化工进展 ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (07): 3425-3433.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2018-1687
收稿日期:
2018-08-20
出版日期:
2019-07-05
发布日期:
2019-07-05
通讯作者:
赵奎
作者简介:
郭钟群(1987—),男,博士研究生,讲师,研究方向为离子型稀土绿色开采。E-mail:<email>guozhongqun_jxust@163.com</email>。
基金资助:
Zhongqun GUO1(),Kui ZHAO2(),Jiefang JIN1,Wei YUAN1,Chen LIANG1
Received:
2018-08-20
Online:
2019-07-05
Published:
2019-07-05
Contact:
Kui ZHAO
摘要:
离子型稀土开采先后经历了池浸、堆浸和原地浸矿,目前主要采用硫酸铵原地浸出、碳酸氢铵沉淀的工艺提取稀土,这种方式具有工艺简单、生产成本低的优点,但存在土壤盐碱化、氨氮超标、植被破坏、水土流失等环境污染问题,严重制约生态的可持续发展。本文介绍了离子型稀土开采涉及的环保政策,分析了原地浸矿收液的多种不确定性因素,以致稀土资源利用率低,一般在50%~75%,阐述了浸矿过程中布设注液井网造成地表植被破坏、注液过度饱和引起山体滑坡以及水土中氨氮超标等“三废”问题。综述了离子型稀土新型浸矿剂、原地浸矿人工防渗技术、原矿浸萃一体化工艺、矿山修复新工艺等绿色开发技术研究进展。分析表明,突破离子型稀土开发中环境污染的瓶颈,须进一步改变提取工艺、改进生产装备,并提出了离子型稀土绿色提取与环境保护的发展方向。
中图分类号:
郭钟群, 赵奎, 金解放, 袁伟, 梁晨. 离子型稀土开发面临的问题与绿色提取研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2019, 38(07): 3425-3433.
Zhongqun GUO, Kui ZHAO, Jiefang JIN, Wei YUAN, Chen LIANG. Problems facing ion adsorption type rare earth exploitation andresearch progresses on green extraction[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2019, 38(07): 3425-3433.
修复方法 | 优势 | 不足 |
---|---|---|
物理修复 | ||
淋洗法 | 适用于小面积地区或某些严重污染的土 | 易形成二次污染,可能要剥离土进行异地修复 |
电动修复法 | 对湿度较高的土效果好,适合饱和及非饱和土 | 须在酸性条件下进行,耗费时间长 |
直接换土法 | 方便直接高效,适用于修复后利用价值高的土 | 换土工程量大,造价高 |
化学修复 | ||
化学固化 | 土壤结构不受扰动,适合大面积地区操作 | 固化剂成本高,加入的化学试剂或发生的化学反应可能造成生态环境的二次污染 |
生物修复 | ||
植物修复法 | 成本低、土壤免受扰动,具有良好的生态效益、社会效益及经济效益 | 多数植物只能积累1或2种污染元素,实际污染情况大多为几种重金属复合污染,具有局限性 |
微生物修复法 | 菌株的筛选、环境对微生物的变异作用研究不足 |
表1 不同矿山修复方法的优势与不足
修复方法 | 优势 | 不足 |
---|---|---|
物理修复 | ||
淋洗法 | 适用于小面积地区或某些严重污染的土 | 易形成二次污染,可能要剥离土进行异地修复 |
电动修复法 | 对湿度较高的土效果好,适合饱和及非饱和土 | 须在酸性条件下进行,耗费时间长 |
直接换土法 | 方便直接高效,适用于修复后利用价值高的土 | 换土工程量大,造价高 |
化学修复 | ||
化学固化 | 土壤结构不受扰动,适合大面积地区操作 | 固化剂成本高,加入的化学试剂或发生的化学反应可能造成生态环境的二次污染 |
生物修复 | ||
植物修复法 | 成本低、土壤免受扰动,具有良好的生态效益、社会效益及经济效益 | 多数植物只能积累1或2种污染元素,实际污染情况大多为几种重金属复合污染,具有局限性 |
微生物修复法 | 菌株的筛选、环境对微生物的变异作用研究不足 |
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