餐厨垃圾的热转化和生物处理研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0356

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着城市发展和人们对美食的追求，餐厨垃圾的年产量逐年增长，其资源化利用受到人们越来越多的关注。餐厨垃圾产量大、组分复杂，具有“资源性”和“危害性”的双重属性。本文梳理了餐厨垃圾的产量特性，阐述了近年来餐厨垃圾的热化学处理技术和生物处理技术的研究现状及进展，分析了热化学处理过程中的反应参数和催化剂种类对餐厨垃圾热解性能和热解产物分布的影响，总结了生物处理过程中餐厨垃圾的优势，为今后餐厨垃圾的热化学转化和生物处理的研究提供方向。

关键词: 餐厨垃圾, 热化学转化, 热解, 生物处理, 资源化利用

Abstract:

With the urban development and people's pursuit of delicious food, the annual output of food waste is increasing year by year, and its resource utilization has attracted more and more attention. Food waste has large output and complex components, and has the dual attributes of "resource" and "harmfulness". This paper sorts out the yield characteristics of food waste, expounds the research status and progress of thermochemical treatment technology and biological treatment technology of food waste in recent years, analyzes the effects of reaction parameters and catalyst types in the thermochemical treatment process on the pyrolysis performance and pyrolysis product distribution of food waste, and summarizes the advantages of food waste in the biological treatment process. Based on this, it provides directions for the future research on thermal-chemical transformation and biological treatment of food waste.

Key words: food waste, thermochemical conversion, pyrolysis, biological treatment, resource utilization

中图分类号:

X799.3

高宁博, 胡雅迪, 全翠. 餐厨垃圾的热转化和生物处理研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(S1): 507-515.

GAO Ningbo, HU Yadi, QUAN Cui. Research progress on thermochemical transformation and biological treatment of food waste[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(S1): 507-515.

图/表 8

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组分	质量分数/%	主要成分	比例/%	元素	质量分数/%
水分	73~95	残留食物	75～90	C	42.05~47.67
盐分	0.5~3	纸张	0.5～0.9	N	1.91~3.89
粗蛋白	13~27	油脂	2.0～17.0	O	30.22~34.87
粗脂肪	17~42	骨头	5.0	H	5.25~5.94
纤维素	2.6~6.5	木头	1.0	S	＜0.55
		织物	0.1	Cl	0.21
		塑料	0.7	C/N	10~30
		金属	0.1	Ca	＞0.0048

组分	质量分数/%	主要成分	比例/%	元素	质量分数/%
水分	73~95	残留食物	75～90	C	42.05~47.67
盐分	0.5~3	纸张	0.5～0.9	N	1.91~3.89
粗蛋白	13~27	油脂	2.0～17.0	O	30.22~34.87
粗脂肪	17~42	骨头	5.0	H	5.25~5.94
纤维素	2.6~6.5	木头	1.0	S	＜0.55
		织物	0.1	Cl	0.21
		塑料	0.7	C/N	10~30
		金属	0.1	Ca	＞0.0048

餐厨垃圾处理技术	优点	缺点
焚烧	工艺简单，易操作；产生热能，实现资源二次利用	投资大，成本高；易产生粉尘、有毒有害气体等；安全性低
热解	产品范围广，效率高，对环境友好，耗时短	处理量小，原料预处理要求高
填埋	处理成本低，易管理；生成沼气可以再利用	造成土地资源浪费；易产生恶臭气体
机械破碎	易操作，投入资金小	加重城市污水处理负荷；易造成管网堵塞
饲料化	工艺简单，易操作；占地面积小，投资小，易管理	产生的安全隐患较大，威胁人体健康
堆肥	工艺技术简单	易产生气味，影响大气环境；加剧土壤盐碱化
好氧生物	处理时间短，效率高，自动化程度高	投入成本较高
厌氧消化	自动化程度高，技术成熟，经济效益高	成本高，工艺复杂，投资回收周期长

餐厨垃圾处理技术	优点	缺点
焚烧	工艺简单，易操作；产生热能，实现资源二次利用	投资大，成本高；易产生粉尘、有毒有害气体等；安全性低
热解	产品范围广，效率高，对环境友好，耗时短	处理量小，原料预处理要求高
填埋	处理成本低，易管理；生成沼气可以再利用	造成土地资源浪费；易产生恶臭气体
机械破碎	易操作，投入资金小	加重城市污水处理负荷；易造成管网堵塞
饲料化	工艺简单，易操作；占地面积小，投资小，易管理	产生的安全隐患较大，威胁人体健康
堆肥	工艺技术简单	易产生气味，影响大气环境；加剧土壤盐碱化
好氧生物	处理时间短，效率高，自动化程度高	投入成本较高
厌氧消化	自动化程度高，技术成熟，经济效益高	成本高，工艺复杂，投资回收周期长

原料	热解条件	生物炭产量/%	反应器类型
橘皮^［37］	400℃（30°C/min）；2h	33.6	间歇式反应器
餐厨垃圾^［38］	260℃（4°C/min）；1h	38.5	固定床反应器
餐厨垃圾^［39］	500℃（20°C /min）；2h	22.9	管式立式反应器
土豆皮^［40］	480℃（20°C/min）；8s	30.5	间歇式反应器
餐厨垃圾^［41］	400℃（10°C/min）；2h	44.26	管式立式反应器