硅铝矿物组分对垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融特性与重金属固化的影响

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0421

化工进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 1716-1725.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0421

硅铝矿物组分对垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融特性与重金属固化的影响

高嘉炜¹(), 黄亚继¹(), 王圣², 朱志成¹, 肖怡萱¹, 宋惠康¹, 刘俊¹, 祁帅杰¹, 张煜尧¹, 赵佳琪¹

^1.东南大学能源热转换及其过程测控教育部重点实验室，江苏南京 210096
^2.清洁高效燃煤发电与污染控制国家重点实验室，江苏南京 210023

收稿日期:2024-03-14 修回日期:2024-07-10 出版日期:2025-03-25 发布日期:2025-04-15
通讯作者: 黄亚继
作者简介:高嘉炜（1996—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为固体废弃物处理。E-mail: gaojw2020@163.com。
基金资助:
江苏省科技计划(BE2022604)

Effects of silicon-aluminum mineral components on the melting characteristics and the solidification of heavy metal of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

GAO Jiawei¹(), HUANG Yaji¹(), WANG Sheng², ZHU Zhicheng¹, XIAO Yixuan¹, SONG Huikang¹, LIU Jun¹, QI Shuaijie¹, ZHANG Yuyao¹, ZHAO Jiaqi¹

^1.Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
^2.State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal-fired Power Generation and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China

Received:2024-03-14 Revised:2024-07-10 Online:2025-03-25 Published:2025-04-15
Contact: HUANG Yaji

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

熔融法是无害化处置垃圾焚烧（MSWI）飞灰的有效方法。本文开展了硅铝添加剂与飞灰的共熔实验研究，分析了不同硅铝矿物组分对飞灰熔融特性及重金属固化效果的影响。研究发现，硅铝组分和热处理温度对飞灰熔融和重金属的氯化挥发影响较大，其中，SiO₂的加入可有效降低飞灰的熔融温度，且添加量为20%时，产物中开始大量出现无定形玻璃体，适量Al₂O₃的加入有助于重金属的固化，但对飞灰的熔融无明显促进作用；高温和硅铝组分的加入有利于促进重金属的直接或间接氯化反应，使其以氯化物形式挥发，同时生成碱金属硅铝酸盐；此外，蒙脱土在促进飞灰熔融以及固化重金属等方面均优于高岭土，且热处理产物的多次浸出毒性均满足国标限值。

关键词: 垃圾焚烧飞灰, 硅铝矿物组分, 熔融, 重金属, 氯化反应, 连续浸出

Abstract:

Melting is an efficient method for harmless disposal of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. Experimental study on the co-melting of silica-aluminum additives with fly ash was carried out to analyze the effects of different silica-aluminum mineral components on the melting characteristics and the solidification of heavy metals of fly ash. It was found that the silica-aluminum components and thermal treatment temperature had significant impacts on the melting of fly ash and the chlorinated volatilization of heavy metals. Among them, the addition of SiO₂ could effectively reduce the melting temperature of fly ash. When the addition amount was 20%, a large number of amorphous vitreous bodies began to appear in the product. The addition of a moderate amount of Al₂O₃ helped the solidification of heavy metals, but it had no obvious promotion effect on the melting of fly ash. High temperature and the addition of Si-Al mineral components were conducive to the promotion of the direct or indirect chlorination of heavy metals, making them volatilize in the form of chlorides, while alkali metal silica-aluminates were produced. In addition, montmorillonite was superior to kaolin in promoting the melting of fly ash and solidifying heavy metals, and the continuous leaching toxicity of the thermal treatment products could meet the standards.

Key words: municipal solid waste incineration fly ash, silicon-aluminum mineral components, melting, heavy metals, chlorination reaction, continuous leaching

中图分类号:

X705

高嘉炜, 黄亚继, 王圣, 朱志成, 肖怡萱, 宋惠康, 刘俊, 祁帅杰, 张煜尧, 赵佳琪. 硅铝矿物组分对垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融特性与重金属固化的影响[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(3): 1716-1725.

GAO Jiawei, HUANG Yaji, WANG Sheng, ZHU Zhicheng, XIAO Yixuan, SONG Huikang, LIU Jun, QI Shuaijie, ZHANG Yuyao, ZHAO Jiaqi. Effects of silicon-aluminum mineral components on the melting characteristics and the solidification of heavy metal of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(3): 1716-1725.

图/表 10

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成分	质量分数/%
CaO	50.11
Cl	17.04
SO₃	10.77
Na₂O	6.76
K₂O	4.32
SiO₂	4.56
MgO	1.95
Al₂O₃	1.42
Fe₂O₃	1.04
其他	2.03

成分	质量分数/%
CaO	50.11
Cl	17.04
SO₃	10.77
Na₂O	6.76
K₂O	4.32
SiO₂	4.56
MgO	1.95
Al₂O₃	1.42
Fe₂O₃	1.04
其他	2.03

浸出次数	添加剂种类	掺混比/%	Cd/mg·L^-1	Cr/mg·L^-1	Cu/mg·L^-1	Ni/mg·L^-1	Pb/mg·L^-1	Zn/mg·L^-1	浸出液pH
1	—	原飞灰	0.002	0.185	0.019	0	1.982	0.140	12.93
	蒙脱土	10	0.010	3.502	0.003	0.198	0	0.031	8.64
		20	0.116	0.622	1.438	0.482	0	9.704	6.65
		30	0.082	0.371	3.984	0.417	0	32.298	4.55
		40	0.017	0.696	0.442	0.310	0	2.903	4.11
		50	0.005	0.186	0.141	0.093	0	0.753	3.70
	高岭土	10	0.005	4.354	0.002	0.229	0	0.020	8.37
		20	0.014	2.522	3.536	0.768	0	15.310	4.73
		30	0.001	3.530	1.241	0.145	0	1.030	4.06
		40	0.001	1.683	0.063	0.151	0	0.173	4.04
		50	0	0.956	0.010	0.093	0	0.095	3.91
2	—	原飞灰	3.280	0.517	10.946	0.249	5.020	52.143	5.36
	蒙脱土	10	0.042	2.446	2.202	1.436	0	40.919	4.97
		20	0.062	0.697	2.745	0.589	0	50.659	4.44
		30	0.015	0.191	0.667	0.368	0	30.544	4.33
		40	0.015	0.649	0.463	0.311	0	2.842	4.15
		50	0.004	0.204	0.160	0.088	0	0.872	3.53
	高岭土	10	0.025	2.410	2.720	2.022	0	38.986	4.45
		20	0.003	1.122	1.300	0.391	0	13.765	3.92
		30	0.002	1.032	0.141	0.140	0	3.123	4.02
		40	0	0.460	0.013	0.039	0	0.142	3.66
		50	0	0.242	0.004	0.024	0	0.041	3.51
3	—	原飞灰	0.475	0.742	4.694	0.228	6.078	25.230	3.76
	蒙脱土	10	0.017	1.100	1.683	0.575	0	23.645	3.78
		20	0.023	0.439	0.638	0.271	0	30.358	4.00
		30	0.008	0.151	0.279	0.313	0	24.031	4.11
		40	0.015	0.725	0.476	0.326	0	2.874	4.13
		50	0.004	0.234	0.160	0.096	0	0.910	3.39
	高岭土	10	0.008	0.647	0.734	0.400	0	9.283	3.66
		20	0.002	0.479	0.434	0.132	0	6.673	3.67
		30	0.001	0.499	0.042	0.099	0	3.884	3.87
		40	0	0.157	0.005	0.014	0	0.217	3.48
		50	0.001	0.115	0.002	0.001	0	0.047	3.35
GB5085.3—2007			1	5	100	5	5	100	—

浸出次数	添加剂种类	掺混比/%	Cd/mg·L^-1	Cr/mg·L^-1	Cu/mg·L^-1	Ni/mg·L^-1	Pb/mg·L^-1	Zn/mg·L^-1	浸出液pH
1	—	原飞灰	0.002	0.185	0.019	0	1.982	0.140	12.93
	蒙脱土	10	0.010	3.502	0.003	0.198	0	0.031	8.64
		20	0.116	0.622	1.438	0.482	0	9.704	6.65
		30	0.082	0.371	3.984	0.417	0	32.298	4.55
		40	0.017	0.696	0.442	0.310	0	2.903	4.11
		50	0.005	0.186	0.141	0.093	0	0.753	3.70
	高岭土	10	0.005	4.354	0.002	0.229	0	0.020	8.37
		20	0.014	2.522	3.536	0.768	0	15.310	4.73
		30	0.001	3.530	1.241	0.145	0	1.030	4.06
		40	0.001	1.683	0.063	0.151	0	0.173	4.04
		50	0	0.956	0.010	0.093	0	0.095	3.91
2	—	原飞灰	3.280	0.517	10.946	0.249	5.020	52.143	5.36
	蒙脱土	10	0.042	2.446	2.202	1.436	0	40.919	4.97
		20	0.062	0.697	2.745	0.589	0	50.659	4.44
		30	0.015	0.191	0.667	0.368	0	30.544	4.33
		40	0.015	0.649	0.463	0.311	0	2.842	4.15
		50	0.004	0.204	0.160	0.088	0	0.872	3.53
	高岭土	10	0.025	2.410	2.720	2.022	0	38.986	4.45
		20	0.003	1.122	1.300	0.391	0	13.765	3.92
		30	0.002	1.032	0.141	0.140	0	3.123	4.02
		40	0	0.460	0.013	0.039	0	0.142	3.66
		50	0	0.242	0.004	0.024	0	0.041	3.51
3	—	原飞灰	0.475	0.742	4.694	0.228	6.078	25.230	3.76
	蒙脱土	10	0.017	1.100	1.683	0.575	0	23.645	3.78
		20	0.023	0.439	0.638	0.271	0	30.358	4.00
		30	0.008	0.151	0.279	0.313	0	24.031	4.11
		40	0.015	0.725	0.476	0.326	0	2.874	4.13
		50	0.004	0.234	0.160	0.096	0	0.910	3.39
	高岭土	10	0.008	0.647	0.734	0.400	0	9.283	3.66
		20	0.002	0.479	0.434	0.132	0	6.673	3.67
		30	0.001	0.499	0.042	0.099	0	3.884	3.87
		40	0	0.157	0.005	0.014	0	0.217	3.48
		50	0.001	0.115	0.002	0.001	0	0.047	3.35
GB5085.3—2007			1	5	100	5	5	100	—

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硅铝矿物组分对垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融特性与重金属固化的影响

Effects of silicon-aluminum mineral components on the melting characteristics and the solidification of heavy metal of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

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