新型生物膜载体在污水处理中的研究现状

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1688

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物处理法是污水处理领域的核心技术，其中的生物膜法因具有耐冲击负荷、污泥产量少、运行管理方便等优势，已在全球范围内得到广泛关注。生物膜载体作为微生物附着生长材料，在生物膜处理工艺中起到关键作用，直接影响工艺的处理效果。然而，目前所开发的生物膜载体大多只能为微生物提供适宜稳定的生态位，并不具有强化污水处理效果的能力。为此，本文围绕五种能够提高污染物降解效率的新型生物膜载体（缓释生物膜载体、氧化还原介体生物膜载体、磁性生物膜载体、亲水改性生物膜载体、亲电改性生物膜载体）进行讨论，详细阐述了其具体分类与作用机理，并针对其今后研究方向与未来发展提出建设性建议，以期为未来大范围提标改造污水处理厂提供理论参考。

关键词: 新型生物膜载体, 缓释生物膜载体, 氧化还原介体生物膜载体, 磁性生物膜载体, 亲水改性生物膜载体, 亲电改性生物膜载体

Abstract:

Biological treatment process is a core technology in the field of wastewater treatment. Among them, the biofilm method has been widely concerned due to some advantages, such as impact resistance, low sludge yield, and operation as well as management convenience. As the microbially attached growth material, biofilm carriers play a crucial role in the biofilm treatment process and directly influence the treatment effect. However, most of the currently developed biofilm carriers can only provide suitable and stable ecological niches for microorganisms, lacking the ability to enhance wastewater treatment effectiveness. Therefore, this paper focuses on five novel biofilm carriers (slow-release biofilm carrier, redox mediator biofilm carrier, magnetic biofilm carrier, hydrophilic modified biofilm carrier, and electrophilic modified biofilm carrier) that can improve pollutant degradation efficiency. It discusses their specific classifications and mechanisms, and gives some suggestions for future research directions, in order to provide a theoretical reference for promote the large-scale upgrading of wastewater treatment plants.

Key words: novel biofilm carrier, slow-release biofilm carrier, redox mediator biofilm carrier, magnetic biofilm carrier, hydrophilic modified biofilm carrier, electrophilic modified biofilm carrier

中图分类号:

X703.5

刘亚雯, 贾方旭, 贾非睿, 刘晨雨, 赵星程, 姚宏. 新型生物膜载体在污水处理中的研究现状[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(10): 5805-5819.

LIU Yawen, JIA Fangxu, JIA Feirui, LIU Chenyu, ZHAO Xingcheng, YAO Hong. Current research status of novel biofilm carriers in wastewater treatment[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(10): 5805-5819.

图/表 10

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碳源缓释载体	填充量	反应器指标 /有效体积	进水指标				脱氮效果	参考文献
碳源缓释载体	填充量	反应器指标 /有效体积	pH	NO₃^--N /mg·L^-1	温度 /℃	流速 /m·d^-1	脱氮效果	参考文献
小麦秸秆	103g	PVC柱/2.51L	—	20～25	25±1	1.3	NRR_max^②= 5.3 × 10⁴kg/(m³·d)	[27]
玉米芯	10g	PVC柱/11.55L	7.5～8.5	25.3	27～33	9.3	NRR_max=2.0 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[28]
稻壳	1000g	PVC柱/11.55L	7.6～8.3	25	30～32	2.5	NRR_max = 9.6 × 10⁴kg/(m³·d)	[29]
腐朽木	200g	玻璃柱/1.41L	7.0	25	25±1	1.0	NRR_max = 99.95%	[30]
PLA	381.6g	锥形瓶/1.00L	—	50	30	—	NRR_ave = 9.2 × 10⁴kg/(m³·d)	[31]
PCL	1000g	PBR^①/2.50L	—	30	25	11.9	NRR_max = 7.3 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[32]
PBS	90%	PBR/2.83L	—	52.3±4.6	19±1	3.0	NRR_max = 7.2 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[33]
PHB	—	—/1.18L	—	150	20.8±1.1	60.0	NRR_max = 9.1 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[34]
PHBV	500g	PBR/1.13L	7.5	15	25±2	12.0	NRR_max=7.7 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[35]
PHBV/PLA	62.5%	PBR/1.13L	7.1～7.2	49.9±0.7	30±2	2.4	NRR_max=3.7 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[42]
竹粉/PHBV（BP/PHBV）	35%	PBR/0.55L	7.5～7.8	15～18	25～28	—	NRR_ave=1.9 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[43]

碳源缓释载体	填充量	反应器指标 /有效体积	进水指标				脱氮效果	参考文献
碳源缓释载体	填充量	反应器指标 /有效体积	pH	NO₃^--N /mg·L^-1	温度 /℃	流速 /m·d^-1	脱氮效果	参考文献
小麦秸秆	103g	PVC柱/2.51L	—	20～25	25±1	1.3	NRR_max^②= 5.3 × 10⁴kg/(m³·d)	[27]
玉米芯	10g	PVC柱/11.55L	7.5～8.5	25.3	27～33	9.3	NRR_max=2.0 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[28]
稻壳	1000g	PVC柱/11.55L	7.6～8.3	25	30～32	2.5	NRR_max = 9.6 × 10⁴kg/(m³·d)	[29]
腐朽木	200g	玻璃柱/1.41L	7.0	25	25±1	1.0	NRR_max = 99.95%	[30]
PLA	381.6g	锥形瓶/1.00L	—	50	30	—	NRR_ave = 9.2 × 10⁴kg/(m³·d)	[31]
PCL	1000g	PBR^①/2.50L	—	30	25	11.9	NRR_max = 7.3 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[32]
PBS	90%	PBR/2.83L	—	52.3±4.6	19±1	3.0	NRR_max = 7.2 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[33]
PHB	—	—/1.18L	—	150	20.8±1.1	60.0	NRR_max = 9.1 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[34]
PHBV	500g	PBR/1.13L	7.5	15	25±2	12.0	NRR_max=7.7 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[35]
PHBV/PLA	62.5%	PBR/1.13L	7.1～7.2	49.9±0.7	30±2	2.4	NRR_max=3.7 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[42]
竹粉/PHBV（BP/PHBV）	35%	PBR/0.55L	7.5～7.8	15～18	25～28	—	NRR_ave=1.9 × 10⁵kg/(m³·d)	[43]

氧化还原介体生物膜载体					反应器类型/有效体积	进水指标			反应时间 /h	表现性能		参考文献
RMs	载体材料	固定方法	固定量	填充量	反应器类型/有效体积	pH	目标污染物浓度/mg·L^-1	温度 /℃	反应时间 /h	污染物去除效果	重复使用率	参考文献
Q-GO	HDPE	共混熔融	0.2%（质量分数）	30%	MBBR/2.4 L	—	苯酚/800	—	12	提高22%	— —	[60]
Q-GO	HDPE	共混熔融	0.2%（质量分数）	30%	MBBR/2.4 L	—	甲基橙/796.1~804.9	—	12	提高29%	— —	[60]
Q-BC	HDPE	共混熔融	4%（质量分数）	30%	AO-A^①/1.6 L	7.5~8.0	苯酚/844.1±8	—	4.2	提高8.3%	—	[61]
AQS	PUF	化学共价法	0.014mmol/cm³	0.55g	血清瓶/135mL	8.0	苋菜红/48.4	37	11	提高5倍以上	10次重复使用后的脱色率仍保持在初始值的98.7%以上	[62]
	陶粒	吸附共价偶联法	0.003μmol/cm³	1.3g	血清瓶/135mL	7.0	AY 36/131.3	30	5	提高6.4倍	3次重复使用后的AY 36脱色率仍保持在初始值的98%以上	[63]
							RR 2/215 .3		6	提高2.3倍
							AR 27/211.4		7	提高2.7倍
							AO 7/122.5		8	提高2.5倍
	PETFC	化学共价法	0.083mmol/cm³	0.4g	血清瓶/135mL	7.2	AR 73/557	30	5	提高1.6倍	5次重复使用后的AR 18脱色率仍保持在初始值的93.7%以上	[64]
							RR 2/615			提高1.7倍
							AY 36/375			提高3.7倍
							AR 27/605			提高2.4倍
							NB/123			提高1.8倍
	RGO-PUF	化学共价法	0.106mmol/cm³	0.03g	血清瓶/135mL	7.5	AR 18/120.9	30	3.3	提高4.5倍	8次重复使用后的脱色率仍保持在初始值的98.18%以上	[65]

氧化还原介体生物膜载体					反应器类型/有效体积	进水指标			反应时间 /h	表现性能		参考文献
RMs	载体材料	固定方法	固定量	填充量	反应器类型/有效体积	pH	目标污染物浓度/mg·L^-1	温度 /℃	反应时间 /h	污染物去除效果	重复使用率	参考文献
Q-GO	HDPE	共混熔融	0.2%（质量分数）	30%	MBBR/2.4 L	—	苯酚/800	—	12	提高22%	— —	[60]
Q-GO	HDPE	共混熔融	0.2%（质量分数）	30%	MBBR/2.4 L	—	甲基橙/796.1~804.9	—	12	提高29%	— —	[60]
Q-BC	HDPE	共混熔融	4%（质量分数）	30%	AO-A^①/1.6 L	7.5~8.0	苯酚/844.1±8	—	4.2	提高8.3%	—	[61]
AQS	PUF	化学共价法	0.014mmol/cm³	0.55g	血清瓶/135mL	8.0	苋菜红/48.4	37	11	提高5倍以上	10次重复使用后的脱色率仍保持在初始值的98.7%以上	[62]
	陶粒	吸附共价偶联法	0.003μmol/cm³	1.3g	血清瓶/135mL	7.0	AY 36/131.3	30	5	提高6.4倍	3次重复使用后的AY 36脱色率仍保持在初始值的98%以上	[63]
							RR 2/215 .3		6	提高2.3倍
							AR 27/211.4		7	提高2.7倍
							AO 7/122.5		8	提高2.5倍
	PETFC	化学共价法	0.083mmol/cm³	0.4g	血清瓶/135mL	7.2	AR 73/557	30	5	提高1.6倍	5次重复使用后的AR 18脱色率仍保持在初始值的93.7%以上	[64]
							RR 2/615			提高1.7倍
							AY 36/375			提高3.7倍
							AR 27/605			提高2.4倍
							NB/123			提高1.8倍
	RGO-PUF	化学共价法	0.106mmol/cm³	0.03g	血清瓶/135mL	7.5	AR 18/120.9	30	3.3	提高4.5倍	8次重复使用后的脱色率仍保持在初始值的98.18%以上	[65]

磁性生物膜载体					反应器类型/ 有效体积	进水指标			反应时间	污染物去除效果	参考文献
磁性材料	载体材料	固定方法	磁感应强度	填充量	反应器类型/ 有效体积	pH	目标污染物浓度/mg·L^-1	温度 /℃	反应时间	污染物去除效果	参考文献
Fe₃O₄@SiO₂	多孔陶瓷	共混技术	0.008~0.01mT	33.3%	BCOR^①/1L	6.0~8.0	COD/1346.5~1371.2	25~30	30d	提高3.2%	[74]
							NH₄⁺-N/474.1~493.8	25~30		提高5.6%	[74]
							Cr⁶⁺/1.482~1.489	20~30		提高5%~10%	[75]
OA包覆Fe₃O₄颗粒	PPCs	O/W悬浮聚合技术	1.01emu/g以下	10%	FIBBR/2L	7.5~8.0	NH₄⁺-N/100	—	6d	提高近20%	[76]
偶联剂包覆Fe₃O₄颗粒	PVA	O/W悬浮聚合技术	—	8g	ICTFIBBR^②/1.3L	—	COD/400	—	10h	提高到91%以上	[77]
OA包覆Fe₃O₄颗粒	AS	共混技术	20emu/g以下	8 片	BCOR/1.5L	—	COD/300	25	90d	提高17.15%	[78]
							NH₄⁺-N/308			提高16.1%
							TN/—			提高11.58%
Nd₂Fe₁₄B	PE	共混技术	0.5mT	25%	MBBR/46L	7.5~8.0	COD/300~388	9±1	8d	提高3.6%	[79]
Nd₂Fe₁₄B	PE	共混技术	0.5mT	25%	MBBR/46L	7.5~8.0	NH₄⁺-N/20~30	9±1	8d	提高16.2%	[79]