Advances of polymer functionally gradient materials by additive manufacturing

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0056

Abstract

Abstract:

Polymer functionally gradient materials (PGMs) are heterogeneous polymer-based composites, where their compositions or structures change continuously in one or multi-spatial directions. Traditional methods for preparing PGMs suffer from complexity, customization difficulties, and poor universality. This article introduced the advantages of additive manufacturing(AM) based on the "discrete-stacking" principle and summarized the fundamental principles, material characteristics and properties of PGM formation using AM techniques, including fused deposition molding, direct ink writing, vat photopolymerization, materials jetting and selective laser sintering. Although preparing PGMs using AM posed challenges such as the lack of design criteria, characterization methods and systematic research methods, AM would become an excellent method for PGM preparation with the deepening of basic scientific research on new AM materials and the continuous development of specific applications for service conditions and process performance.

Key words: polymers, composites, multiscale, functionally gradient materials, additive manufacturing

摘要：

聚合物功能梯度材料（PGMs）是一种以聚合物为连续相，多种材质相互耦合，组成结构和性能在材料空间方向上进行连续梯度变化的非均质复合材料。传统PGMs制备方法存在原理复杂、难定制、通用性差等问题。本文介绍了增材制造（AM）基于“离散-堆积”的成型原理和优势，综述了适用于PGMs的增材制造技术：熔融沉积成型、直写成型、立体光固化、喷射成型和选择性激光烧结的功能梯度材料成型基本原理、材料特点和性能。虽然在增材制造制备PGMs的过程中存在缺乏设计准则、表征方法和系统研究方法等问题。但是，随着对增材制造新概念材料进行基础科学研究的深入，以及针对特定使役条件和工艺性能的具体应用不断发展，增材制造将成为PGMs制备的一种极佳方法。

关键词: 聚合物, 复合材料, 多尺度, 功能梯度材料, 增材制造

CLC Number:

TF145.9

CAO Boxun, CAO Liangcheng. Advances of polymer functionally gradient materials by additive manufacturing[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(12): 6429-6437.

曹伯洵, 曹良成. 增材制造聚合物功能梯度材料研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(12): 6429-6437.

Figures/Tables 7

References 78

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年份	主要材料	梯度形成方法	梯度性能	参考文献
2012	硅橡胶/聚氨酯	交替控制出料、主被动混合	硬度、颜色	[36]
2014	水凝胶基壳聚糖/海藻酸钠	交替控制出料、被动混合	成分变化	[37]
2015	多糖水凝胶	交替控制出料、被动混合	成分变化、拉伸强度	[38]
2015	水/甘油混合物、环氧树脂、水基纤维素	交替控制出料、主动混合	颜色、反应速率、电阻	[47]
2015	氧化铁/聚氨酯丙烯酸光敏树脂	磁辅助氧化铁连续分布	导热、导电	[39]
2017	纳米银棱柱/聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯	交替控制出料、被动混合	吸收波长	[45]
2017	海藻酸钠/聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶/丙烯酸酯聚氨酯	交替控制出料、被动混合	弹性模量	[40]
2018	甲基丙烯酸酯/丙烯酸酯	交替控制出料、被动混合	弹性模量	[41]
2019	碳化硅/硅胶	交替控制出料、被动混合	黏度、强度、模量	[35]
2019	液晶高分子	挤出力、温度	取向梯度、机械性能	[50]
2020	纤维素	交替控制出料、被动混合	弹性模量、吸水性	[5]
2020	纤维素、几丁质、果胶	交替控制出料、被动混合	机械性能、流变性能	[51]
2020	液晶高分子	打印速度、路径	弹性模量	[52]
2020	碳化硅/聚二甲基硅氧烷	交替控制出料、被动混合	拉伸模量、硬度	[53]
2022	有机硅光敏树脂	交替控制出料、被动混合	颜色	[42]

年份	主要材料	梯度形成方法	梯度性能	参考文献
2012	硅橡胶/聚氨酯	交替控制出料、主被动混合	硬度、颜色	[36]
2014	水凝胶基壳聚糖/海藻酸钠	交替控制出料、被动混合	成分变化	[37]
2015	多糖水凝胶	交替控制出料、被动混合	成分变化、拉伸强度	[38]
2015	水/甘油混合物、环氧树脂、水基纤维素	交替控制出料、主动混合	颜色、反应速率、电阻	[47]
2015	氧化铁/聚氨酯丙烯酸光敏树脂	磁辅助氧化铁连续分布	导热、导电	[39]
2017	纳米银棱柱/聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯	交替控制出料、被动混合	吸收波长	[45]
2017	海藻酸钠/聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶/丙烯酸酯聚氨酯	交替控制出料、被动混合	弹性模量	[40]
2018	甲基丙烯酸酯/丙烯酸酯	交替控制出料、被动混合	弹性模量	[41]
2019	碳化硅/硅胶	交替控制出料、被动混合	黏度、强度、模量	[35]
2019	液晶高分子	挤出力、温度	取向梯度、机械性能	[50]
2020	纤维素	交替控制出料、被动混合	弹性模量、吸水性	[5]
2020	纤维素、几丁质、果胶	交替控制出料、被动混合	机械性能、流变性能	[51]
2020	液晶高分子	打印速度、路径	弹性模量	[52]
2020	碳化硅/聚二甲基硅氧烷	交替控制出料、被动混合	拉伸模量、硬度	[53]
2022	有机硅光敏树脂	交替控制出料、被动混合	颜色	[42]

年份	主要材料	梯度形成方法	梯度性能	参考文献
2015	ABS P400	不同区域不同材料	密度、弹性模量	[59]
2015	PLA/尼龙	交替控制出料、被动混合	颜色、拉伸强度	[6]
2016	ABS P400	不同区域不同材料	密度、弹性模量	[60]
2017	PLA/石墨烯	交替控制出料	电阻性能	[57]
2018	PLA/ABS/HIPS	交替控制出料、被动混合	断裂强度	[58]
2019	PLA/TPU	交替控制出料、被动混合	弯曲强度、拉伸强度	[56]
2020	ABS/PC	交替控制出料	拉伸、弹性模量	[61]
2020	ABS/陶瓷	交替控制出料	介电常数	[62]
2022	PLA/RGO	交替控制出料、被动混合	吸波性能	[11]

年份	主要材料	梯度形成方法	梯度性能	参考文献
2015	ABS P400	不同区域不同材料	密度、弹性模量	[59]
2015	PLA/尼龙	交替控制出料、被动混合	颜色、拉伸强度	[6]
2016	ABS P400	不同区域不同材料	密度、弹性模量	[60]
2017	PLA/石墨烯	交替控制出料	电阻性能	[57]
2018	PLA/ABS/HIPS	交替控制出料、被动混合	断裂强度	[58]
2019	PLA/TPU	交替控制出料、被动混合	弯曲强度、拉伸强度	[56]
2020	ABS/PC	交替控制出料	拉伸、弹性模量	[61]
2020	ABS/陶瓷	交替控制出料	介电常数	[62]
2022	PLA/RGO	交替控制出料、被动混合	吸波性能	[11]

年份	主要材料	梯度形成方法	梯度性能	参考文献
2016	光敏树脂G+ yellow	光照强度	弹性模量	[64]
2016	环氧和丙烯酸酯单体	光照波长、照射时间	压缩模量	[68]
2019	双酚A型二酐/甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯/丙烯酸丁酯	光照强度、光-热固化	弹性模量、玻璃化转变温度	[65]
2019	三甘醇二甲基丙烯酸酯/双酚A甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯	两个波长促进和抑制聚合	机械性能	[70]
2021	光敏树脂Orange Tough Resin	灰度像素、光照强度	体积模量、弹性模量	[67]
2021	聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯/四(3-巯基丙酸)季戊四醇酯/二苯基(2，4，6-三甲基苯甲酰基)氧化膦	层厚、光照强度和曝光时间	弹性模量	[69]