高密度流体声速测量中脉冲回波传播时间的测定

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2019-1170

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

液相及超临界区声速是流体重要的热力学性质，是状态方程建立及工程应用的必要基础。双反射脉冲回波技术是实现飞行时间法精密测量高密度流体声速最重要的手段，脉冲回波信号传播时间的准确测定是精确测量流体声速的前提。本文研制了双反射脉冲回波技术测量液相及超临界高密度流体声速的实验系统。通过基于傅里叶变换的数字带通滤波显著提高了脉冲回波信号的信噪比；探讨了峰峰值、Hilbert包络线以及相关分析确定脉冲回波传播时间的方法，并通过液态纯水声速实验对脉冲回波传播时间测量方法进行了对比验证。结果表明，峰峰值和Hilbert包络线方法受到脉冲回波信号波形特征的影响较大，声速测量结果最大偏差可达0.5%；相关分析方法的测量结果精度最高，获得的纯水液相声速与国际标准状态方程（IAPWS—95）计算结果的偏差在0.05%以内。本研究可为双反射脉冲回波技术精确测量液相及超临界高密度流体声速提供技术支撑。

关键词: 热力学性质, 声速, 测量, 实验验证, 脉冲回波, 传播时间

Abstract:

The sound speed in liquid phase and supercritical region is an essential thermodynamics property, and it is a necessary foundation for development of equation of state and the industrial applications of fluids. The dual-pulse-echo technique is the most important approach to implement time of flight method on accurate measurement of sound speed in high density fluids. The accurate measurement of time of flight is the precondition for the measurement of sound speed. The experimental apparatus for measurement of sound speed in high density fluids in liquid and supercritical region has been described. The Fourier transformation based digital band-pass filter was applied for eliminating the random noise in the sound burst and it significantly improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the pulse-echo signals. The peak-to-peak measurement, Hilbert transition method and cross-correlation method for determination of the flight time of sound burst has been discussed and validated by comparison of the measurement of speed sound in liquid water. The result showed that the peak-to-peak measurement and Hilbert transition method were influenced by the digital patterns of the pulse-echo signal. The largest deviation between the measured sound speeds and the reference data was approximately 0.5%. The cross-correlation method showed higher accuracy for time of flight measurement. The difference between measured sound speed in liquid water and the theatrical calculation from the data of International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS-95) was less than 0.05%. This work provides technical support on accurate measurement of sound speed in high density fluids in liquid phase and supercritical region based on pulse-echo technique.

Key words: thermodynamic properties, sound speed, measurement, experimental validation, pulse-echo technique, time of flight

中图分类号:

TK121

张凯,武多多,刘强,彭越,杨震,段远源. 高密度流体声速测量中脉冲回波传播时间的测定[J]. 化工进展, 2020, 39(4): 1219-1226.

Kai ZHANG,Duoduo WU,Qiang LIU,Yue PENG,Zhen YANG,Yuanyuan DUAN. Determination of time of flight of pulse-echo burst for sound speed measurement in high density fluids[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2020, 39(4): 1219-1226.

图/表 8

图1 双反射脉冲回波法液相声速测量原理

图2 实验测量系统

表1 声速测量不确定度评定

不确定度来源	类型	数值	灵敏系数	相对标准不确定度
传播时间差测量	A	1×10^-5	1	1×10^-5
非理想因素修正	B	1×10^-4	1	1×10^-4
传播距离标定	A	2×10^-4	1	2×10^-4
温度测量	A	5mK	$? u / ? T$	2×10^-5
压力测量	A	0.02MPa	$? u / ? p$	2×10^-4
相对扩展不确定度（k=2）				6×10^-4

表1 声速测量不确定度评定

不确定度来源	类型	数值	灵敏系数	相对标准不确定度
传播时间差测量	A	1×10^-5	1	1×10^-5
非理想因素修正	B	1×10^-4	1	1×10^-4
传播距离标定	A	2×10^-4	1	2×10^-4
温度测量	A	5mK	$? u / ? T$	2×10^-5
压力测量	A	0.02MPa	$? u / ? p$	2×10^-4
相对扩展不确定度（k=2）				6×10^-4

图3 脉冲回波信号测量及处理

图4 峰峰值方法测量脉冲声波时间

图5 Hilbert包络线法方法测量脉冲声波时间

图6 相关分析方法(CC)测量脉冲声波时间

图7 纯水液相声速测量结果及其与标准方程的偏差

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