Abstract:

Hazardous chemical accidents occur frequently as the chemical industry is rapidly developed in China. During the emergency disposal process of hazardous chemical accidents, the decontamination technology has been one of the most important technical part. In this paper, a preliminary decontamination spectrum of potential hazardous chemicals was established as considering the toxicity of chemicals, production and sales, the necessity of decontamination and other factors. Meanwhile, on the basis of discussing the decontamination principle and decontamination agent, the catalytic activation mechanism and the application of hydrogen peroxide combined with the inorganic catalysts and organic activators had been mainly elaborated. The inorganic catalytic system mainly includes metal ions, metal salts and metal ligands. The active ingredient of the compound is ·OH, ¹O₂ and so on. Organic activators mainly include esters, amides, amidines, guanidine and nitriles. The active components are peroxyacid or peroxyimino acid. All kinds of systems have been studied and applied in the fields of disinfection and disposal of hazardous chemicals, bleaching and dyeing, and are expected to become the main body of the development of disinfectants for hazardous chemicals in the future. This paper can provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of peroxide disinfectants, and lay a technical foundation for emergency rescue and decontamination of hazardous chemical accidents.

Key words: hazardous chemicals, decontamination, hydrogen peroxide, catalyst activation, oxidation, pollution

摘要：

随着我国化工行业的飞速发展，危险化学品事故时有发生，洗消成为化学应急处置的关键技术环节之一。本文综合考虑化学品的毒性、产销量、洗消的必要性等因素，初步建立了潜在危化品洗消污染物谱系；同时，在论述洗消原理及洗消剂的基础上，重点探讨了无机催化剂和有机活化剂对过氧化氢的催化活化原理。无机催化体系主要包含金属离子、金属盐和金属配位体，活性成分为·OH、¹O₂等；有机活化剂主要有酯类、酰胺类、脒类、胍类和腈类等，活性成分为过氧酸或过氧亚酰胺酸。各类体系在危化品消毒处置和漂白印染等领域都有研究和应用，有望成为未来危化品消毒剂的发展主体。本文可为过氧化物类消毒剂产品的研发提供一定的理论依据，为应对危化品事故应急救援洗消需求奠定技术基础。

关键词: 危化品, 洗消, 过氧化氢, 催化剂活化, 氧化, 污染