烟气流速与流量手工监测方法现状与探讨

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0960

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“双碳”背景下，随着国家对碳排放监测准确度要求的提高，作为参比方法的烟气流速与流量手工监测标准方法急需进一步完善。针对此情况，从烟道测量位置要求、测量点的布置及测量方法等方面，综述了当前国内外烟气流速与流量手工监测方法的现状，并在此基础上提出了我国监测方法面临的问题及完善方向。关于测量位置，各国标准均对测量位置与流动扰动的距离有具体要求，细节方面存在一定差异，与美国、欧洲和ISO标准相比，我国标准缺少对测量位置气流方向及流场均匀性检查验证的具体规定。关于测量点，美国标准中测量点数的确定方法与各国标准差别较大，我国标准则与欧洲和ISO标准相似，各国标准中测量点的布置均采用网格法。关于流速与流量测量方法，我国标准制定方面存在明显差距，尤其缺少如提高测量结果准确度的三维或二维皮托管法、降低测量误差的壁面调整系数测量法及评价结果准确度的针对性测量不确定度评定方法等。有鉴于此，我国有必要从多方面加快完善烟气流速与流量手工监测标准方法的制定。

关键词: 烟气流速与流量, 手工监测, 测量位置, 测量点, 测量方法

Abstract:

Under the background of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the standard method of manual determination of flue gas velocity and volume flow rate, as a reference method, urgently needs to be improved, while the requirements of carbon emission monitoring and measurement accuracy are raised in China. In this case, the current situation of manual monitoring methods were reviewed, including the requirements of measurement sites, layout of measurement points and determination methods, on the basis of which the current problems and improvement direction of monitoring methods in China were proposed. In terms of measurement sites, standards from various countries have specific requirements for the distance between the measurement site and the flow disturbance, but there are certain differences in details. Compared with American, European, and ISO standards, Chinese standards lack specific rules of verification of airflow direction and flow field homogeneity. In terms of measurement points, the method for determining the number of measurement points in standards of the United States differs greatly from standards of other countries, while Chinese standards are similar to European and ISO standards. The layout methods of measurement points in standards of various countries are all grid method. In terms of determination methods of velocity and volume flow rate, there is a significant gap between China and other country in the development of standards in China, especially lacking three-dimensional or two-dimensional pitot tube methods to improve the accuracy of measurement results, the measurement methods of wall effects adjustment fact to reduce measurement errors, measurement uncertainty evaluation methods aimed at evaluating the accuracy of results, and so on. On this account, it is necessary for China to accelerate the development of manual monitoring standard methods for flue gas flow velocity and flow rate from multi-aspects.

Key words: flue gas velocity and flow rate, manual monitoring, measurement sites, measurement points, determination methods

中图分类号:

X830

李小龙, 李军状, 郑成强, 周道斌, 段玖祥, 朱法华, 魏晗. 烟气流速与流量手工监测方法现状与探讨[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(7): 4032-4042.

LI Xiaolong, LI Junzhuang, ZHENG Chengqiang, ZHOU Daobin, DUAN Jiuxiang, ZHU Fahua, WEI Han. Current situation and discussion of manual monitoring methods of flue gas velocity and flow rate[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(7): 4032-4042.

图/表 10

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标准方法	适用范围及测量位置要求	测量点确定及测量位置验证
US EPA Method 1^[18]	①烟道直径≥0.30m或截面积≥0.071m²；②气流无涡旋流； ③测量位置至少满足前8后2，必要时，至少满足前2后0.5	测量点数：测量位置满足前8后2，直径>0.61m时12个点，直径0.30~0.61m时，圆形和矩形烟道最少为8个和9个点；不满足前8后2，满足前2后0.5，根据图1确定；不满足前2后0.5，验证气流条件可接受，圆形烟道至少40个点，矩形烟道至少42个点测量点布置：圆形烟道，网格划分等面积圆环垂直相交直径线上，测量点距烟道壁最小距离2.5cm（直径>0.61m）和1.3cm（直径≤0.61m）；矩形烟道，网格划分等面积矩形形心上测量位置涡旋流验证：满足前2后0.5时，使用简化方法S形皮托管，不满足前2后0.5时，使用替代方法三维皮托管，气流平均偏转角度≤20°可接受
US EPA Method 1A^[19]	①烟道直径0.10~0.30m；②气流无涡旋流；③测量位置满足前16后2，必要时，至少满足前4后0.5	测量点数：测量位置满足前16后2时，圆形和矩形烟道最少分别为8个和9个点；不满足前16后2时，根据图1确定测量点布置：同US EPA method 1 测量位置涡旋流验证：同US EPA method 1
EN 15259:2007^[20]	①测量位置具有代表性且流速预期均匀，至少满足前5后2；②气流与烟道轴线角度小于15°；③无局部反向流；④最小速度取决于流速测量方法（皮托管要求压差大于5Pa）；⑤局部最高与最低速度之比小于3∶1	测量点数：测量位置经均匀性测试评价，气流均匀或测量平面满足不确定度要求时1个测量点；气流不均匀且测量平面不满足不确定度要求时，网格划分确定最少测量点数（表3），大烟道最多需20个测量点。测量策略流程见图2 测量点布置：位于网格划分等面积区域中心，测量点距烟道壁最小距离5cm。圆形烟道的测量点位于两条相交的直径线上，存在是否在烟道中心布点两种方法。矩形烟道的测量平面被平行于烟道边的线分成相等的区域，测量点位于每个区域中心测量位置气流偏转检查：使用皮托管在每个测量点检查涡流与烟道轴线流向的角度
ISO 10780:1994^[21]	①烟道截面积不小于0.07m²；②满足前5后2，若测量位置接近排口，需满足前5后5，且烟道形状和截面积恒定；③皮托管表面气流雷诺数≥1200，皮托管差压大于5Pa，气流速度范围5~50m/s；④测量断面任一点，涡流与烟道轴线角度不超过±15°；⑤不得有规则循环压力波动，压力波动不超过24Pa；⑥圆形烟道两条垂直直径线上平均速度差不超过所有流速测量平均值的5%，若超过，需增加测量点或选择新测量位置； ⑦无任何逆向流；⑧各测量点的绝对温度差不超过断面平均温度的5%	测量点数：根据烟道大小确定最少测量点数，见表3，圆形道和矩形烟道最多分别为17和16个测量点测量点布置：根据测量点数划分后的等面积网格的中心上，测量点距烟道壁距离不小于2cm，圆形和矩形烟道的具体布置方法与EN 15259: 2007相似测量位置涡流检查：使用皮托管在每个测量点检查涡流与烟道轴线流向的角度

标准方法	适用范围及测量位置要求	测量点确定及测量位置验证
US EPA Method 1^[18]	①烟道直径≥0.30m或截面积≥0.071m²；②气流无涡旋流； ③测量位置至少满足前8后2，必要时，至少满足前2后0.5	测量点数：测量位置满足前8后2，直径>0.61m时12个点，直径0.30~0.61m时，圆形和矩形烟道最少为8个和9个点；不满足前8后2，满足前2后0.5，根据图1确定；不满足前2后0.5，验证气流条件可接受，圆形烟道至少40个点，矩形烟道至少42个点测量点布置：圆形烟道，网格划分等面积圆环垂直相交直径线上，测量点距烟道壁最小距离2.5cm（直径>0.61m）和1.3cm（直径≤0.61m）；矩形烟道，网格划分等面积矩形形心上测量位置涡旋流验证：满足前2后0.5时，使用简化方法S形皮托管，不满足前2后0.5时，使用替代方法三维皮托管，气流平均偏转角度≤20°可接受
US EPA Method 1A^[19]	①烟道直径0.10~0.30m；②气流无涡旋流；③测量位置满足前16后2，必要时，至少满足前4后0.5	测量点数：测量位置满足前16后2时，圆形和矩形烟道最少分别为8个和9个点；不满足前16后2时，根据图1确定测量点布置：同US EPA method 1 测量位置涡旋流验证：同US EPA method 1
EN 15259:2007^[20]	①测量位置具有代表性且流速预期均匀，至少满足前5后2；②气流与烟道轴线角度小于15°；③无局部反向流；④最小速度取决于流速测量方法（皮托管要求压差大于5Pa）；⑤局部最高与最低速度之比小于3∶1	测量点数：测量位置经均匀性测试评价，气流均匀或测量平面满足不确定度要求时1个测量点；气流不均匀且测量平面不满足不确定度要求时，网格划分确定最少测量点数（表3），大烟道最多需20个测量点。测量策略流程见图2 测量点布置：位于网格划分等面积区域中心，测量点距烟道壁最小距离5cm。圆形烟道的测量点位于两条相交的直径线上，存在是否在烟道中心布点两种方法。矩形烟道的测量平面被平行于烟道边的线分成相等的区域，测量点位于每个区域中心测量位置气流偏转检查：使用皮托管在每个测量点检查涡流与烟道轴线流向的角度
ISO 10780:1994^[21]	①烟道截面积不小于0.07m²；②满足前5后2，若测量位置接近排口，需满足前5后5，且烟道形状和截面积恒定；③皮托管表面气流雷诺数≥1200，皮托管差压大于5Pa，气流速度范围5~50m/s；④测量断面任一点，涡流与烟道轴线角度不超过±15°；⑤不得有规则循环压力波动，压力波动不超过24Pa；⑥圆形烟道两条垂直直径线上平均速度差不超过所有流速测量平均值的5%，若超过，需增加测量点或选择新测量位置； ⑦无任何逆向流；⑧各测量点的绝对温度差不超过断面平均温度的5%	测量点数：根据烟道大小确定最少测量点数，见表3，圆形道和矩形烟道最多分别为17和16个测量点测量点布置：根据测量点数划分后的等面积网格的中心上，测量点距烟道壁距离不小于2cm，圆形和矩形烟道的具体布置方法与EN 15259: 2007相似测量位置涡流检查：使用皮托管在每个测量点检查涡流与烟道轴线流向的角度

标准方法	适用范围及测量位置要求	测量点确定及测量位置验证
GB/T 16157—1996^[12]	①测量位置优先选择垂直管段，避开烟道弯头和断面急剧变化的部位；②满足前6后3	测量点数：测量位置满足前6后3时，根据烟道大小进行网格划分确定测量点数（表3），至多20个点；不满足前6后3应增加测量线和测量点测量点布置：圆形烟道，等面积圆环垂直相交的直径线上，直径<0.3m满足最优测量位置要求时，取烟道中心为测量点，测量点距烟道壁最小距离2.5cm；矩形烟道，根据测量点数量划分等面积矩形形心上，烟道截面积小于0.1m²满足最优测量位置要求时，断面中心为测量点
HJ/T 397—2007^[22]	①测量位置优先垂直管段和烟道负压区域，避开烟道弯头和断面急剧变化的部位；②满足前6后3；③断面流速>5m/s；④至少满足前1.5后1.5	测量点数：测量位置满足前6后3时，根据烟道大小进行网格划分确定测量点数；不满足前6后3，但至少满足前1.5后1.5时，应适当增加测量点测量点数量和布置方法与GB/T 16157—1996相同，见表3
HJ 75—2017^[23]	①测量位置优先垂直管段和烟道负压区域，避开烟道弯头和断面急剧变化的部位；②满足前4后2；③若不满足，选择气流稳定断面，采取措施保证气流分布相对均匀，无紊流，流速相对均方根σ_r≤0.15；④流速不宜<5m/s	测量点数：测量位置满足前4后2时，根据烟道大小进行网格划分确定测量点数；不满足前4后2应增加测量线和测量点测量点数量和布置方法与GB/T 16157—1996相同，见表3
T/CAEPI 46—2022^[24]	①测量位置断面在规则的圆形、矩形烟道的竖直或水平段，避开烟道弯头和断面急剧变化的部位；②满足前4后2；③若不满足，选择气流稳定断面，采取措施保证气流分布相对均匀，无紊流，流速相对均方根σ_r≤0.15；④流速宜>5m/s	测量点数：根据烟道大小进行网格划分确定测量点数测量点数量和布置方法与GB/T 16157—1996相同，见表3

标准方法	适用范围及测量位置要求	测量点确定及测量位置验证
GB/T 16157—1996^[12]	①测量位置优先选择垂直管段，避开烟道弯头和断面急剧变化的部位；②满足前6后3	测量点数：测量位置满足前6后3时，根据烟道大小进行网格划分确定测量点数（表3），至多20个点；不满足前6后3应增加测量线和测量点测量点布置：圆形烟道，等面积圆环垂直相交的直径线上，直径<0.3m满足最优测量位置要求时，取烟道中心为测量点，测量点距烟道壁最小距离2.5cm；矩形烟道，根据测量点数量划分等面积矩形形心上，烟道截面积小于0.1m²满足最优测量位置要求时，断面中心为测量点
HJ/T 397—2007^[22]	①测量位置优先垂直管段和烟道负压区域，避开烟道弯头和断面急剧变化的部位；②满足前6后3；③断面流速>5m/s；④至少满足前1.5后1.5	测量点数：测量位置满足前6后3时，根据烟道大小进行网格划分确定测量点数；不满足前6后3，但至少满足前1.5后1.5时，应适当增加测量点测量点数量和布置方法与GB/T 16157—1996相同，见表3
HJ 75—2017^[23]	①测量位置优先垂直管段和烟道负压区域，避开烟道弯头和断面急剧变化的部位；②满足前4后2；③若不满足，选择气流稳定断面，采取措施保证气流分布相对均匀，无紊流，流速相对均方根σ_r≤0.15；④流速不宜<5m/s	测量点数：测量位置满足前4后2时，根据烟道大小进行网格划分确定测量点数；不满足前4后2应增加测量线和测量点测量点数量和布置方法与GB/T 16157—1996相同，见表3
T/CAEPI 46—2022^[24]	①测量位置断面在规则的圆形、矩形烟道的竖直或水平段，避开烟道弯头和断面急剧变化的部位；②满足前4后2；③若不满足，选择气流稳定断面，采取措施保证气流分布相对均匀，无紊流，流速相对均方根σ_r≤0.15；④流速宜>5m/s	测量点数：根据烟道大小进行网格划分确定测量点数测量点数量和布置方法与GB/T 16157—1996相同，见表3

国家	标准方法	方法	适用范围
美国	US EPA method 2^[25]	Ｓ形皮托管法	烟道及测量位置满足US EPA Mehod 1要求，见表1
	US EPA method 2A^[26]	累积体积流量计法	小管道，烟温0~50℃
	US EPA method 2B^[27]	累积体积流量计和碳平衡法	汽油焚烧炉废气
	US EPA method 2C^[28]	标准皮托管法	烟道直径0.10~0.30m，截面积0.0081~0.071m²
	US EPA method 2D^[29]	转子流量计或孔板流量计法	小管道
	US EPA method 2F^[30]	三维皮托管法	平均烟气流速≥20ft/sec（约6.1m/s）
	US EPA method 2G^[31]	二维皮托管法	—
	US EPA method 2H^[32]	S形皮托管、三维皮托管、二维皮托管法	圆形烟道，与US EPA Method 2、2F和2G联用；烟道直径≥1.0m
	US EPA CTM 041^[33]	S形皮托管、三维皮托管、二维皮托管法	—
	US EPA CTM 019^[34]	翼形风速计法	有旋流，烟温0~50℃
	US EPA ALT 012^[35]	示踪气体法	烟道直径≤1ft；烟气流速5~15ft/sec；示踪气体不分层，不与烟气组分反应，烟气组分不干扰分析仪，示踪气体注射入口距上游扰动至少8倍烟道直径，出口测量位置距注射入口至少8倍直径距离，距烟道排口至少2倍直径距离
欧洲和ISO	ISO 10780: 1994^[21]	L形皮托管（标准皮托管）及S形皮托管法	见表1
欧洲和ISO	EN ISO 16911.1: 2013^[36]	L形皮托管、S形皮托管、翼形风速计、三维皮托管、二维皮托管法、示踪稀释法、示踪时间法、能量换算法	烟道及测量位置满足EN 15259:2007要求，见表1
中国	GB/T 16157—1996^[12]	标准皮托管法、S形皮托管法	见表2
	HJ/T 397—2007^[22]	标准皮托管法、S形皮托管法	见表2
	DL/T 2376—2021^[37]	三维皮托管法	测量位置不满足前2后0.5原则或气流不稳定