Developing new catalyst with reduced Pt dependency,improved oxygen reduction reaction activity and high stability is essential for the commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs). So far,the platinum-based materials have been the best electrocatalyst used in PEMFCs. This paper reviews various methods to improve the catalyst's activity and stability,including surface modification,covering,alloying,the modulation of geometry,electronic structure and crystal structure,enhancing interaction of catalyst/carrier,etc. The solution to the problems of high price and scarcity of Pt is to exploit low-cost non-precious electrocatalysts,which need scientific breakthroughs in as areas of catalytic theory,rational design and synthesis of non-precious electrocatalysts,ordered membrane electrode,and fuel cell water and heat management.

This paper is based on the literature survey,after collecting the power plants' water wall tube burst accident data,and making research on the 270 pieces of literature on boiler water wall tube explosion accident,it comes to the conclusion that the direct reasons for the tube explosion of boiler water wall in power plant are overheating and chemical corrosion which accounted for 21.27% and 18.73%,respectively. The improper boiling way and uneven grain size of burning fuel which serves as the primary causes accounted for 14.44% and the deposition jams on the wall which is one of the indirect causes accounted for 10.79%. The summation of these main reasons can make up for 65.23% in the total number of explosive leakage. When boiler water wall tube leakage happened,the above reasons were the first to be considered. Also,the material quality and abrasion are the explosion factors. Chemical corrosion is divided into fire side and water side by the occurred places,which account for 35.59% and 64.41%,respectively. The factors of the water side chemical corrosion can be classified into hydrogen corrosion accounted for 36.84%,alkali corrosion accounted for 21.05%,acid corrosion accounted for 15.79% and steam corrosion accounted for 11.84%,respectively. The summation of the four kinds of corrosion types can make up to 85.52% in the total number of corrosion factors. These are priorities in the factors that should be considered. In addition,it discusses the water wall failure of different units. The above conclusions have some certain effect on the finding of water wall leakage reasons in the existing plants,and these have a certain practical significance to ensure long-time stable, safe and economic operation of boilers.

The effect of electric field on the interfacial tension of liquid droplets is of crucial importance to the movement,deformation,splitting and merging of micro fluids actuated by electric fields,which is extensively applied in micro drop control,electronic display,crude dehydration,etc., and its applications have many potential prospects. In this paper,the effects of electric field on the interfacial tension at gas-liquid,gas-solid and liquid-liquid interface are reviewed comprehensively. The mechanism of micro droplet dynamics induced by interfacial tensions in electric fields is discussed. The related experimental studies and simulation results are summarized. The trend of gas-liquid interfacial tension in the electric field is still controversial due to the difference in the experiments and simulation. The diversiform effects of DC and AC electric fields on the spreading of the droplet and the oscillating characteristic in the process of electrowetting are discussed. Similarly,the remarkable effects of DC,AC and pulse electric field on the movement of a droplet in the process of electric emulsification are analyzed. In addition,based on research progress and existing problems,the possible prospects of electric field on interfacial tension and dynamics of liquid droplets are suggested.

Lactic acid is the raw material for synthesis of poly-(lactic acid). Biological processes are the main industrial method for lactic acid production. Due to the complex composition of fermentation broth,separation and purification of lactic acid from fermentation broth become the key technologies for biosynthesis. They also determine the quality and yield of lactic acid. In this paper,separation methods of lactic acid from fermentation broth are discussed,including crystallization,esterification, extraction,molecular distillation,membrane separation,adsorption and in situ product removal technology combining fermentation with the above separation methods. However,a single technology cannot efficiently extract lactic acid. It has to combine multiple technologies and improve the process route. One of the methods is to combine efficient integration technologies with the fermentation process,realizing continuous or semi-continuous production. This can improve the productivity and quality of lactic acid,and also form a set of purification processes that are efficient,high-quality, low-pollution,low energy-consuming and also feasible for industrial production.

The advantages of genetic algorithm(GA),the particle swarm optimization(PSO) and chaotic motion characteristics are combined in this paper. The chaotic particle swarm genetic algorithm (DCPSO-GA) joined with the chaos perturbing is put forward,and the global optimization performance of the hybrid algorithm are analyzed by 5 high dimensional nonlinear test function. The stagnation phenomenon which appears in the optimal search is solved by DCPSO-GA. The search space of the global optimization is expanded and the diversity of the particle is enriched,while the function gradient information is not required. The global optimal solution can be found by DCPSO-GA for the 5 test function in this paper,and its convergence rate is very fast,greatly reducing the amount of computation. Moreover,it can be known that when the total number of target function calls is close to or less than other related algorithms,the improved algorithm has a great improvement in the calculation accuracy and convergence speed. The DCPSO-GA algorithm is applied to heavy oil cracking parameter estimation and prediction. It can be shown in the test results that the parameter estimation and prediction accuracy can be improved,the error can be reduced,the global optimal solution can be effectively found,the convergence speed can be improved and the amount of calculation can be greatly reduced.

Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulation(GEMC) method is used to investigate the vapor-liquid equilibria and microstructure of ethylene glycol(EG)/1,2-butanediol(1,2-BDO), EG/1,3-but-anediol(1,3-BDO) and EG/1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO) mixtures. The simulation approach and OPLS-AA force field are proved to be adaptable to calculate the vapor-liquid equilibria by comparing the simulating results with experimental data or results calculated from Wilson EOS. Analyses of radial distribution functions for the mixtures above show that there is strong hydrogen-bonding interaction that is unrelated to the site of hydroxyl and Van der Waals interaction occurred in different regions among diol-mixtures. Statistics of the number of O-O atom pair and analyses of the hydrogen-bonding association structure reveal that with increasing EG in the mixture,the microstructure of the saturated liquid phase changes from the state consisting of many big BDO-BDO and EG-BDO hydrogen-bonding association structure(>6) to that composed of many small EG-EG and EGBDO hydrogen-bonding association structure(2~4) with decreased proportion of associated molecules. Molclus and Gaussian 09 are utilized to search for the stable structure of the EG,1,2-BDO small hydrogen-bonding configuration. Then,one possible reason is proposed to explain why the proportion of diols association structure changes in some law above. That is,1,2-BDO-1,2-BDO association structure behaves more stable than others,and,as the number of associated molecules grows,the associated structure changes to be more stable,while the difference between the stability of big EG-EG association structures and smaller EG-1,2-BDO association structures decreases.

Start-up characteristics of pulsating heat pipe with different filling ratios were investigated under various starting power conditions using methanol,acetone and methanol/acetone volume ratio 1:1 as working fluids. Experimental results indicated that methanol/acetone mixture has a longer start-up time than acetone,but a shorter one than methanol at lower starting power. A proper increase of starting power can significantly shorten the start-up time of pulsating heat pipe,whereas it has a slight effect on the rise of starting temperature for acetone and methanol/acetone mixture. At higher starting power(60W),all the three working fluids had a temperature-jump at start-up,among which methanol/acetone mixture revealed the shortest start-up time. Moreover,the rise of starting temperature became longer with the increase of the starting power. The filling ratios evidently influence the activation method for pulsating heat pipe. The rise of starting temperature for acetone and methanol/acetone mixture gradually decreases with the increase of filling ratios. The two working fluids have a temperature-jump start-up at low and medium filling ratio(≤50%),but the start-up temperature transition tends to become smooth at high filling ratio of 80%.

In this paper,a two phase flow of di-(ethylhexyl)-phthalate and di-(ethylhexyl)-sebacate (EHP-EHS) mixture with a three dimensional model was simulated by CFD software with UDF,by which the heat transfer characteristics of wiped molecular distillation process was studied with full developed temperature and flow field. The results showed that the change of film surface temperature is periodic and waved. With faster rotor speed,the period is shorter,the number of fluctuations is bigger and the film surface temperature is more stable. The Nu number increases sharply where the wiper wipes and the wiped wiper effect is the main factor influencing the increase of average Nu number. With the optimization of the evaporating cylinder,the liquid turbulence increases. The average Nu number of rectangular arrangement,triangular arrangement and the spiral arrangement of fins on the evaporating cylinder are 1.32,1.23 and 1.04 times as large as the smooth one,respectively,which provide a reference for further optimization of wiped film molecular distiller.

Using conventional line-tube heat exchanger for evaporation of high viscosity and easy-to-scaling mixture can easily block liquid distributor and make the cleaning of foul tube impossible. Therefore,a new type of falling film evaporator was designed,which used large liquid orifice plus tilt ring plate for liquid distribution and took larger diameter of conical shell as heat transfer wall. The variation of boiling heat transfer coefficients with shell's taper angle,Reynolds number and heat fluxes were determined by a pilot scale falling film evaporation system,using the FAME mixture as liquid model. Result showed that this type of evaporator worked well for FAME,the system could work smoothly with high heat transfer efficiency for a long time and without the occurrence of clogging. The evaporator shell's taper angle can intensify heat transfer process. The increase of heat flux and feed flow had a negative influence on heat transfer coefficient. Experimental correlation for boiling heat transfer coefficients with consideration of Reynolds number and taper angle of evaporator shell was established.

So far there has not been an universal standard in determining solids content in catalytic cracking slurry oil. Comparisons between current determination methods were seldom reported. In order to provide guidance to the selection of solids content determination methods,the accuracy and precision of four solids content determination methods including filtration,centrifugation,ash analysis and burning method were systematically analysed by experiments,after which the filtration method was further optimized in selection of filter material and dilution solvent. The results showed that filtration method is of both high accuracy and precision and can reflect both catalysts and coke powders contents in slurry oil. The determination result of centrifugation method is too large,with both low accuracy and precision. The determination results of ash analysis and burning method are too small,with high precision but low accuracy. When using filtration method to determine solids content,choosing slow quantitative filter paper as filter material will meet normal accuracy requirements and choosing organic filter membrane with bore diameter of 0.22μm can meet the higher ones. Besides,an aromatic solvent such as toluene can be used as dilution solvent in filtration method.

This article aims to apply the expanded rice husk(ERH),which is derived from the natural agricultural waste in grain production in South China,to the treatment of nuclide and associated heavy metals. Since the pH,sorbent dosage,adsorption temperature,adsorption time and initial concentration have significant effects on the removal of U(Ⅵ) and Pb(Ⅱ) in radioactive waste water,the adsorption characteristic of the target ions on this novel sorbent were investigated. The reaction kinetics, thermodynamics,as well as the adsorption isotherm of the adsorption process on the sorbent were also studied. Adsorption experiments of U(Ⅵ) and Pb(Ⅱ) to the rice husk which was modified by expanding were performed. Results showed that the sorbent had good adsorption capabilities to those ions,especially to Pb(Ⅱ). When the pH was 3 and 5,the adsorption time was 40 minutes,the removal efficiencies of U(Ⅵ) and Pb(Ⅱ) in the simulated solution could reach 89.10% and 96.58%, respectively. According to the adsorption theory,the adsorption behavior of U(Ⅵ) and Pb(Ⅱ) accorded with the Langmuir single-molecular layer adsorption model theory.

To solve the problem of the high-pressure natural gas containing water vapor in real oil production,a type of front-placed supersonic dehydration device was designed according to gas field condition and gas well drilling technology parameters. Both numerical simulation and performance study were carried out for the new device. Based on the physical dimension,a three-dimensional CFD model was established,and the RNG k-ε turbulence model was selected to simulate the internal flow field of the supersonic separator. The separation parameters such as pressure,temperature,velocity and Mach number along the axis inside the supersonic separator were investigated. The flow characteristics along the radial direction in different sections were also discussed. In addition,the performance of the device was also carried out to validate the numerical model. The results showed that the Mach number could reach 1.51 at a low temperature of 140K and the tangential velocity was 160m/s,which can realize fully water vapor condensation and separation. When pressure loss ratio was 70%,the dehydration of dry gas could be up to 32℃. At the same time,the new device accommodating to variable pressures and temperatures completely meets the requirements of actual production.

An organic Rankine cycle system used in a turbo-charged diesel engine waste heat recovery was proposed and analyzed. In order to select the best waste heat source of engine,the available energy of different waste heat sources was compared based on energy analysis and exergy analysis. Then,the thermodynamic analysis of organic Rankine cycle for recovering waste heat from engine was presented. The cycle parameters based on 10 working fluids of alkane,including the thermal efficiency(η),net power output per unit mass flow rate of exhaust(P_n),exergy efficiency(η_ex),total exergy destruction rate(I_tot) and turbine volume flow ratio(VFR),were analyzed and optimized. The impacts of evaporating pressure on the parameters of the cycle were performed by establishing the energy and exergy model of the organic Rankine cycle. The results showed that the EGR waste heat was the best heat source. The η,P_n,η_ex and VFR of selected working fluids increased with the increase of evaporating pressure,while I_tot decreased. The η,P_n,η_ex and VFR of linear alkanes increased with the increase of critical temperature,while I_tot decreased under the same evaporating pressure. Cyclopentane was considered as the most suitable working fluids when taking into account of VFR ≤50,which had the highest thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency in all the selected alkane working fluids.

To evaluate the top-blown macromixing time method,hydrodynamic experimental study of top-blown gas stirring was carried out. The RGB color model was used to determine the macromixing time in stirred vessels based on the law of distribution of tracer particles with time evolution. By defining the threshold to separate each pixel,we established the mixed pixel ratio M(%) value as the index to determine the mixing time and observed the change law of M(%) value to determine the mixing time by the method of 3σ. The mixing time is 13.30 seconds when X(the threshold) equals 90% under the first experimental condition of the spray gun's insertion depth 0.5 and the flow rate 1 expressed by nondimensional strength unit. The analysis results showed that the RGB color model can be used to determine the mixing time based on the distribution of tracer particles in the mixing process.The deviation of the mixing time was not more than 10% measured by Betti numbers and electrical conductivity. A new insight was provided to solve the engineering problem such as various multiphase mixed effect and some experimental basis are offered to improve the life span of ISA furnace, strengthen its smelting production and optimize its technological process.

With the existence of an oil crisis and environmental problems,more attention is being paid to methods for producing jet fuel components from biomass instead of traditional fossil resources. Starting from the level of catalysis,this paper reviews several technologies for producing jet fuel range alkanes from biomass-derivatives by catalysis,especially some creative technologies for obtaining high-quality jet fuel range alkanes. Then,the advantages and disadvantages of different technologies were discussed. For example,compared to the complicated routes of mono-functional compound platforms,those of the furfural platform and γ-valerolactone platform got higher conversion rate and selectivity and had achieved industrialization. In conclusion,the platform chemicals production and stable catalysts preparation are highly expected to be the subject of future research in this field.

Ethylene oligomerization became the main method for the production of linear α-olefins due to its advantage of simplicity and mature technology. However,this method is limited to the feedstock of ethylene,and monopolized by international oil giants. This paper discusses some possible substitute routes to linear α-olefins;describes briefly its material sources from biochemicals,including fatty acid ester,aliphatic acid and higher fatty alcohol;and analyses the possible technical routes for catalytic conversion of biochemical to α-olefins,such as cross metathesis of linear internal olefins and unsaturated fatty acid,catalytic decarboxylation of aliphatic acid,decarboxylation of lactone in combination with conversion of unsaturated fatty acid,two-step processes for the production of two alpha olefins from oleic acid,catalytically cleaving methyl-octyl ether,dehydration of aliphatic fatty alcohols,conversion of mixed linear octenes and/or octanols. It is pointed out that production of α-olefins from biochemicals is advantageous due to the significant advances in biomass conversion and the technical routes through catalytic conversion. It is proposed that future research emphasis should be placed on development of highly efficient catalysts and their suitable processes.

An obvious advantage by combining the uses of solar power generation and refrigeration systems is that the electric power available and the cooling demand can be highly matched in season and quantity. However,the performance and stability of a miniature refrigeration system are also easily affected by the change of environmental parameters. An experimental model of a miniature solar refrigeration system(MSRS) based on the combination of photovoltaic and battery was proposed. The experimental analysis of MSRS was carried out. The results operated continuously for 10 hours under a fine and cloudy day showed that the output of photovoltaic cells is 1.48kW·h power,of which 86% is supplied to the compressor,7% is stored to the battery,7% is consumed by the controller,however, while under a cloudy day,the photovoltaic cell outputs is 1.02kW·h power,which provides 73% of the energy for the system,the remaining 27% is provided by the battery. Under the condition using battery alone,the system has been running for 7,12 and 4 hours respectively within three days,the battery outputs 3.11kW·h power,about 93% of which is supplied to the compressor,the remaining 7% is consumed by the controller. The matching relationship between cooling capacity requirement with power available for the present system was analyzed,which provided the experimental basis for the application of MSRS in the future.

Based on ash fusion temperature(AFT) tests and thermochemistry simulations of coal and biomass ashes,the effects of K₂O in different ash compositions on ash fusibility are explored. Thermodynamic database FactSage 7.0 was employed to simulate the ash melting process and make equilibrium calculations in order to provide an insight mechanism of the effect of K₂O on ash fusibility. The existence of some minerals predicted by FactSage calculation is also proven by XRD results. The results show that the effect of K₂O on ash fusibility is influenced by the contents of other elements in ash,such as Si,Al and Ca. For coal ash with relatively low CaO content,adding K₂O in ash in a proper amount can reduce initial deformation temperature, softening temperature, and hemispherical temperature,while having little influence on flow temperature. For coal ash with high CaO content, adding K₂O in ash in a proper amount can reduce all of the four ash fusion temperatures. For biomass ash,the ash fusion temperatures could be reduced by increasing the content of K₂O,but only when the content of K₂O is lower than 30%.

Melanoporia castanea was often used as laccase-producing strain,but little study was reported about the production of cellulase by this strain. In order to reduce the cost of cellulase in the hydrolysis of cellulose,the crude cellulase solution prepared by the fermentation of Melanoporia castanea. Then microcrystalline cellulose(MCC) was used as a model substrate,and the conditions of microcrystalline cellulose hydrolysis by crude cellulase solution was optimized,including pH,temperature,and type and concentration of surface active agents. Then crude cellulase solution hydrolysis kinetics,and ultraviolet and fluorescence spectrum were studied with the surfactant agents. The results showed that the optimum hydrolysis conditions of microcrystalline cellulose with crude cellulase solution were pH 4.8,temperature 50℃,and surfactant Tween-80 at dosage of 1.12mg/g substrate. It demonstrated that Tween-80 addition could improve the maximum reaction velocity constants V_max of crude cellulase solution and reduce Michaelis constant(K_m). Both maximum absorbance peaks of ultraviolet and fluorescence were changed after addition of surfactants,with amideⅠand Ⅲ bands infrared spectrum changed,showing that the aromatic amino acid residues in cellulose were reacted with surfactants and then influenced the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose. The study provides a theoretical guide for further reducing the cost of cellulose hydrolysis.

The electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction is the key reaction in metal-air battery and electrocatalytic water splitting. It plays an important role on improving energy storage and conversion efficiency,which can utilize efficiently renewable clean energies,thus relieving the energy crisis and environmental pollution. In this review,the basic process of the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction was first briefly introduced. Then the recent developments of non-precious metal catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction were reviewed. These non-precious metal catalysts mainly consist of transition metal oxides,transition metal hydroxides and carbon materials. Their synthesis,the structure and the electrocatalytic properties for the oxygen evolution reaction were analyzed in details,and their developing directions were also analyzed briefly. In the end,it is suggested that the development of new synthesis technology and new catalysis materials,as well as the clarification of the oxygen evolution reaction mechanism will play a great role on developing high-performance non-precious metal catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction.

Biodiesel is a green renewable energy resource, and is mainly produced through transesterification,in which catalyst plays an important role.Solid acid catalyst has become a hot topic due to the advantages of little pollution,high efficiency and easy separation.This paper introduces the reaction mechanism for biodiesel production with solid acid catalysts,and reviews the recent research progress of the catalysts,including heteropolyacids,inorganic acid salts,metal oxides and complexes, zeolites,cation exchange resins,et al.Also,the preparation methods,reaction conditions and results of those catalysts are analyzed.It is concluded that solid acid catalysts can meet the requirement of green production of biodiesel,especially for transesterification of the oils containing massive water and free fatty acid,and therefore deserve further research.

A series of HPW/SBA-15 were prepared by supersaturated impregnation method with phosphotungstic acid loaded on SBA-15. The catalysts were characterized by means of BET,SEM and TG-DTA. The effects of HPW loading amount and calcination temperature on the desulfurization were investigated by studying the DBT desulfurization performance on the HPW/SBA-15 with H₂O₂ as oxidation and CTAB as phase transfer catalyst. Meanwhile,the effects of different oxidation-extraction conditions on diesel desulfurization were investigated. The results showed that the best mass percentage of HPW was 30% and HPW/SBA-15 showed the highest activity at 250℃. The sulfur content in the diesel oil decreased from 1317mg/L to 39mg/L and the sulfur removal rate reached 97.0% under the best condition of n(H₂O₂):n(S)=6,the mass percentage of HPW/SBA-15 of 2.5% that of CTAB of 0.4%(both based on the diesel oil),extraction stage of 4,reaction temperature of 60℃ and reaction time of 1.5h. According to GC analysis,the HPW/SBA-15 catalytic oxidation-extraction method could easily remove dibenzothiophene and its derivatives,which were quite inert in diesel during its hydrodesulfurization.

Direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC) is considered to be a prioritized choice for green power. Platinum-based catalyst material is well recognized as an excellent catalyst for methanol oxidation,but is still a bit immature for the commercial application. And,improving the utilization rate and the electrochemical performance of Pt is the key solution. Thus,the ultrathin-shell graphene hollow spheres have been designed and synthesized by a simple template assisted method without surfactant, then electrodeposition is employed to coat Pt nanoparticles on them. It was found that the obtained Pt/graphene hollow spheres had a high surface area(226.4m²/g) and an interconnected structure. More important,the Pt/graphene hollow spheres exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance. It was found that ECSA of the Pt/graphene hollow spheres is 43.27m²/(g,Pt),and their peak current density was nearly twice as that of commercial Pt/C catalysts,and the stability was also better. So,the Pt/graphene hollow spheres should had a promising prospect towards methanol oxidation.

Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) have potential application in the areas of ultrahigh-density memory components,spintronic devices and quantum computers. Rare earth ions are widely used for preparation of magnetic materials due to their high spin ground state as well as strong spin orbit coupling and magnetic anisotropy. In recent years,the rare earth ions have been used to improve SMMs spin flip energy barrier and a lot of rare earth complexes have been also synthesized. In this paper,the synthesis and structures of Lanthanide-based SMMs are briefly reviewed with an emphasis on magnetism properties of the mono-,di-,tri-,tetra-,penpa-and hexa-nuclear Lanthanide SMMs. Studies have showed that the SMMs made from Dysprosium-based complexes are the best and of the more the complex nuclear,the stronger the characteristics of SMMs. The future research of Lanthanide-based SMMs should focus on the synthesis of high nuclear complexes and the advancement of magnetic anisotropy energy barrier.

Nature has long been considered as a source of inspiration for researchers. Super-hydrophobic surface,which are inspired by the super-hydrophobic structures of animals and plants combing with the influences of external environment and are taken full consideration of surface chemical composition together with the surface microstructure,have been studied and successfully prepared. In this paper the numerous preparation methods continually emerge with the further research for super-hydrophobic surface. Six common preparation methods including plasma method, etching,sol-gel,deposition,template and layer-by-layer method for super-hydrophobic coating were reviewed. Besides,the related application in drag reduction,anti-icing and anti-snowing,corrosion resistance and oil-water separation were introduced. The growth trends of super-hydrophobic surface were also prospected.

Recently,more and more effort has been devoted to exploring metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based materials for electrochemical energy storage application because of their enormously high surface areas,tunable pore size and diverse structures. This article summarized recent research progress of pristine MOFs,MOFs-composites and MOF-derived materials made for supercapacitors. The general and feasible synthetic strategies for the design and fabrication of MOFs based supercapacitors,and their structural diversity and electrochemical properties with respect to capacitive performance were demonstrated. Finally,problems of MOF-based supercapacitors such as unstable structure, weak electronic conductivity and limited practical applications were highlighted.

Keratin is a class of biodegradable and renewable resource that can be found in hair,nails and feathers. The methods of preparing keratin films including casting method,hot-press method and electrospinning method were introduced. Characteristics and advantages of each method were analyzed. Pure keratin films possess poor performance,thus current status and progress of keratin film modifications,such as plasticizer modification,chemical modification,and blending with other natural/synthetic polymers were summarized. With favorable film forming property and reaction activity,modified keratin films have wide potential applications in the future. Finally,the future research trends were presented as efficient extraction of keratin,mechanism of keratin films formation, and high-performance keratin films preparation.

Maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene is widely used as hot melt adhesive in steel-plastic composite pipe,because of its excellent adhesive properties,and low cost. The grafted progress is always processed through twin-screw extrude. In this paper,the effect of reaction conditions on the graft reaction are summarized,such as initiation methods,reaction temperature,screw structure and speed. The influence of initiators,PE type,and modified monomers are also concluded. Then,the characterization methods of the grafting yield are summarized,such as chemical titration and infrared spectroscopy. The effects of surface treatment and coating process on the peeling strength are discussed too. Finally,we pointed out some drawbacks of traditional sample preparing methods in peeling strength and put forward a reliable way to obtain stable and reliable peeling strength data. The research prospects of PE hot melt adhesive of low maleic anhydride content, excellent adhesion property and environmental characteristics,are predicated.

The Nafion membrane generally used in proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) possesses high proton conductivity,good thermal and chemical stability. However,its preparation cost is too high and its proton conductivity nearly decreases to zero at high temperature. This paper reviewed the progress of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and SPEEK/ionic liquid(IL) modified composite membrane as one of the Nafion alternative membrane. Two preparation methods of SPEEK classified by direct sulfonation method and sulfonated monomer polymerization method were also introduced. The direct sulfonation method was easy,however,the degree of sulfonation(DS) was less than 1.0 and the reaction was difficult to control. The sulfonated monomer polymerization method was difficult and its raw material was poisonous. However,DS can be easily controlled in this way. The effect of reaction time,temperature and ratio of raw materials,sulfonated monomer species, membrane preparation process and solvent on the performance of SPEEK was also overviewed and analyzed. It was found that in the direct sulfonation method the DS was negatively correlated with temperature and positively with the reaction time,while little relationship with the ratio of raw materials. In order to improve the performance of PEMFC,critical problems such as the loss of ionic liquids and the compatibility with Pt-based catalyst which resulted in lower battery performance during fuel cells operation should be solved in the future development of SPEEK/IL modified composite membranes.

Adiponitrile is an important intermediate for producing nylon 66, and can be synthesized by electrolysis-dimerization of acrylonitrile or Hydrocyanation of 1,3-butadiene. The technology characteristics and chemical reaction principles have been introduced in detail in this paper. And the two production technologies of adiponitrile are also compared with each other. The results show that the electrolysis-dimerization process is simpler,but the high cost in electrolysis and raw material has limited its development.While the hydrocyanation process is a more complex technology in the preparation, recovery and regeneration of the catalyst, and uses volatile and highly toxic hydrocyanic acid as raw material, it is more advantageous in energy consumption, raw material costs and production capacity. So, the hydrocyanation process is a prior development direction for producing adiponitrile.

Hydrogen is regarded as the most promising source of clean and high efficient energy. The key to using hydrogen on a large scale lies in its storage,transportation,and distribution. The methods of hydrogen storage are pressurized gaseous hydrogen storage,cryogenic liquefaction hydrogen storage,metal alloy hydrogen storage,and liquid organic hydrogen storage,and so on. This paper reviews the latest research progress of liquid organic hydrogen storage materials,such as cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane,decalin,carbazole,and ethylcarbazole. The principle and characteristics of reversible hydrogen storage and transportation technology of organic liquid hydrides are discussed. Hydrogen storage in liquid organic hydrides is considered as a safe,efficient storage method. Using industrial chemicals obtained from mass production, developing high efficiency and low-cost dehydrogenation catalysts,and studying the optimal reaction conditions of PAHs,such as naphthalene, to lower hydrogen storage costs and achieve large scale applications,are outlined.

Composites of HKUST-1,MIL-101,UiO-66 with hydroxyl group functionalized siliceous mesocellular foam(MCF-OH) were prepared by in-situ hydrothermal method,and the materials were characterized by means of PXRD,SEM,N2 adsorption,XPS,TGA measurements,and CO₂ adsorption performance was measured at 298K. It was found that the morphologies of MOFs were different because of the different central metals in MOFs. For the HKUST-1^#MOF-OH composite,MCF-OH directed the growth of HKUST-1 on MCF-OH surfaces,new mesopores was formed on the interface between HKUST-1 crystal and MCF-OH and its pore size was closer to the kinetic diameter of CO₂ than that of pure HKUST-1. For other composites,the growth of MOFs crystal particles was hindered, leading to smaller MOFs crystal particles and higher BET surface areas than the pure MOFs. All the composites showed higher CO₂ adsorption capacities than pure MOFs,and because of the decreased micropore sizes and the introduction of new mesoporous structure,the HKUST-1^#MCF-OH composite has the most increment of CO₂ capacity among all the composites.

The high acid-proof ZSM-5 zeolite membranes are prepared on tubular porous mullite supports by secondary hydrothermal synthesis,and the effects of seed crystals,H₂O/SiO₂ molar ratio of the precursor synthesis gel on the growth and pervaporation performance of ZSM-5 zeolite membranes are studied systematically. The structure,morphology,and Si/Al ratio of the ZSM-5 zeolite crystals and membranes are characterized by XRD,FE-SEM,and EDX. For the separation of 90% HAc/H₂O mixture at 75℃,the flux and separation factor (H₂O over HAc) of ZSM-5 zeolite membrane prepared with the optimum synthesis condition has a well dehydration performance,and the total flux and separation factor are 0.98kg/(m²·h) and 890,respectively. Besides,the prepared ZSM-5 zeolite membranes show good reproducibility,and the average flux and separation factor of the 12 pieces of ZSM-5 zeolite membranes are(0.85±0.15) kg/(m²·h) and 650±290 for dehydration of 90% HAc/H₂O mixture at 75℃. Moreover,the ZSM-5 zeolite membrane presents excellent dehydration performance for 50%~95% HAc/H₂O at 45~75℃.

Thermoplastic polyether-polyurethanes (PEPUs) were prepared by transurethane polycondensation using poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol(PTMG) of M_n=2000,dimethyl-hexane-1,6-dicarbamate(HDC) and 1,4-butanediol(BDO) as raw materials in the presence of organotin or titanate as a catalyst. Effect of catalysts on the structure and property of PEPUs was investigated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),gel permeation chromatography(GPC),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),wide-angle X-ray diffraction(XRD),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), and tests of mechanical and optical properties. The results showed that both organotin and titanate series applied to the transurethane polycondensation synthesizing high-molecular-weight polyether-polyurethanes,and the PEPUs with TET or DBTO as a catalyst showed higher intrinsic viscosities than the ones with TBT,OCT or DBTDL as a catalyst. The PEPU catalyzed by DBTO displayed better mechanical and optical properties in comparison to those catalyzed by DBTDL,OCT or titanate,while the PEPU catalyzed by TET exhibited better thermal properties than those catalyzed by TBT or organotin.

The urea-formaldehyde resin microcapsules wrapped with asphalt regenerant for asphalt self-healing were produced by in-situ polymerization,and the core to wall mass ratio,final pH, temperature,and the concentration of the emulsifier were determined as four key factors. Orthogonal experiments of the four factors and three levels were then conducted. Analysis result showed that pH and temperature had greater influence on microcapsule preparation than the other two. The optimum conditions for preparing the microcapsules were determined as formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of 4:5,core to wall mass ratio of 6:5,final pH of 4,temperature of 70℃ and the mass percentage of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium(SDBS) of 0.5%,under which the obtained microcapsules had dense surface with an average particle size of 21.14μm and the coating rate reached 85%. Finally,the ductility tests were carried out on the intact and cracked specimen after self-healing to study the self-healing ability of common matrix asphalt and the asphalt with self-healing microcapsules. The test showed that the ductility healing rate of asphalt could increase with the dosage of microcapsule,but more microcapsule dosage did not always provide a better effect and the optimal dosage was found as 0.3% with a resulting healing rate of 38.67%.

In this article,the artificial accelerated aging test of medium density polyethylene(MDPE) was carried out for 64 days under Xeon environment. The characteristics of thermal stability,chemical structure, mechanical properties and kinetics parameters including the activation energy and pre-exponential factor evolution of MDPE after photo-oxidation aging were studied by thermogravimetric analysis(TG),attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR), mechanical test and thermal degradation kinetics methods including Coats-Redfern method and Kissinger method. The degradation behavior and aging mechanism of MDPE were explored. The results showed that during the aging period,the thermal stability decreased and the concentration of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups increased,the rupture of molecular chain was intensified while the bending and impact strength reduced gradually.After 64 days of aging,the bending and impact strength of MDPE declined by 17.4% and 47.3%,respectively.With the increase of aging time,the activation energy of MDPE decreased obviously and dominated in the early stage of aging,at which the aging phenomenon is more significant.

The research progress of rosin-based functional surfactants was summarized. Biodegradable surfactants,reactive surfactants,chelating surfactants,Bola type surfactants,Gemini surfactants, and rosin based functional surfactants were systematically overviewed from synthesis methods,yield, and application. The application of rosin based functional surfactants is summarized in biological medicine,electronic information,and functional materials by the biological degradation,drug slow-release,and metal chelate. Finally,the synthesis and application of rosin-based surfactants were prospected. The research gap and development potential in the microstructure of compound synthesis type,basic research and development,and utilization of functional performance areas were pointed out.

In this paper, a polycarboxylate superplasticizer with anti-clay was prepared using methyl acrylic acid(MAA) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA) as monomers, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and ascorbic acid(Vc) as initiators, and methyl propene sulfonate(SMAS) as the chain transfer agent. The copolymer was characterized by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR) and gel permeation chromatography(GPC). The dispersion properties and mechanism of tolerance to montmorillonite were explored by tests of fluidity, functional group of montmorillonite interlayer, X ray diffraction, and adsorption amount. The results show that the superplasticizer with anti-clay has better dispersing performance at n(MAA):n(HEMA)=2.5:1;the initial fluidity of cement paste can exceed 268mm when the dosage of superplasticizer is 0.25% of cement mass. The superplasticizer with anti-clay shows low sensitivity to montmorillonite compared to common superplasticizers. The interlayer spacing of montmorillonite modified with newly-synthesized superplasticizers is 1.40nm; the adsorption amount on montmorillonite particles is far less than those of conventional superplasticizers.

In this paper,a new type of amphoteric polymer retarder SN-3 is synthesized by solution polymerization,and infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis is used to characterize the chemical structure of retarder SN-3. In addition,we further research the application performance of retarder SN-3,including the thickening time and the sensitivity to adding amounts and temperature. The results show that the cement paste with retarder SN-3 meets the requirements of the construction on site. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) test technology was used to study the influences of retarder SN-3 on the transverse relaxation time T₂ distribution of cement paste in a hydration process, under the same water to cement ratio,temperature and hydration time to test the transverse relaxation time of the pure cement paste C and the cement paste CHN mixed with polymer SN-3. The migration rate and peak shape index are two parameters employed to characterize the change trend of the T₂ distribution curve of cement paste. A further study about the retarding mechanism of the retarder SN-3 is obtained by low-field NMR analysis,XRD and SEM. The experimental results show that the retarder makes the bound level of water that fills in the flocculation structure decrease; the existence time of physically bound water increase,polymer SN-3 mainly by precipitation and complexation come to retarding effect.

With biodiesel as raw material,synthesis of dimers and their epoxidation product using the double bonds existing in biodiesel was obtained. Under the reaction conditions of 240℃/6h,the effects of different catalysts and the content of unsaturated bonds on dimerization were investigated. Moreover,the combustion performance of biodiesel after dimerization was explored. The yield of dimeric acid methyl esters(DAME) reached up to 28%(catalyzed by aluminum silicate). Comparing cetane numbers(CN) of biodiesel before and after the reaction,the CN of unreacted biodiesel was essentially unchanged,which indicated that dimerization had no effect on combustion performance.The application of epoxy dimeric acid methyl ester(EDAME) in polyvinyl chloride(PVC) blending with bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate(DOTP) was further studied. The mechanical properties thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and processing rheology of PVC were measured. Results showed that the elongation at break of sample F2 increased by 2.62% when EDAME content increased from 0 to 20%. The initial decomposition temperature(T_i),the 10% weight loss temperature(T₁₀) and the 50% weight loss temperature(T₅₀) increased 6.5℃,9.9℃ and 26.8℃,respectively,when EDAME substituted DOTP totally,and the char yield increased from 8.7% to 11.7%. The dynamic stability time increased,and the equilibrium torque of F2 decreased from 3.8N·m to 3.2N·m compared to that of F0. All of these improved the processability of PVC blends. Therefore,it can be considered that EDAME can be treated as an environmentally-friendly and renewable secondary plasticizer to replace DOTP. Meanwhile,the new technology of the production of biodiesel combined with EDAME can improve the comprehensive economic benefit in the process of biodiesel production which has broad market prospects.

In order to improve the emulsifying property of low density polyethylene wax,we prepared modified polyethylene wax micro-emulsion with high stability via chemical grafting modification. First, chemical grafting of low density polyethylene was successfully realized by the suspension-swelling graft method using acrylic acid as grafting monomer. Then,with selected reconstituted anionic and non-ionic emulsifier,and under the conditions of emulsion temperature between 90~95℃,emulsifier dosage of 10% polyethylene wax and emulsification for 30min,micro-emulsion of polyethylene wax with high stability was prepared by a phase change emulsion method. Structure of the modified polyethylene wax was characterized by FTIR,which identified that acrylic acid was successfully grafted to the polyethylene wax molecules. Its melting point and crystallization behaviors were also studied via DSC technology. The melting points of the modified polyethylene wax and the original polyethylene wax are 102.85℃ and 102.41℃,respectively,and their crystallinity ratio was 77.7%.

A large quantity of kitchen wastes were produced every year in China with complicated composition,which led to a series of environmental problems when disposed with traditional treatments like incineration or landfill. Besides,kitchen wastes were abundant of organic matters and nutrients,the recycling value of which made it a research hotspot in the world. In this article,three kinds of recycling technologies were reviewed from the perspective of utilization direction,including biodiesel,methane, hydrogen,ethanol production in energy production direction,animal feed,organic fertilizer production in agricultural direction,and reducing sugar,carbon material,lactic acid production in industrial utilization. Research progress of pollution control in utilization process was reviewed. According to the analysis of those technologies,further research on mechanism of bio-anaerobic process is the future research emphasis,for the sake of full scale optimization. Process pollution control of kitchen waste utilization needs further attention.

Regarding the environmental protection in iron and steel industry,the problem of persistent organic pollutants formation in iron ore sintering process has become an important research topic. This paper introduces characteristics of PCDD/Fs,related parameters of sintering process,the emission levels and features of PCDD/Fs in sintering process. It is found that the key to control the PCDD/Fs pollutants lies in sintering flue. Then,the formation mechanism and influencing factors of PCDD/Fs are discussed,and it suggests that the pollutants of PCDD/Fs mostly generated in the sintering bed inside. Analysis and comparison of the synthesis conditions,such as temperature,carbon source, chlorine source,oxygen,catalyst,etc.,are carried out. Several important conclusions are drawn as theoretical basis for the researches on persistent organic pollutants in iron sintering process. Furthermore,current PCDD/Fs pollutants source-reduction techniques are summarized and compared. It is implied that pollutants-control mechanism of inhibitors in sintering process under complex conditions and their influences on sinter properties still need to be further studied. PCDD/Fs formation inhibition technology in the sintering process will become an important research direction.

The atmospheric and vacuum distillation system(AVDS) is one of the most import processes and the main CO₂ emissions part in the oil refinery enterprise. Carbon flow model was established based on substance flow analysis(SFA). The main influence factors affecting the CO₂ emissions were analyzed based on the production data. Four factors,including fuel consumption,excess air coefficient,the C/H ratio of fuel and combustion efficiency,were discussed. The results showed that the main subsystem of CO₂ emissions was the atmospheric distillation subsystem(ADS) and the CO₂ emissions accounted for about 62.84% of AVDS. The main factors influencing the CO₂ emissions were the consumption and C/H ratio of fuel for AVDS. The CO₂ emissions increased with increasing consumption and C/H ratio of fuel for both atmospheric furnace and vacuum furnaces.

Ultrafiltration(UF) membrane fouling by organic matter remains a significant challenge in the application of low pressure membrane filtration in the seawater desalination project. Powdered activated carbon(PAC) adsorption is one of the most common pretreatment technologies for seawater ultrafiltration process. In this paper,removal of organic matter from seawater using UF and PAC-UF processes were compared. The influence of PAC addition on organic matter removal was investigated using excitation-emission matrix(EEM) spectroscopy. Flux decline and membrane fouling in seawater ultrafiltration processes with and without PAC addition were also discussed. The experimental results indicated that PAC addition increased turbidity and organic matter removal from seawater. DOC removal by UF increased from 55.1% without PAC to 77.6% when 200mg/L PAC was added. The higher humic acid(HA) substances removal rate by PAC-UF processes can be attribute to PAC adsorption and cake formation on the membrane surface. It was not significantly to decrease the flux decline rate after PAC adding in comparison to ultrafiltration without PAC addition. However,the cake formation on the membrane surface can avoid organic matter contacting directly with the membrane, which is helpful to mitigate irreversible membrane fouling.

A novel anionic polyelectrolyte poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) sodium (PSSMA) functionalized magnetic graphene oxide composite(M-rGO/PSSMA) was prepared via a simple and facile one-step solvothermal method,and it was then used for removal of a cationic dye (basic fuchsin,BF) from aqueous solution. The resulted M-rGO/PSSMA was characterized by FTIR, SEM,TEM,TGA,VSM and DLS. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to investigate effects of the solution pH,adsorption time and initial dye concentration on the adsorption performances of BF onto the M-rGO/PSSMA. The adsorption isotherms,kinetics and mechanisms were also studied. Results indicated that the grafting of PSSMA onto the surface of M-rGO could effectively enhance the adsorption capacity of BF. The maximum adsorption capacity of BF onto the M-rGO/PSSMA was 588.2mg/g,and was nearly three times as much as that of M-rGO. Furthermore,the BF adsorption onto the M-rGO/PSSMA fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir model well,respectively. The as-synthesized composite could be effectively separated and recovered under an external magnetic field,and regenerated for reuse by using NaOH ethanol solution. Such a graphene-based composite can be used as an excellent adsorbent for removing cationic pollutants from environmental wastewater.

To extract valuable vanadium element from spent vanadium electrolyte solutions, recycling and reusing technology of spent vanadium electrolyte solutions for all-vanadium redox flow battery was studied. Under the condition of normal pressure and room temperature,sodium chlorate as oxidant could be used to oxide spent vanadium electrolyte solutions deeply,and all low valence vanadium in spent vanadium electrolyte solutions was oxidized to pentavalent vanadium completely,and then ammonium metavanadate with high added value was obtained through concentration,precipitation vanadium,drying and other process. The recovery principle was analyzed. The technological conditions of recycling technology were also investigated. Results showed that the oxidation of spent vanadium electrolyte solutions with NaClO₃ is the key process for vanadium recovery rate. The best molar ratio of V⁴⁺ to NaClO₃ is 1:0.2,V³⁺ to NaClO₃ is 1:0.4. The optimum process conditions of precipitation vanadium are as follows:concentration of vanadium solution 25-30g/L,pH 8.0-8.5, precipitation temperature for vanadium 50-60℃,ammonification K 1.0-1.2,precipitation time for vanadium 80-120min. Results showed that the process has advantages of high vanadium recovery rate,low recycling cost,easy operation and environment friendly. Under the optimum process conditions,the recovery rate of vanadium is around 99%. A new route to recycle and reuse spent vanadium electrolyte of vanadium flow battery was provided.

Wastewater from printing and dyeing industrials is still a severe problem,and biological treatment is the most widely used method currently, for which screening high efficient dye biodegradation microorganisms is the key. In this paper,by using the concentration gradient pressure screening method,we selected a mixed bacterial flora DDMY1,which has good decolorization performance to reactive black 5(RB5),from the well-running hydrolytic acidification reactor for subsequent printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. The bacterial flora was used to study the RB5 decolorization under the facultative-aerobic condition. Firstly,photos were taken in the process of decolorization and repigmentation to record the repeated results visually. Secondly,ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used to scan the decoloring liquid at different times and different states. At last, GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) were employed to analyze the degradation products. Results indicated that,the mixed flora DDMY1 performed satisfatorily in decoloring of RB5,and with 400mg/L RB5 for 24h cultivation,the decolorization rate could reach 97.4%. At the same time,the study found that the biological oxygen decolorization reaction could effectively repeat the decolorization-repigmentation for 17 times. According to the analysis results of the tests,it could be speculated that RB5 degradation products such as aniline,naphthoquinones might be responsible.

The utilization of sludge in building materials have not been widely used because of safety dispute. In this paper,modification treatment of excess sludge was carried out,and characteristics of dislodged sludge and sludge protein solution after modification treatment,and the influence of dislodged sludge and sludge protein solution with different contents on strength and fire-resistant performance of foam concrete were investigated. The results showed that foam concrete prepared by modification sludge has no potential safety risks,and the sludge protein solution had excellent foaming property. The prepared foam concrete had good compressive strength and breaking strength,which met the requirement of the industrial standard. Dry density,compressive strength and breaking strength decreased with the increase of foam quantity. As sludge mud increased,dry density and breaking strength decreased. Compressive strength first increased and then decreased. When the ratio of sludge mud was 4%(wt),compressive strength was optimum. Fire test showed that foam concrete has good fire-resistant performance. Therefore,foam concrete prepared by modification sludge had comparatively more feasible and reasonable.