水基钻井液封堵理论和材料研究现状及发展趋势

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0115

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地层孔隙、微裂缝、裂缝发育会导致井壁坍塌频发，严重阻碍了安全、高效地钻井。封堵理论的成熟性是研发高性能封堵剂的重要保证。通过封堵剂高效封堵孔隙、微裂缝及裂缝，是稳定井壁的关键。本文综述了不同封堵理论（刚性封堵理论、柔性封堵理论、成膜封堵理论）以及各类封堵材料（沥青类、聚合醇类、硅酸盐类、纳米材料类）研究现状，指出了现有封堵理论和封堵材料所存在的不足，总结了目前封堵理论及封堵材料研发面临的难点，并提出应通过数值模拟等方法深入研究储层孔喉尺寸分布规律以及储层形貌结构，且应试图从树枝状聚合物、刚性外壳与柔性内核复合材料、生物质基纳米材料改性沥青、纳米材料分散稳定性等方面开展研发高效封堵材料。

关键词: 水基钻井液, 封堵理论, 封堵材料

Abstract:

The development of formation pores, micro-fractures and fractures leads to frequent collapse of the wellbore, which seriously hinders safe and efficient drilling. The maturity of the plugging theory is an important guarantee for the development of high-performance plugging agents. Efficient plugging of pores, micro-cracks and fractures through plugging agents is the key to stabilizing the borehole. In this paper, the research status of different plugging theories (rigid plugging theory, flexible plugging theory, film-forming plugging theory) and various plugging materials (asphalt, polymeric alcohols, silicates, nanomaterials) was reviewed. The shortcomings of the existing plugging theories and plugging materials were pointed out. The current plugging theories and the difficulties faced by the research and development of plugging materials were summarized. It was proposed that the size distribution law of reservoir pore throat and reservoir morphology and structure should be studied in depth through the numerical simulations. The development trend of high-efficiency plugging materials was carried out in the aspects of dendritic polymers, rigid shell and flexible core composites, biomass-based nanomaterials modified asphalt, and nanomaterial dispersion stability.

Key words: water-based drilling fluids, plugging theory, plugging materials

中图分类号:

TE254

黄宁, 孙金声, 刘敬平, 吕开河, 王宗轮, 邓雪菲. 水基钻井液封堵理论和材料研究现状及发展趋势[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(1): 367-378.

HUANG Ning, SUN Jinsheng, LIU Jingping, LYU Kaihe, WANG Zonglun, DENG Xuefei. Research status and development trend of plugging theory and materials of water-based drilling fluid[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(1): 367-378.

图/表 10

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封堵材料种类	优点	缺点
沥青类	在一定温度下软化变形而进入微裂缝封堵地层；与岩石表面发生物理吸附形成疏水膜	荧光值高、部分材料具有毒性
聚合醇类	因具有浊点效应而在高温下能够对地层微裂隙有效封堵且无荧光、无毒	抗盐性能差
硅酸盐类	封堵效果良好，无荧光、无毒、低成本	对钻井液流变和滤失产生不利影响
纳米材料类	可对纳微米级孔喉等非常规地层高效封堵	在地层中易团聚絮凝、分散稳定性差

封堵材料种类	优点	缺点
沥青类	在一定温度下软化变形而进入微裂缝封堵地层；与岩石表面发生物理吸附形成疏水膜	荧光值高、部分材料具有毒性
聚合醇类	因具有浊点效应而在高温下能够对地层微裂隙有效封堵且无荧光、无毒	抗盐性能差
硅酸盐类	封堵效果良好，无荧光、无毒、低成本	对钻井液流变和滤失产生不利影响
纳米材料类	可对纳微米级孔喉等非常规地层高效封堵	在地层中易团聚絮凝、分散稳定性差