Abstract: Fixed bed residue hydrogenating technology is a vital way of heavy oil upgrading,but the deactivation of catalysts restricts the operation cycle of the plant,which affects the overall economic benefits of the refinery.At the early stage of operation in residue hydrogenating process,a large number of coke formed on the catalysts' surface leads to the rapid deactivation of the catalysts,the properties of the coke,the factors affecting the formation of carbon deposits and the methods of inhibiting the carbon deposition are discussed in this paper.The coke is divided into soft and refractory coke on the catalysts' surface,mainly the soft coke at the initial stage of operation;the coke is mainly deposited on the outside of the catalysts that results in the migration of pore diameter to the micropore and decreasing the utilization of the active site in the pore;The properties of the residue,the catalyst properties and the process conditions together determine the formation of the coke at the initial stage of operation,but the coke may be inhibited by optimizing these factors.It is of great significance for the rational use of the catalysts,the extension of the operation cycle and the reduction of refinery production cost.

Key words: residue hydrogenation, fixed bed, catalyst, deactivation, the initial stage of operation

摘要： 固定床渣油加氢技术是重油改质的重要手段，而催化剂失活制约着装置运行周期，影响炼厂整体经济效益。渣油加氢过程中，运转初期形成的大量积炭是催化剂快速失活的重要原因。本文主要介绍了运转初期催化剂表面形成积炭的性质、影响积炭形成的因素以及控制积炭的方法等。积炭分为软炭和硬炭，运转初期催化剂表面沉积的积炭以软炭为主，积炭更多地沉积在催化剂外侧，造成孔径向小孔范围迁移，降低孔内活性位利用率；原料油性质、催化剂性质及工艺条件共同决定着催化剂运转初期积炭形成，通过改善原料油性质，优化催化剂及工艺条件可以有效地抑制积炭形成。这对合理使用催化剂，延长装置运转周期及降低炼厂生产成本具有重要意义。

关键词: 渣油加氢, 固定床, 催化剂, 失活, 运转初期