Azeotropic distillation provides an attractive alternative for azeotrope or non-ideal systems with relative volatility close to 1.0. Application of azeotropic distillation in ethanol dehydration，isopropanol dehydration，dilute acetic acid dehydration，dilute solution recycling and ester production (including co-production) are discussed mainly from entrainer screen，process design，process integration，control etc. Reactive distillation intensified with azeotropic distillation，pressure- swing azeotropic distillation，and membrane separation coupled with azeotropic distillation are described. Future development prospects are also discussed.

Gas phase polypropylene process is summarized，including the Innovene technology of BP，the Chisso process of Chisso corporation，the Unipol technology of Union Carbide，the Novolen technology of Basell Corporation，the Sumitomo process of Sumitomo chemical company and the Spherizone technology of Basell，from the aspects of technical characteristics，reaction conditions and product features. Recent research advances in electron donors used in Ziegler-Natta catalyst for propylene polymerization are reviewed. The situation of gas phase polypropylene process in China is analyzed，and corresponding suggestions are proposed.

The design and optimization procedures of a heterogeneous thermally coupled azeotropic distillation sequence（TCADS）were investigated for isopropanol dehydration. These procedures can be applied to retrofit a conventional two-column azeotropic distillation sequence to a TCADS and guarantee the optimal values of the design variables. Both the conventional azeotropic distillation sequence and TCADS for isopropanol dehydration were simulated with Aspen Plus. Results showed that not only higher thermodynamic efficiency but also reductions in energy consumption and CO₂ emissions could be achieved by TCADS.

Geometrical model development and gridding compartmentalization of twin fireboxes cracking furnace were performed with software Gambit. The radiation and convection cells of cracking furnace were simulated with standard k-ε turbulence model，finite-rate/eddy-dissipation combustion model and P1 radiation model of the computational fluid dynamics software Fluent. Stimulation results showed that the flue gas temperature in the cracking cell is higher than that in the decoking cell；in the central surface of tubes，the pressure of the cracking cell is a little higher but the line speed is much greater than those in the decoking cell；the distribution of tube metal temperature in the cracking cell is different from that in the decoking cell. Although the flue gas average temperature of the coil outlet in the cracking cell is higher than that in the decoking cell，the flue gas of higher temperature does not flow into the decoking cell，and the flue gas temperature field of the convection cell become gradually uniform with the increase of the height. The results showed that the cracking and decoking switch operation in twin fireboxes cracking furnace is feasible，and the framework and operation can be further optimized.

Bubbling behaviors in a two-dimensional single jet bubbling fluidized bed was numerically simulated based on a two-fluid model by Fluent software package. The constant particle viscosity model（CPV）and the model based on Kinetic Theory of Granular Flow（KTGF）were selected. A comparative study on two kinds of solid-phase viscosity models was implemented by calculating the formation of bubbles，gas leakage ratio，equivalent bubble diameter and bubble rise velocity. The model of Lun et al and that of Hrenya and Sinclair modules that based on KTGF were written especially by the authors. By comparing with the experimental data in literature，it was reflected that KTGF models are generally better than CPV models. Especially，simulation results with the model of Lun et al and that of Hrenya and Sinclair fitted the best to experimental results.

The flow，resistance and heat transfer performance in fluted tube were numerically investigated and compared with smooth tube by application of three-dimensional steady incompressible fluid turbulence model and water as the working medium. Results showed that the heat transfer performance became stronger in fluted tube than that in smooth tube because of the larger local temperature gradient of the bottom layer flow by disturbance and vortex flow. The fluted structure could significantly enhance the disturbance and mixing of fluids，and produce radial vortex，reduce the boundary layer thickness，increase fluid turbulence，and promote the surface boundary layer to update rapidly. As a result，heat transfer was enhanced but the flow resistance increased also. The heat transfer enhancement mechanism in the fluted tube was analyzed using the field synergy principle. Another important way to strengthen the heat exchange was to make the angle of velocity and temperature fields smaller and to improve the coordination level between velocity field and temperature field.

Partition coefficients of quaternary ammonium salt of thioureido imidazoline between water and oil were measured，from which thermodynamic parameters of DG_{0® w}，DS_{0® w} and DH _{0® w} were obtained. Effects of temperature，salt concentration，oil-water ratio，inhibitor concentration and time on the mass transfer between water and oil were examined. Results showed that temperature，oil-water ratio，inhibitor concentration have a positive effect on the mass transfer between the two phases，while salt concentration has a negative effect.

Extractive distillation of pharmaceutical waste water containing tetrahydrofuran，methanol was simulated with the ChemCAD software. Glycol was chosen as extractant，and a process with three towers was designed for seperating the mixture. Extractive distillation of tetrahydrofuran separation from the mixture of tetrahydrofuran，methanol and water was modeled with a tower with 24 theoretical plates，the modulate result indicated that tetrahydrofuran recovery could be up to 99.5% with the conditions as follow. The mixture was fed at the 17th plate at its boiling point，the extractant was fed at the second plate at its boiling point，solvent ratio was 1.65 and reflux ratio was 1.5. The glycol recovery tower needed five plates，and the methanol recovery tower needed eighteen plates. The reliability of the extractive distillation modeling result was verified by experiment.

Unlike conventional fossil fuels，such as coal，petroleum and natural gas，natural gas hydrate is a solid deposit present in deep and porous formation. Consequently the production of natural gas from natural gas hydrate is more difficult than that of conventional fossil fuels due to in situ decomposition of the hydrate，which requires energy input not only for the decomposition but also for temperature increase of the hydrate and the porous formation. These energy requirements inevitably reduce the effective energy obtainable from the hydrate and increase CO₂ emission intensity. Based on thermodynamic calculations and field data reported in the literature，this study analyzes energy consumption required in the production of nature gas from natural gas hydrate under various deposit conditions and compares its CO₂ emission intensity with that of conventional fossil fuels. It was found that natural gas production from natural gas hydrate has higher CO₂ emission intensity than that of petroleum and coal under different deposit conditions.

Hydrothermal pretreatment（195 ℃，15 min）and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation（SSF）were adopted to produce ethanol from corn stover. Results showed that 86.5% of cellulose was remained in the solid cake and most of hemicellulose was solubilized after the hydrothermal pretreatment. The highest ethanol concentration of 12.12 g/ L was achieved at initial pH of 5.5，temperature of 30 ℃ and 130 r/min shaking rate with substrate concentration of 50 g/L by Pichia stipitis after 192 h. The corresponding alcohol yield and volumetric productivity were 0.34 g/g（glucose + xylose）and 0.065 g/(L·h) respectively.

Gold nanocatalysts，as a new field of study，have well future perspectives in CO oxidation，water-gas shift reaction and various hydrocarbon oxidations etc. Particle effects would deeply affect the catalyst activity and stability. The methods of gold nanocatalysts preparation and the recent synthesis of nanoreactor that includes gold nanoparticles are introduced in detail.

Progress in vapour-phase synthesis of guaiacol（guathol）from catechol，catalysts for the reaction and the reaction mechanism study are reviewed. Catalysts for the reaction，including kaolin，hydrotalcite，oxide，molecular sieve，phosphate are particularly summarized. Phosphate catalysts showed the highest catalytic performance，both catechol conversion and guaiacol（or guathol）selectivity were higher than 90%，and the catalyst kept stable for longer than 2000 h，which exhibited a foreground for industrial application. The mechanism study revealed that the weak acidic-basic characteristics of the catalysts may account for the high selectivity and the excellent durability.

Mo-based catalysts are considered to be the most promising ones for higher alcohol synthesis from syngas due to their unique nature of sulfur tolerance and anti-coking. While，the catalyst performance is remarkably affected by addictives. The selectivity for alcohol can be dramatically improved by the addition of alkali metal，but the CO conversion is decreased. The catalyst activity is also significantly influenced by the anionic species in alkali metal salts. The selectivity for C₂₊ alcohols can be improved by the introduction of Co，Ni and Rh etc. into the alkali metal-doped catalysts. Rh is beneficial to the enhancement in alcohol selectivity，but with harsh reaction conditions and high cost. Different catalyst shows different catalytic reaction mechanism，which is related to the catalyst surface phase. Molybdenum-based catalysts with high performance for CO hydrogenation to alcohols were expected to be obtained if addictives are properly selected.

Recent progress in MoVTeNbO mixed metal oxide catalysts are reviewed with focuses on the preparation procedure on the formation of catalyst active phase，such as the solution pH value，drying and thermal treatment method. The crystal structure study in the latest literatures are summaried and the relationship between catalyst structure and catalytic performance are illustrated. The reaction mechanism of propane selective oxidation to acrylic acid and ammoxidation to acrylonitrile over MoVTeNbO catalyst are discussed. Optimization in preparation conditions，improvement in the diffusion rate of lattice oxygen，regulation in surface acidity and active center initiation are critical to achieve superior catalytic properties．

Supported gold catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method using chloroauric acid as precursor and active carbon with different pore structure as supports. The catalytic performance was investigated for acetylene hydrochlorination. It was found that the catalytic activity was remarkably influenced by the pore structure of support. Catalyst on a support with a proper micropore size exhibited a superior activity and selectivity for vinyl chloride，and that on a support with a smaller micropore size exhibited a lower activity，which is probably due to the diffusion hindrance. While，the catalyst on a support with full mesopores showed a medium activity and low selectivity for vinyl chloride，dichloroethane was observed in the product. The optimum reaction temperature of the three catalysts was lower than 160℃，but the catalyst stability was inferior. The conversion of acetylene decreased dramatically with running time and was less than 10% in 400 min for all the three catalysts. TPR results showed that the Au³⁺ in the catalyst has close relation to the catalytic activity. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry（ICP-AES）was used to measure the gold content in the catalyst. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption method was used to investigate the specific surface area（BET area）and pore structure of the catalyst. Transmitted electronic microscopy（TEM）was used to observe the morphology of the catalyst samples.

La-Ni-Mo-B amorphous catalyst was prepared by chemical reduction of ammonium heptamolydate，nickel nitrate and lanthanum nitrate with sodium borohydride aqueous solution. The hydrodeoxygenation（HDO）performance was tested using phenol as a model compound. Results showed that the amorphous catalyst exhibited high HDO activity，but the phenol conversion was decreased to 58.5% when the reaction temperature was increased to 548 K. The deactivation was mainly attributed to the serious agglomeration of catalyst particles，the significant reduction in specific surface area，the transformation of Ni active site from amorphous structure to crystalline structure and the decrease in electron transfer under the condition of temperature 548 K. The hydrogenation activity of the catalyst was inhibited and then the reaction route proceeded with the direct deoxygenation route，which lead to the phenol conversion decreased to 37.5% and aromatic benzene content increased to 22.3% at the temperature 523 K over La-Ni-Mo-B（C）.

SnO₂ is an important metal oxide semiconductor. Doped SnO₂ exhibits unique optical and electric properties and has extensive applications in many fields. This review presents the advances in the applied research of doped SnO₂ in gas sensors，chemical catalysis，cell electrode materials，coatings，varistor materials and organic wastewater treatment. The application features of doped SnO₂ in different fields are summarized. The importance of mechanism study and preparation processes for performance and application of doped SnO₂ is stressed.

Chemical structure of lignin separated from wheat straw after being cooked with glycerol solution was analyzed and compared with wheat straw lignin. These two kinds of lignins were both composed of three basic units，the guaiacyl unit，the syringyl unit and the hydroxyphenyl unit，where the guaiacyl unit was the main unit. The cleavage of aryl-ether linkages connecting phenylpropanoid monomers during the wheat straw cooking process forming new phenolic hydroxyl and alcohol hydroxyl groups，resulted in the UV absorption peak of glycerol lignin shifted to longer wavelength as compared with dioxane lignin. The number average molecular weight，weight average molecular weight and polydispersity of dioxane and glycerol lignins were measured by gel chromatography as 3172 and 2241，6601 and 2361，2.08 and 1.05，respectively. The relative molecular weight of glycerol lignin was smaller and more uniform than that of dioxane lignin. Therefore，glycerol lignin will have a wider use because of the narrower molecular weight distribution.

Silica nanotubes with high-purity were prepared from tetraethyl orthosilicate（TEOS）using needle-like ZnO as template. The yield of silica nanotubes was found to be greatly affected by the ratio of starting materials and reaction conductions. Results showed that the yield of silica nanotubes firstly increased and then decreased with the increase in TEOS concentration. With n(ZnO)∶n(TEOS)∶n(NH₃·H₂O) =11∶1∶30 and 0.0180 mol/L of TEOS concentration，the yield of silica nanotubes was about 95%. The yield of silica nanotubes firstly increased and then slightly changed with the increase in reaction time. Removal of needle-like ZnO template in acid solution with standing was conducive to maintain the integrity of the produced silica nanotubes.

Nano-Nb₂O₅·nH₂O/C was prepared in a mixed solution of glycol and niobium oxalate. The reaction products and reaction process were characterized by TG/DSC，FTIR，XRD and TEM. The results showed that Nb₂O₅·nH₂O which contains adsorbed water，crystal water and structural water was distributed on the surface of C uniformly. The reaction process was niobium oxalate and glycol formed niobium chelate complex，which was decomposed by heating，and then Nb₂O₅·nH₂O was obtained by the reaction of the decomposition product and ammonia.

Exquisite and unusual plate-shaped nanometer CaCO₃ particles were successfully preparated through a facile precipitation reaction of Na₂CO₃ with CaCl₂ in the presence of octadecyl dihydrogen phosphate（ODP）. The hydrophobic property of CaCO₃ was revealed by active ratio and the contact angle tests. The products were characterized through a transmission electron microscope（FESEM），X ray diffraction（XRD），Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）and thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）. With 2.0% of ODP dosage，highly hydrophobic CaCO₃ was obtained with active ratio of 99.9% and contact angle of 123.8°. The experimental results revealed that the addition of ODP had an effect on the control of morphology，structure and properties of CaCO₃.

1,4-Dihydropyridine derivatives（1,4-DHPs）possess a wide range of biological activities，which is an important calcium channel blocker. This review summarizes recent studies in the chiral resolution and asymmetrical synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives. The chiral resolution can be classified as chemical resolution and enzymatic kinetic resolution，the former includes classical method of resolution and separation via diastereomeric ester，and the latter is catalyzed by lipase and protease. Advantages and disadvantages of each resolution method are analyzed，and prospects for future development are discussed.

Extraction and separation of phycocyanin from nostoc commune supernatant was investigated with reversed micellar extraction by using cationic surfactant CTAB. Effects of pH value in aqueous phase，ionic strength and ion type，volume ratio of solvent in organic phase，as well as concentrations of surfactant and co-solvent on the extraction behavior were respectively evaluzted. Orthogonal experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of the extractant type，concentration and pH value on the back extraction behavior，and finally optimized back extraction conditions were obtained. The partition coefficient of phycocyanin was found as high as 50.7 with 98.1% extraction yield by 0.05 mol/L CTAB/n-hexanol-octane（1∶4，v/v）from the supernatant with pH 7.0. Different ion type and intensity showed different effect on extraction rate. The extraction rate decreased with the increase in ionic strength. The back extraction yield of phycocyanin was 98.5% by 3 mol/L KBr solution with pH4.0 as back extractant，and the purity of phycocyanin was 16.8.

A CG10 strain was isolated which could transform cinnamyl alcohol to 3-phenylpropanol. The strain was proved as Mucor sp. by bacteria identification. The biocatalyzed reaction product was characterizated by GC-MS，IR and HPLC. The optimized degradation conditions were found as 30 g/L dextrin，16 g/L peptone with the initial cinnamyl alcohol addition amount of 2 mL/L at pH 5.0 under 30 ℃ for 24 h of reaction. The secondary cinnamyl alcohol addition amount was 0.5 mL/L for 8 h of reaction，and the third cinnamyl alcohol addition amount was 0.5 mL/L for 16 h of reaction. Under the optimized conditions，the conversion of cinnamyl alcohol was 99%，the selectivity for 3-phenylpropanol was 92% and the yield of 3-phenylpropanol in the transformation liquid was up to 2.9 g/L，which was 123% higher than the control one.

Amidoxime compounds have been widely used in many business，such as materials industry and chemical engineering because of their excellent absorption property for metallic ions and diversified varieties. This paper introduces the synthesis of amidoxime compounds and their intermediates including cyanoethylation，polymerization and amidoximation. The development in synthesis and application of amidoxime compounds are reviewed. Prospects for future development of amidoxime compounds are also presented．

A novel synthesis route and technique of 5-amino-2,4-dinitrophenol（ADNP）as key intermediate for poly（p-phenylene-2-benzoimidazol-6-oxazole）（PBIO）were studied systematically. ADNP was economically prepared by a two-step reaction from 4,6-dinitro-1,3-dichlorobenzene（DCDNB）with 73.6% total yield and 98.5% purity. In the first  step，5-chloro-2,4-dinitrophenol（CDNP）was obtained with high yield by the selective hydrolysis of DCDNB at 100 ℃ with aqueous NaOH. In the second step，CDNP was ammonolyzed under pressure at 150 ℃ using dioxane as solvent yielding the target product. The prepared ADNP was identified by FTIR，¹H NMR，¹³C NMR and MS. This process for ADNP synthesis has advantages of simple operation procedure，lower organic pollution，excellent product quality，good economy and easy industrialization etc.，which provides convenience for further development of PBIO high-preformance materials.

A novel synthesis route and technique of 5-amino-2,4-dinitrophenol（ADNP）as key intermediate for poly（p-phenylene-2-benzoimidazol-6-oxazole）（PBIO）were studied systematically. ADNP was economically prepared by a two-step reaction from 4,6-dinitro-1,3-dichlorobenzene（DCDNB）with 73.6% total yield and 98.5% purity. In the first  step，5-chloro-2,4-dinitrophenol（CDNP）was obtained with high yield by the selective hydrolysis of DCDNB at 100 ℃ with aqueous NaOH. In the second step，CDNP was ammonolyzed under pressure at 150 ℃ using dioxane as solvent yielding the target product. The prepared ADNP was identified by FTIR，¹H NMR，¹³C NMR and MS. This process for ADNP synthesis has advantages of simple operation procedure，lower organic pollution，excellent product quality，good economy and easy industrialization etc.，which provides convenience for further development of PBIO high-preformance materials.

There is much energy in high pressure natural gas pipeline network，and about 322 kJ/kg pressure energy can be recycled from the depressurization process of natural gas at 25℃ from 4.0MPa to 0.4MPa，however，only a little of which was recycled in the actual depressurization process. This paper describes tow recycling methods of natural gas pressure energy from high-pressure pipeline network，power generation and refrigeration. For power generation，combined with the technology of waste heat recovery and gas turbine inlet air cooling，there are mainly three power generation modes；for refrigeration，the cold energy from natural gas expansion cooling is mainly used for natural gas peak shaving，cold storages，cold water air conditioners，rubber cryogenic grinding and light hydrocarbon recycling. In order to improve the utilization efficiency of natural gas pressure energy，and to expand the flexibility of system operation，a new technology is proposed，which can recover the output power of turbo-expander for compressing refrigerant in the refrigeration system while high pressure natural gas is expanded for low temperature. Thus，the proposed new technology can substantially improve the refrigeration efficiency.

Activated carbon derived from sheep bones was prepared，its adsorption for Pb（II）was investigated by varying adsorption time，initial concentration，activated carbon dosage and pH value. The adsorption was found to follow Langmuir isotherm & Freundlich isotherm equations. Results showed that the Pb(Ⅱ) removal ratio from solution by activated carbon from sheep bones was over 99% when the initial Pb(Ⅱ) concentration was 80mg/L with 0.10g activated carbon dosage at 45℃ and adsorption time for 6 h. The adsorption isotherm curve partly accorded with the type Ⅱ multilayer isotherm in Brunauer 5 type isotherm equations.

A sequencing batch reactor（SBR）was used to treat synthetic wastewater. Effects of organic carbons including sodium acetate，amylum and glucose on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification（SND）were investigated when pH，temperature，DO，MLSS and NH₄⁺-N were 7.0—8.0，30—32℃，0.5—1 mg/L，（4000±300）mg/L and 35—45 mg/L，respectively. Results indicated that removal efficiency of COD was 93.95%，and effluent NO₃^－-N was 7 mg/L when glucose was used as carbon source. Removal efficiency of COD was only 70% and effluent NO₃^－-N was 12 mg/L when amylum was used as carbon source. For sodium acetate，the COD removal efficiency was 88.34% and the effluent NO₃^－-N was 4 mg/L. When COD/NH₄⁺-N was 12 and sodium acetate was added intermittently，the removal efficiency of total nitrogen was higher than 90%，and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification were achieved. As a carbon source，sodium acetate was found more appropriate for SND in the SBR system than glucose and amylum.

Phenol removal from wastewater containing phenol and o-cresol by emulsion liquid membrane with normal octanol as carrier was investugated by varying oil/water ratio，carrier concentration，surfactant and internal phase reagent. Mass transfer conditions including stirring speed，mass transfer time，emulsion/water ratio and initial phenol content were also examined.  Removal rate of higher than 99% was achieved through one stage of emulsion liquid membrane separation in a short time at conditions as：the concentrations of octanol，liquid wax，surfactant T154，NaOH in inner phase were 0.4%，5%，6% and 0.6 mol/L respectively，while the oil/water ratio was 1∶1 and emulsion/water ratio was 1∶6.

Current situations and challenges for further improving the sustainable development of refining and petrochemical business of CNPC are analyzed. Promoting benchmarking in an all-round way and achieving fine management are the necessary choice to boost sound and fast development of refining and petrochemical business of CNPC. The characteristics and practices of promoting benchmarking in an all-round way for refining and petrochemical business of CNPC are pointed out through transforming the thoughts on development，exploring the potential of lower cost，accelerating adjustment of business structure and improving fine management.

From the technical and economic point of view，the 5 years running situation of the 300000 tons/year Liquid Loop Polypropylene Plant in China Petroleum Daqing Refining & Chemical Company is analyzed. The operating conditions are discussed. Suggestions for the development of polypropylene industry in China are proposed.