太阳能光伏电池冷却散热技术研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2017.01.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 当前世界能源形势日趋紧张，太阳能作为重要的可再生能源之一，其开发利用和能效提升对于国民经济和能源安全尤为重要，而太阳能光伏板的温度提升是影响能效和使用寿命的重要因素。本文对近年来风冷和水冷等传统平板光伏冷却的研究进展进行了总结和分类，同时对蒸发冷却、热电冷却、辐射冷却、相变材料冷却等新型平板光伏散热方式进行了梳理和分析。此外，文中引入了传热热阻的概念，通过计算以上6种冷却散热技术具体应用的热阻或光伏板与环境温度之间的温差，从热阻的角度重点分析了采用上述6种冷却方式对光伏板产生的冷却效果，同时从能效提升及运行温度等方面对比分析了不同冷却方式的优点和不足，以期为太阳能光伏电池冷却散热技术的进一步研究与优化提供相关参考和借鉴。

关键词: 太阳能, 光伏, 热阻, 冷却方式, 效率

Abstract: With the energy shortage getting more and more serious and solar energy as one of the important sustainable energy,the utilization and performance of photovoltaic(PV)cells is becoming a promising solution for economics and energy security. While,the conversion efficiency of PV module lies in reducing the cell's operating temperature and temperature gradient. In this paper the summary and sorting were made of recent research progress for PV cooling technologies,mainly including traditional plat PV cooling technologies as air cooling and water cooling and advanced cooling technologies as evaporative cooling,thermoelectric cooling,radiation cooling and phase change materials cooling. The heat transfer resistance between PV panel and environment was introduced to characterize the heat transfer amount. The thermal resistance or temperature difference between PV panel and environment of all the above cooling technologies was calculated in order to emphatically analyze cooling performance from thermal resistance perspective. Moreover,the advantages and disadvantages of different cooling methods were also evaluated from points of thermal resistance or temperature difference,efficiency improvement and operating temperature in order to provide reference for the further research.

Key words: solar energy, PV, thermal resistance, cooling method, efficiency

中图分类号:

TK519

朱丽, 陈萨如拉, 杨洋, 孙勇, 张吉强, 李建. 太阳能光伏电池冷却散热技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2017, 36(01): 10-19.

ZHU Li, CHEN Sarula, YANG Yang, SUN Yong, ZHANG Jiqiang, LI Jian. Research progress on heat dissipation technology of photovoltaic cells[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progree, 2017, 36(01): 10-19.

参考文献

[1] SHOCKLEY W,QUEISSER H J. Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells[J]. Journal of Applied Physics,1961,32(3):510-519.
[2] BARNETT A,HONSBERG C,KIRKPATRICK D,et al. 50% Efficient solar cell architectures and designs[C]//IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion,Waikoloa,USA,May 2006.
[3] SABLON K A,LITTLE J W,MITIN V,et al. Strong enhancement of solar cell efficiency due to quantum dots with built-in charge[J]. Nano Letters,2011,11(6):2311-7.
[4] GREEN M A,EMERY K,HISHIKAWA Y,et al. Solar cell efficiency tables(version 47)[J]. Progress in Photovoltic:Res. and Appl., 2016,24:3-11.
[5] 张凇源,关欣,王殿华,等. 太阳能光伏光热利用的研究进展[J]. 化工进展,2012,31(s1):323-327. ZHANG S Y,GAUN X,WANG D H,et al. Research development of solar thermal utilization and photovoltaic power generation[J]. Chemical Industry and Eengineering Progress,2012,31(s1):323-327.
[6] 刘成,沈璐颖,徐郑羽,等. 钙钛矿太阳电池的研究进展[J]. 化工进展,2014,33(12):3246-3252. LIU C,SHEN L Y,XU Z Y,et al. Progress of perovskite solar cells[J]. Chemical Industry and Eengineering Progress,2014,33(12):3246-3252.
[7] SCHAFER J. Device and method for cooling solar cells by means of a flowing cooling medium:US2436040 A2[P]. 2012.
[8] SKOPLAKI E,PALYVOS J A. On the temperature dependence of photovoltaic module electrical performance:a review of efficiency/power correlations[J]. Solar Energy,2009,83(5):614-624.
[9] ZHU L,RAMAN A,WANG K X,et al. Radiative cooling of solar cells[J]. Optica,2014,1(1):32-38.
[10] ZHU L,RAMAN A,WANG K X,et al. Radiative cooling for solar cells[C]//SPIE OPTO. International Society for Optics and Photonics,San Francisco,United States,2015.
[11] ROYNE A,DEY C J,MILLS D R. Cooling of photovoltaic cells under concentrated illumination:a critical review[J]. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells,2005,86(4):451-483.
[12] SAHAY A,SETHI V K,TIWARI A C,et al. A review of solar photovoltaic panel cooling systems with special reference to Ground coupled central panel cooling system (GC-CPCS)[J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,42:306-312.
[13] TANAGNOSTOPOULOS Y,THEMELIS P. Natural flow air cooled photovoltaics[C]//Conference of American Institute of Physics,Alexandroupolis,Greece,2010.
[14] ELDEN M S,SOPIAN K,ALGHOUL F O,et al. Solar chimney model parameters to enhance cooling PV panel performance[J]. Modern Applied Science,2013,7(2):24-32.
[15] GOTMARE J A,BORKAR D S,HATWAR P R. Experimental investigation of PV panel with fin cooling under natural convection[J]. International Journal of Advanced Technology in Engineering and Science,2015,3(2):447-454.
[16] CHEN H,CHEN X,LI S,et al. Comparative study on the performance improvement of photovoltaic panel with passive cooling under natural ventilation[J]. International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy,2014,3(4):374-379.
[17] CUCE E,BALI T,SEKUCOGLU S A. Effects of passive cooling on performance of silicon photovoltaic cells[J]. International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies,2011,6(4):299-308.
[18] NEBBALI D,NEBBALI R,OUIBRAHIM A. Numerical simulation of a solar photovoltaic panel cooled by a forced air system[J]. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation,2014,8(11):1635-1638.
[19] IRWAN Y M,LEOW W Z,IRWANTO M,et al. Comparison of solar panel cooling system by using DC brushless fan and DC water[J]. Journal of Physics:Conference Series,2015,622(1):1-10.
[20] IRWAN Y M,LEOW W Z,IRWANTO M,et al. Comparison between DC brushless fan and DC hybrid solar panel cooling system[J]. Applied Mechanics & Materials,2015,793:373-377.
[21] TEO H,LEE P S,Hawlader A. An active cooling system for photovoltaic modules[J]. Applied Energy,2012,90(1):309-315.
[22] WASSIM S,SALAMEH W,ASSI A,et al. Cooling PV arrays using the return air flow of air conditioning systems[C]//International Conference on Efficient Building Design,Materials and HVAC Equipment Technologies,Beirut,Lebanon,2014.
[23] YANG Y,ZHU K,WANG Y,et al. Experimental investigation and visual observation of a vapor-liquid separated flat loop heat pipe evaporator[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,101:71-78.
[24] WILSON E. Theoretical and operational thermal performance of a ‘wet’ crystalline silicon PV module under Jamaican conditions[J]. Renewable Energy,2009,34(6):1655-1660.
[25] 尹宝泉,王一平,朱丽,等. 光伏辐射板型PV/T系统的电热冷性能[J]. 重庆大学学报,2013,36(10):114-119. YIN B Q,WANG Y P,ZHU L,et al. poly-generation of cooling,heating and power performance analysis of PV radiant panel PV/T system[J]. Journal of Chongqing University,2013,36(10):114-119.
[26] PEI G,FU H,ZHANG T,et al. A numerical and experimental study on a heat pipe PV/T system[J]. Solar Energy,2011,85(5):911-921.
[27] KIM J H,KIM J T. The Experimental performance of an unglazed Pvt collector with two different absorber types[J]. International Journal of Photoenergy,2012,2012(4):553-572.
[28] 董丹,秦红,刘重裕,等. 太阳能光伏/热(PV/T)技术的研究进展[J]. 化工进展,2013,32(5):1020-1024. DONG D,QIN H,LIU C Y,et al. Research progress in solar photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T)technology[J]. Chemical Industry and Eengineering Progress,2013,32(5):1020-1024.
[29] ZHAO X,ZHANG X,RIFFAT S B,et al. Theoretical study of the performance of a novel PV/e roof module for heat pump operation[J]. Energy Conversion & Management,2011,52(1):603-614.
[30] TINA G M,ROSA-CLOT M,ROSA-CLOT P,et al. Optical and thermal behavior of submerged photovoltaic solar panel:SP2[J]. Energy,2012,39(1):17-26.
[31] WANG Z,WANG Y,VIVAR M,et al. Photovoltaic and photocatalytic performance study of SOLWAT system for the degradation of methylene blue,acid red 26 and 4-chlorophenol[J]. Applied Energy,2014,120(3):1-10.
[32] WANG Y,JIN Y,HUANG Q,et al. Photovoltaic and disinfection performance study of a hybrid photovoltaic-solar water disinfection system[J]. Energy,2016,106:757-764.
[33] KRAUTER S. Increased electrical yield via water flow over the front of photovoltaic panels[J]. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells,2004,82(s1-2):131-137.
[34] ABDOLZADEH M,AMERI M. Improving the effectiveness of a photovoltaic water pumping system by spraying water over the front of photovoltaic cells[J]. Renewable Energy,2009,34(1):91-96.
[35] GAUR A,TIWARI G N. Performance of a-Si thin film PV modules with and without water flow:an experimental validation[J]. Applied Energy,2014,128(3):184-191.
[36] ABDELRAHMAN M,ELIWA,ABDELLATIF,et al. Experimental investigation of different cooling methods for photovoltaic module[C]//11th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference,San Jose,USA,2013.
[37] MOHARRAM K A,ABD-ELHADY M S,KANDIL H A,et al. Enhancing the performance of photovoltaic panels by water cooling[J]. Ain Shams Engineering Journal,2013,4(4):869-877.
[38] SAAD O,MASUD B. Improving photovoltaic module efficiency using water cooling[J]. Heat Transfer Engineering,2009,30(6):499-505.
[39] WU S,XIONG C. Passive cooling technology for photovoltaic panels for domestic houses[J]. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies,2014,9(2):118-126.
[40] 韩新月,王一平,朱丽,等. 液浸对聚光硅太阳电池电性能的影响[J]. 太阳能学报,2013,34(5):752-757. HAN X Y,WANG Y P,ZHU L,et al. Effect of dielectric liquids immersion on electrical characteristics of silicon concentrator solar cell[J].ACTA Energiae Solaris Sinica,2013,34(5):752-757.
[41] NIKHIL P G,PREMALATHA M. Performance enhancement of solar module by cooling:an experimental investigation[J]. International Journal of Energy & Environment,2012,3(1):73-82.
[42] ROSA-CLOT M,ROSA-CLOT P,TINA G M,et al. Submerged photovoltaic solar panel:SP2[J]. Renewable Energy,2010,35(8):1862-1865.
[43] LANZAFAME R,NACHTMANN S,ROSA-CLOT M,et al. Field experience with performances evaluation of a single-crystalline photovoltaic panel in an underwater environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2010,57(7):2492-2498.
[44] MEHROTRA S,RAWAT P,DEBBARMA M,et al. Performance of a solar panel with water immersion cooling technique[J]. International Journal of Science Environment & Technology,2014,3(3):1161-1172.
[45] SAYRAN A,OMAR O S,YOUSIF K M. Improving the efficiency of polycrystalline solar panel via water immersion method[J]. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,Engineering and Technology,2014,3(1):8127-8132.
[46] RAMAN A P,ANOMA M A,ZHU L,et al. Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight[J]. Nature,2014,515(7528):540-544.
[47] EICKER U,DALIBARD A. Photovoltaic-thermal collectors for night radiative cooling of buildings[J]. Solar Energy,2011,85(7):1322-1335.
[48] ZHU L,RAMAN A P,FAN S H. Radiative cooling of solar absorbers using a visibly transparent photonic crystal thermal blackbody[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2015,112(40):12282-12287.
[49] GILMAN B,IVANOV I. Quantum-radiative cooling for solar cells with textured surface[C]//Optical Science and Technology,the SPIE 49th Annual Meeting. International Society for Optics and Photonics,2004:154-160.
[50] EBRAHIMI M,RAHIMI M,RAHIMI A. An experimental study on using natural vaporization for cooling of a photovoltaic solar cell[J]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer,2015,65:22-30.
[51] KAPOOR K,PANDEY K K,JAIN A K,et al. Evolution of solar energy in India:a review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014,40:475-487.
[52] CHANDRASEKAR M,SURESH S,SENTHILKUMAR T,et al. Passive cooling of standalone flat PV module with cotton wick structures[J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2013,71:43-50.
[53] CHANDRASEKAR M,SENTHILKUMAR T. Passive thermal regulation of flat PV modules by coupling the mechanisms of evaporative and fin cooling[J]. Heat and Mass Transfer,2016,52(7):1381-1391.
[54] ALAMI A H. Synthetic clay as an alternative backing material for passive temperature control of photovoltaic cells[J]. Energy,2016,108:195-200.
[55] 陈萨如拉,朱丽,孙勇. 高热流密度器件散热技术的研究进展[J]. 流体机械,2015(5):39-45. CHEN S L,ZHU L,SUN Y. Research progress of cooling technologies for high heat flux density devices[J]. Fluid Machinery,2015(5):39-45.
[56] CHOI J S,KO J S,CHUNG D H. Development of a thermoelectric cooling system for a high efficiency BIPV module[J]. Journal of Power Electronics,2010,10(10):187-193.
[57] KANE A,VERMA V. Performance enhancement of building integrated photovoltaic module using thermoelectric cooling[J]. International Journal Renewable Energy Research,2013,3(2):321-323.
[58] DINESH S,PRAYAGI D S V,Gotmare M J. Performance evaluation of photovoltaic solar panel using thermoelectric cooling[J]. International Journal of Engineering Research,2014,3(9):536-539.
[59] VAN S W. Feasibility of PV-Thermoelectric hybrid modules[J]. Applied Energy,2011,88(8):2785-2790.
[60] DENG Y,ZHU W,WANG Y,et al. Enhanced performance of solar-driven photovoltaic-thermoelectric hybrid system in an integrated design[J]. Solar Energy,2013,88(1):182-191.
[61] GUO X Z,ZHANG Y D,DA Q,et al. Hybrid tandem solar cell for concurrently converting light and heat energy with utilization of full solar spectrum[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2010,195(22):7684-7690.
[62] NORTON B. Harhessing solar heat[M]. Springer Netherlands,2014:115-122.
[63] MALVI C S,DIXON-HARDY D W,CROOK R. Energy balance model of combined photovoltaic solar-thermal system incorporating phase change material[J]. Solar Energy,2011,85(7):1440-1446.
[64] MA T,YANG H,ZHANG Y,et al. Using phase change materials in photovoltaic systems for thermal regulation and electrical efficiency improvement:a review and outlook[J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,43:1273-1284.
[65] MING J H. The effect of using two PCMs on the thermal regulation performance of BIPV systems[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2011,95(3):957-963.
[66] HUANG M J,EAMES P C,Norton B. Phase change materials for limiting temperature rise in building integrated photovoltaics[J]. Solar Energy,2006,80(9):1121-1130.
[67] HUANG M J,EAMES P C,NORTON B,et al. Natural convection in an internally finned phase change material heat sink for the thermal management of photovoltaics[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2011,95(7):1598-1603.
[68] MAITI S,BANERJEE S,VYAS K,et al. Self-regulation of photovoltaic module temperature in V-trough using a metal-wax composite phase change matrix[J]. Solar Energy,2011,85(9):1805-1816.
[69] HO C J,JOU B T,LAI C M,et al. Performance assessment of a BIPV integrated with a layer of water-saturated MEPCM[J]. Energy and Buildings,2013,67(6):322-333.