垃圾焚烧飞灰在污染物控制领域中的应用探讨

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-1673

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着垃圾焚烧处置技术的推广和应用，垃圾焚烧飞灰产量逐年增加，传统填埋处置方式存在成本高、填埋场资源不足等问题，因此飞灰的综合利用问题广受关注。由于飞灰富含SiO₂、Al₂O₃等活性物质，在污染物的吸附脱除领域具有良好的应用前景。本文主要结合垃圾焚烧飞灰的理化特性，介绍了垃圾焚烧飞灰在不同废水废气中的污染物吸附脱除效果。综合近年来污染物脱除研究情况，着重介绍了原始飞灰和改性飞灰在重金属、磷盐、染料等污染物脱除中的应用效果、机理，指出了目前存在的主要问题，并对不同的应用工艺进行了成本分析和优缺点对比。最后提出了需要继续深入微波水热在提高飞灰吸附性的应用研究和进一步完善飞灰在污染物控制领域应用的全过程研究的建议与展望。

关键词: 飞灰, 吸附, 沉淀, 沸石, 污染物控制

Abstract:

With the popularization and application of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration technology, there is an increasing generation of MSW incineration fly ash. Meanwhile, the decrease of landfill resources has drawn much attention to the comprehensive utilization of fly ash. Since fly ash is rich in active substances, such as silica and alumina, it has a good application prospect in the field of adsorption and removal of wastewater and gas pollutants. Combined with the physical and chemical characteristics of fly ash, the pollutant adsorption and removal effect of in different wastewater and waste gas are reviewed in this paper. Based on the research of pollutant removal in recent years, the application effect and mechanism of original and modified fly ash in the removal of heavy metals, phosphate, dyes and other pollutants are emphatically introduced. Meanwhile, the main existing problems of different application processes are also pointed out, and the cost analysis, relative merits are compared. Finally, suggestions and prospects are put forward for further study on the application of microwave hydrothermal technology in improving the adsorption of fly ash and the whole process research of the application of fly ash in the field of pollutant control.

Key words: fly ash, adsorption, precipitation, zeolite, pollutant control

中图分类号:

X705

邱琪丽, 蒋旭光. 垃圾焚烧飞灰在污染物控制领域中的应用探讨[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(7): 3855-3864.

QIU Qili, JIANG Xuguang. Application of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in the field of pollutant control[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(7): 3855-3864.

图/表 5

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参考文献	主要化学成分及其质量分数/%
参考文献	CaO	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	MgO	K₂O	Na₂O	SO₃	Cl
［9］	21.5	19.3	7.7	3.8	3.3	4.7	6.5	10.6	6.8
［10］	23.8	15.2	5.7	4.8	4.2	3.9	7.3	8.2	8.4
［11］	20.2	22.4	9.7	3.6	2.6	2.5	2.2	5.2	6.8
［12］	19.6	28.2	14.0	5.2	2.8	2.2	2.6	5.3	3.9
［13］	33.8	13.9	3.7	1.4	1.3	3.2	2.8	6.2	10.7
［14］	39.1	15.9	4.4	1.9	1.6	3.7	3.4	7.2	11.9
［15］	33.6	26.0	3.9	2.4	3.2	6.0	4.0	—	11.4
［16］	29.5	24.6	7.3	4.3	3.2	3.6	—	7.8	—
［17］	22.0	26.1	9.2	5.3	3.3	6.0	5.0	2.9	—
［18］	26.8	34.0	16.3	4.4	3.1	1.8	2.2	2.5	—

参考文献	主要化学成分及其质量分数/%
参考文献	CaO	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	MgO	K₂O	Na₂O	SO₃	Cl
［9］	21.5	19.3	7.7	3.8	3.3	4.7	6.5	10.6	6.8
［10］	23.8	15.2	5.7	4.8	4.2	3.9	7.3	8.2	8.4
［11］	20.2	22.4	9.7	3.6	2.6	2.5	2.2	5.2	6.8
［12］	19.6	28.2	14.0	5.2	2.8	2.2	2.6	5.3	3.9
［13］	33.8	13.9	3.7	1.4	1.3	3.2	2.8	6.2	10.7
［14］	39.1	15.9	4.4	1.9	1.6	3.7	3.4	7.2	11.9
［15］	33.6	26.0	3.9	2.4	3.2	6.0	4.0	—	11.4
［16］	29.5	24.6	7.3	4.3	3.2	3.6	—	7.8	—
［17］	22.0	26.1	9.2	5.3	3.3	6.0	5.0	2.9	—
［18］	26.8	34.0	16.3	4.4	3.1	1.8	2.2	2.5	—

处理工艺	成本/CNY·t^-1_飞灰
水洗	6~30
酸洗	14~140
碱洗	96~960
传统水热	3000~5000
微波水热	1200~1500
酸洗+热处理	1000~2000
烧结/玻璃化/熔融	1000~5000
微波烧结	1000~2500

处理工艺	成本/CNY·t^-1_飞灰
水洗	6~30
酸洗	14~140
碱洗	96~960
传统水热	3000~5000
微波水热	1200~1500
酸洗+热处理	1000~2000
烧结/玻璃化/熔融	1000~5000
微波烧结	1000~2500

改性工艺	适用范围	主要应用对象	操作工艺	能耗成本	处置效果	产物毒性	其他
无	小	亚甲基蓝等染料、磷盐、氨氮	简易	低	90%以上	高	对废水中重金属离子的脱除效果较差
无	小	H₂S气体	简易	无	优于粉煤灰（约15mg/g）	高	对废水中重金属离子的脱除效果较差
水洗/酸洗/碱洗	小	亚甲基蓝等染料、磷盐	较简易	极低	接近100%	高	产生大量高氯废水和重金属废水
传统水热	大	重金属、磷盐、染料等	复杂	较高	较好	低，能同时实现飞灰自身重金属、二??英等物质的稳定与脱毒	处置耗时长，产生少量废水
微波水热	大	重金属、磷盐、染料等	复杂	较高，但远低于传统水热	较好	低，能同时实现飞灰自身重金属、二??英等物质的稳定与脱毒	设备资金投入大，连续性运作实现较为困难
烧结/玻璃化/熔融等热处理	大	制备微晶玻璃、陶瓷等	复杂	极高	好	极低	产物价值高
微波烧结	大	制备微晶玻璃、陶瓷等	复杂	高	好	极低	产物价值高