陆基水产养殖尾水处理技术研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0194

化工进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (2): 1053-1063.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0194

• 资源与环境化工 • 上一篇

陆基水产养殖尾水处理技术研究进展

刘治华¹^,²(), 赵红葵¹^,², 刘禧¹^,², 韩美仪¹^,², 刘婧¹^,², 房韬文¹^,², 黄普誉¹^,², 甘志权¹^,², 谢彩锋¹^,²()

^1.广西大学甘蔗与制糖产业学院，广西南宁 530004
^2.广西大学轻工与食品工程学院，广西南宁 530004

收稿日期:2024-01-25 修回日期:2024-05-13 出版日期:2025-02-25 发布日期:2025-03-10
通讯作者: 谢彩锋
作者简介:刘治华（1999—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为水资源高值化利用。E-mail：lzh666@st.gxu.edu.cn。
基金资助:
现代农业产业糖料技术体系(CARS-17-0502);崇左市科技攻关项目(崇科20220609);广西大学甘蔗与制糖产业学院专项科研项目(ASSI-20221102)

Research progress on wastewater treatment technologies of land-based aquaculture

LIU Zhihua¹^,²(), ZHAO Hongkui¹^,², LIU Xi¹^,², HAN Meiyi¹^,², LIU Jing¹^,², FANG Taowen¹^,², HUANG Puyu¹^,², GAN Zhiquan¹^,², XIE Caifeng¹^,²()

^1.Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
^2.College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China

Received:2024-01-25 Revised:2024-05-13 Online:2025-02-25 Published:2025-03-10
Contact: XIE Caifeng

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

受传统养殖技术水体污染加剧、药物滥用及水产品质量下降等因素的影响，我国集约化陆基水产养殖技术正快速发展。然而，高密度陆基养殖会产生大量含高浓度污染物的尾水，需要净化处理才能循环使用或达标排放，因此开发高效节本的尾水处理技术对陆基养殖技术发展至关重要。本文在介绍目前国内外陆基养殖尾水主要处理技术种类、工作原理、处理效果的基础上，通过对比各自优缺点，认为生物絮团技术是最有发展前景的陆基养殖尾水处理技术，并分析了其未来重点发展方向。

关键词: 陆基水产养殖, 尾水处理技术, 循环利用, 生物絮团技术

Abstract:

Intensive land-based aquaculture technology is thriving in China due to the serious wastewater pollution, overuse of drugs, and low product quality caused by conventional aquaculture practices. However, a large amount of highly polluted aquaculture wastewater of land-based aquaculture must be purified to be recycled or discharged. Therefore, developing efficient and cost-saving wastewater treatment technologies is crucial to the widespread application of land-based aquaculture. The main technologies, including operation principles, treatment effect and advantages & disadvantages were discussed in this paper and then the biofloc technology was considered as the promising treatment technology for land-based aquaculture wastewater in the future, and its main development in the future was concluded.

Key words: land-based aquaculture, wastewater treatment technology, recycling, biofloc technology

中图分类号:

X703.1

刘治华, 赵红葵, 刘禧, 韩美仪, 刘婧, 房韬文, 黄普誉, 甘志权, 谢彩锋. 陆基水产养殖尾水处理技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(2): 1053-1063.

LIU Zhihua, ZHAO Hongkui, LIU Xi, HAN Meiyi, LIU Jing, FANG Taowen, HUANG Puyu, GAN Zhiquan, XIE Caifeng. Research progress on wastewater treatment technologies of land-based aquaculture[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(2): 1053-1063.

图/表 9

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技术类型	技术推广应用情况	优点	缺点	参考文献
BFT	广泛用于鱼类、虾类养殖	改良水质、零水交换、可用作免疫刺激剂、降低饲料成本	悬浮物积累	[12]
微藻生物修复净化法	仍以实验室研究为主，未实现产业化应用	降低出水污染、减少饲料用量	适用范围窄	[48]
生物反应器净化法	用于鱼类工厂化养殖	去除NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N效果好	成本高、耗时、易堵塞	[28,30,49]
CW净化技术	停留于实验研究阶段，未实现产业化应用	全面优化水质、控制病原菌数量	占地大、耗时、易堵塞、管理困难	[35,50-51]
吸附法	处于中试实验阶段	操作方便、可吸附有毒物质	适用范围窄、再生不足	[37,52-53]
AOP	以实验室研究为主，未见工业应用报道	可降解有机污染物、杀害病原菌	成本高、生物相容性差、存在二次污染	[41,53]
膜分离技术	已成功应用于商业对虾养殖尾水处理	无二次污染、高污染物截留率	成本高、维护频繁	[47,54]

技术类型	技术推广应用情况	优点	缺点	参考文献
BFT	广泛用于鱼类、虾类养殖	改良水质、零水交换、可用作免疫刺激剂、降低饲料成本	悬浮物积累	[12]
微藻生物修复净化法	仍以实验室研究为主，未实现产业化应用	降低出水污染、减少饲料用量	适用范围窄	[48]
生物反应器净化法	用于鱼类工厂化养殖	去除NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N效果好	成本高、耗时、易堵塞	[28,30,49]
CW净化技术	停留于实验研究阶段，未实现产业化应用	全面优化水质、控制病原菌数量	占地大、耗时、易堵塞、管理困难	[35,50-51]
吸附法	处于中试实验阶段	操作方便、可吸附有毒物质	适用范围窄、再生不足	[37,52-53]
AOP	以实验室研究为主，未见工业应用报道	可降解有机污染物、杀害病原菌	成本高、生物相容性差、存在二次污染	[41,53]
膜分离技术	已成功应用于商业对虾养殖尾水处理	无二次污染、高污染物截留率	成本高、维护频繁	[47,54]

RAS技术组成	养殖物种	细菌种类	运行时间	去除效果	参考文献
物理过滤、滴滤器	金头鲷	硝化细菌	14:00~6:00	NH₄⁺-N：>91% NO₃^--N：>74%	[57]
物理过滤、流化床生物过滤器	鲑鱼	硝化细菌+异养细菌	5~11min	TAN：86%~88% TP：15%~41% BOD：66%~82%	[58]
物理过滤、浮球式生物滤器、紫外消毒装置、曝气处理	宝石鲈	硝化细菌+反硝化菌	未提及	NH₄⁺-N：>32% NO₂^--N：>93%	[59]
物理过滤、木屑生物反应器、曝气处理	虹鳟鱼	疣微菌门	第0~12天	TAN：70% PO₄^3--P：75%	[60]
过滤装置、上流式污泥床反应器	虹鳟鱼	反硝化菌	第117~148天	TN：>95% COD：>69%	[61]

RAS技术组成	养殖物种	细菌种类	运行时间	去除效果	参考文献
物理过滤、滴滤器	金头鲷	硝化细菌	14:00~6:00	NH₄⁺-N：>91% NO₃^--N：>74%	[57]
物理过滤、流化床生物过滤器	鲑鱼	硝化细菌+异养细菌	5~11min	TAN：86%~88% TP：15%~41% BOD：66%~82%	[58]
物理过滤、浮球式生物滤器、紫外消毒装置、曝气处理	宝石鲈	硝化细菌+反硝化菌	未提及	NH₄⁺-N：>32% NO₂^--N：>93%	[59]
物理过滤、木屑生物反应器、曝气处理	虹鳟鱼	疣微菌门	第0~12天	TAN：70% PO₄^3--P：75%	[60]
过滤装置、上流式污泥床反应器	虹鳟鱼	反硝化菌	第117~148天	TN：>95% COD：>69%	[61]

技术类型	RAS技术组成	养殖物种	去除效果	优点	缺点	参考文献
吸附法	物理沉降、吸附法、生物反应器	罗非鱼红鼓鱼	NH₄⁺-N：>88%	成本低、无公害	抗干扰差、适用性窄	[62-63]
AOP	生物反应器、曝气处理、紫外法	鲑鱼	TC：100%	可杀菌、无公害	能耗高	[64]
膜分离技术	物理过滤、生物反应器、紫外法、曝气处理、（亲水性醋酸纤维滤膜）膜分离技术	红点鲑虹鳟鱼	TP：56.5~99.0% TN：0.1~31.7% TOC：8.6~30%	易操作、无公害	能耗高	[47,65]
臭氧-膜-过滤耦合工艺	物理过滤、臭氧法、（Ti-Mn/TiO₂ /Al₂O₃陶瓷膜）膜分离技术、（活性炭）吸附法	漠斑牙鲆	TAN：>62% NO₂^--N：>95% COD：52.1% TSS：100%	运营成本低	投资成本高	[66]

陆基水产养殖尾水处理技术研究进展

Research progress on wastewater treatment technologies of land-based aquaculture

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技术类型	尾水种类	微生物种类	处理效果	参考文献
BFT-微藻生物修复	罗非鱼尾水	食酸菌和梭菌、绿藻	TN：95.8%	[81]
BFT-生物反应器	模拟养殖尾水	硝化细菌	TAN：95.71%	[82]
BFT-CW	罗非鱼尾水	反硝化细菌	COD：39% TN：80% TP：74%	[34]
BFT-吸附法	罗非鱼尾水	异养细菌、自养硝化细菌	TSS：24.60% PO₄^3--P：7.95%	[83]

技术类型	技术推广应用情况	优点	缺点	参考文献
生物反应器的RAS净化法	用于商业鲑鱼、鲈鱼等RAS尾水处理	出水质量高	易堵塞，操作难度大，运行成本高	[57,60-61]
非机械物理化学法RAS净化法	集中于初试、中试规模，商业应用少	出水质量高，可防控疾病	成本高，存在安全隐患	[64-65]
CW集成RAS净化法	主要为试点研究	简化RAS结构，能耗低	占地面积大，净化周期长	[41,70]
鱼菜共生净化法	处于商业化边缘	增加经济效益，养殖新鲜水耗量低	投资成本高，能耗高	[71,73]
固定化菌藻共生系统净化法	处于实验室研发阶段	处理效率高，能耗低	存在二次污染风险，固定化成本高	[75-76,86]
IMTA净化法	实现了一定程度产业化	处理成本低，可防控疾病	启动周期长，操作难度大，缺乏标准化设计	[79-80]
基于BFT的集成处理技术	正处于起步阶段	实现零水交换养殖，饲料成本低，生态友好，操作管理简便	技术成熟度低	[81,87]

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