiO₃	300℃，12bar H₂，96h	润滑油和蜡	42~97
PE^［59］	Ru/CeO₂	200~240℃，20~35bar H₂，8144h	C₅~C₂₁液体烷烃，C₂₂~C₄₅蜡	83~92
PP^［60］	Ru/TiO₂	250℃，30bar H₂，16h	润滑油	>80
LDPE^［61］	Pt/WO₃/ZrO₂-HY	225℃，30bar H₂，2 h	柴油和汽油	85
PE^［62］	mSiO₂/Pt/SiO₂	250℃，13.8 bar H₂，24h	柴油和润滑油	38
PET^［63］	Ru/Nb₂O₅	280~320℃，3bar H₂，8~16h	芳烃	75~85
PET^64］	Ru/Nb₂O₅	220℃，20bar N₂，12h，乙二醇	苯、甲苯、二甲苯	91
PE^［65］	（ ^t^-BuPCP）Ir，Re₂O₇/γ-Al₂O₃	150~175℃，72~96h，正己烷	液体油和蜡	98
PE^［66］	SnPt/γ-Al₂O₃，Re₂O₇/γ-Al₂O₃	200℃，20~40bar He，15h	低分子量齐聚物	N/A
PE^［67］	Pt/γ-Al₂O₃	280℃，24h	烷基芳烃和蜡	80

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[3]	XIE Luyao, CHEN Songzhe, WANG Laijun, ZHANG Ping. Platinum-based catalysts for SO₂ depolarized electrolysis [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 299-309.
[4]	YANG Xiazhen, PENG Yifan, LIU Huazhang, HUO Chao. Regulation of active phase of fused iron catalyst and its catalytic performance of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 310-318.
[5]	WANG Lele, YANG Wanrong, YAO Yan, LIU Tao, HE Chuan, LIU Xiao, SU Sheng, KONG Fanhai, ZHU Canghai, XIANG Jun. Influence of spent SCR catalyst blending on the characteristics and deNO _x performance for new SCR catalyst [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 489-497.
[6]	DENG Liping, SHI Haoyu, LIU Xiaolong, CHEN Yaoji, YAN Jingying. Non-noble metal modified vanadium titanium-based catalyst for NH₃-SCR denitrification simultaneous control VOCs [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 542-548.
[7]	CHENG Tao, CUI Ruili, SONG Junnan, ZHANG Tianqi, ZHANG Yunhe, LIANG Shijie, PU Shi. Analysis of impurity deposition and pressure drop increase mechanisms in residue hydrotreating unit [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(9): 4616-4627.
[8]	WANG Peng, SHI Huibing, ZHAO Deming, FENG Baolin, CHEN Qian, YANG Da. Recent advances on transition metal catalyzed carbonylation of chlorinated compounds [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(9): 4649-4666.
[9]	ZHANG Qi, ZHAO Hong, RONG Junfeng. Research progress of anti-toxicity electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFC [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(9): 4677-4691.
[10]	GE Quanqian, XU Mai, LIANG Xian, WANG Fengwu. Research progress on the application of MOFs in photoelectrocatalysis [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(9): 4692-4705.
[11]	WANG Weitao, BAO Tingyu, JIANG Xulu, HE Zhenhong, WANG Kuan, YANG Yang, LIU Zhaotie. Oxidation of benzene to phenol over aldehyde-ketone resin based metal-free catalyst [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(9): 4706-4715.
[12]	GE Yafen, SUN Yu, XIAO Peng, LIU Qi, LIU Bo, SUN Chengying, GONG Yanjun. Research progress of zeolite for VOCs removal [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(9): 4716-4730.
[13]	WU Haibo, WANG Xilun, FANG Yanxiong, JI Hongbing. Progress of the development and application of 3D printing catalyst [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(8): 3956-3964.
[14]	XIANG Yang, HUANG Xun, WEI Zidong. Recent progresses in the activity and selectivity improvement of electrocatalytic organic synthesis [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(8): 4005-4014.
[15]	WANG Yaogang, HAN Zishan, GAO Jiachen, WANG Xinyu, LI Siqi, YANG Quanhong, WENG Zhe. Strategies for regulating product selectivity of copper-based catalysts in electrochemical CO₂ reduction [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(8): 4043-4057.