废弃物衍生分级多孔炭的制备及吸附应用进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-0439

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

分级多孔炭因其高比表面积、大孔容及分级孔结构，目前广泛应用于超级电容器、锂离子电池、催化及吸附等领域。废弃物在热解气化过程中残留的碳基材料则是制备分级多孔炭很好的前体。本文根据废弃物来源及自身特性间的差异，对生物质和非生物质废弃物作为原料制备的分级多孔炭的特性及应用进行了综述及总结。并对不同制备方法的优劣及适用对象进行了比较。对分级多孔炭在挥发性有机物（VOCs）吸附、CO₂吸附捕集、染料吸附、抗生素以及酚类物质的吸附过程进行分析，总结出废弃物基多孔炭在孔径结构及表面杂原子掺杂情况下的优势能够增强这几类物质的吸附效果。结合已有文献，对废弃物基分级多孔炭的制备、孔径设计及表面官能团设计提出展望。

关键词: 废物处理, 二氧化碳捕集, 挥发性有机物, 抗生素, 有机染料, 吸附, 分级多孔炭, 模板合成

Abstract:

Hierarchical porous carbon is widely used in the fields of supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, catalysis and adsorption due to its high specific surface area, large pore volume and hierarchical pore structure. The carbon-based residue after the pyrolysis and gasification of wastes are appropriate precursors for the preparation of hierarchical porous carbon. This paper reviewed the current waste-based hierarchical porous carbon preparation and adsorption applications. Based on the differences between waste sources and its own characteristics, the characteristics and applications of hierarchical porous carbon prepared from biomass and non-biomass waste were summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods and the applicable fields were compared. This paper also analyzed the adsorption process of VOCs, CO₂, dyes, antibiotics and phenols. The advantages of waste-based porous carbon in pore structure and surface heteroatom doping can enhance the adsorption effect of these types of substances. Combined with the existing literature, the prospects for the preparation of waste-based hierarchical porous carbon, pore size design and surface functional group design were put forward.

Key words: waste treatment, carbondioxide capture, volatile organic compounds, antibiotics, organic dyes, adsorption, hierarchical porous carbon, template synthesis

中图分类号:

X705

杨宇轩, 朱晨曦, 黄群星. 废弃物衍生分级多孔炭的制备及吸附应用进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(1): 427-439.

Yuxuan YANG, Chenxi ZHU, Qunxing HUANG. Progress on preparation and adsorption application of solid waste derived hierarchical porous carbon[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(1): 427-439.

图/表 11

参考文献 83

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制备方法	适用原材料范围	制备所得材料特征	优点	缺点
外源模板物法	适用范围广，基本适合全部有机固体废弃物	介孔孔径均匀，孔径分布具有较明显特征峰	孔径可控，可根据模板添加量调节孔径分布及微孔/介孔比例	成本相对较高，制备工艺复杂
共热解法	适用于组分间存在交互作用，或一方存在较多灰分的两种/多种废弃物	介孔孔径分布不确定，比表面积比单独热解高	废弃物利用率高，工艺简单	组分间交互作用复杂，难以实现对孔径分布的定向调控
微生物靶向预降解法	适用于植物基生物质废弃物	比表面积较大，根据组分不同，孔径分布存在差异	比表面积大，孔容大	适用范围小，仅适用于植物基生物质
自模板法	适用于灰分含量高，自身有机/无机结构较为规整的废弃物	比表面积大，孔容大，多数为介孔/大孔主导材料	制备工艺简单	产率较低，经济性相对较差

制备方法	适用原材料范围	制备所得材料特征	优点	缺点
外源模板物法	适用范围广，基本适合全部有机固体废弃物	介孔孔径均匀，孔径分布具有较明显特征峰	孔径可控，可根据模板添加量调节孔径分布及微孔/介孔比例	成本相对较高，制备工艺复杂
共热解法	适用于组分间存在交互作用，或一方存在较多灰分的两种/多种废弃物	介孔孔径分布不确定，比表面积比单独热解高	废弃物利用率高，工艺简单	组分间交互作用复杂，难以实现对孔径分布的定向调控
微生物靶向预降解法	适用于植物基生物质废弃物	比表面积较大，根据组分不同，孔径分布存在差异	比表面积大，孔容大	适用范围小，仅适用于植物基生物质
自模板法	适用于灰分含量高，自身有机/无机结构较为规整的废弃物	比表面积大，孔容大，多数为介孔/大孔主导材料	制备工艺简单	产率较低，经济性相对较差

制备方法	原料		试剂		过程消耗		总得分
制备方法	描述	得分	描述	得分	描述	得分	总得分
外源模板物法	单种废弃物	4	无机模板物，活化剂，酸，去离子水	3	模板加入材料，高温活化，去灰后烘干	2	0.675
共热解法	多种废弃物	2	活化剂，酸，去离子水	4	高温活化，去灰后烘干	4	0.85
微生物靶向降解法	单种废弃物	4	活化剂，酸，去离子水	2	恒温培养微生物，高温活化，去灰后烘干	2	0.65
自模板法	单种废弃物	4	微生物，活化剂，酸（用量大），去离子水	3	高温活化，去灰后烘干	4	0.925

制备方法	原料		试剂		过程消耗		总得分
制备方法	描述	得分	描述	得分	描述	得分	总得分
外源模板物法	单种废弃物	4	无机模板物，活化剂，酸，去离子水	3	模板加入材料，高温活化，去灰后烘干	2	0.675
共热解法	多种废弃物	2	活化剂，酸，去离子水	4	高温活化，去灰后烘干	4	0.85
微生物靶向降解法	单种废弃物	4	活化剂，酸，去离子水	2	恒温培养微生物，高温活化，去灰后烘干	2	0.65
自模板法	单种废弃物	4	微生物，活化剂，酸（用量大），去离子水	3	高温活化，去灰后烘干	4	0.925

原料	测试工况	比表面积/m²·g^-1	微孔占总孔比例/%	VOCs吸附量	参考文献
蔬菜根	<440mg·m^-3，20℃，250mL·min^-1	1599	72.5	甲苯：700mg·g^-1	[7]
荷叶	1100mg·m^-3，100mL·min^-1	2290	56.6	甲苯:446mg·g^-1	[15]
稻壳	440mg·m^-3，109mL·min^-1	3714	—	甲苯：708mg·g^-1	[16]
木质素与PVC	1760mg·m^-3，30mL·min^-1	1513	90	甲苯：263.4mg·g^-1	[27]
废弃竹料	相对压力为1，25℃	2272	—	甲苯：约10mmol·g^-1	[43]
污泥	甲苯：<440mg·m^-3，20℃，250mL·min^-1 柠檬烯：<607mg·m^-3，20℃，250mL·min^-1 2-丁酮：<321mg·m^-3，20℃，250mL·min^-1	990	54	甲苯：350mg·g^-1 柠檬烯：220mg·g^-1 2-丁酮：640mg·g^-1	[44]
高含硅稻壳	甲苯：20℃,1320mg·m^-3，30mL·min^-1 苯酚：20℃,252mg·m^-3，1mL·min^-1	1818	93.3	甲苯：263.6mg·g^-1 苯酚：6.53mg·g^-1	[45]
榴莲壳	1320mg·m^-3	1404	—	甲苯：57.14mg·g^-1	[46]
木质素	相对压力为0.9，25℃	2250	—	苯：581.43mg·g^-1 甲苯：622.03mg·g^-1 二甲苯：609.35mg·g^-1	[47]
花生壳	相对压力为0.99，25℃	1025	75	甲苯：368mg·g^-1	[48]
木屑	约10kPa，30℃	1284	62	甲苯：185mg·g^-1	[49]
废弃焦炭	浓度：836mg·m^-3，流量1000mL·min^-1	534	51	甲苯：254mg·g^-1	[50]
牛骨	相对压力为0.9，25℃	2312	14	甲苯：1198mg·g^-1	[51]