Microbial electrosynthesisis is a new technology that combines microbiology and electrochemistry. The external electrons from an artificial power source are accepted by electroactive bacteria directly or indirectly,changing the intracellular redox balance,and promoting the formation of reductive products. Recently,microbial electrosynthesis based on bio-based chemicals has been attracting more and more attention. This review summarizes the basic principles and latest research progress in microbial electrosynthesis of bio-based chemicals. The electroactive bacterial selection,electron transfer mechanism,and typical cultivation methods are disclosed. Combined with microbial metabolism,the principle and research progress of microbial electrosynthesis on production of acetate,1,3-propanediol,butanol,and succinate are also discussed. The electron transfer mechanism,efficiency,and costs are thought to be the key factors restraining the development of microbial electrosynthesis. Finally,future trends on application which would contribute to the development of microbial electrosynthesis and application in fermentation of bio-based chemicals are prospected in this paper.

Process intensification is one of the research hotspots in the field of chemical engineering and technology. By only to master the rule of common nature,principle and influence each other,it is possible to optimize the design of the chemical process,reasonable regulation of unit operations or unit process to achieve the chemical process intensification. Based on the understanding of the law of multiphase flow,Institute of Chemical Engineering,Qingdao University of Science and Technology has put out a rule of multiphase flow regulation,named "Fully Mixed,Evenly Distributed",and has been done a lot of research work related to the subject of process intensification in the past decades. This review introduced the main contents of "Fully Mixed,Evenly Distributed",and discussed the process intensification methods based on "Fully Mixed,Evenly Distributed" and its effect in some successful application cases,such as circumfluent cyclone separator,strong exothermic fluidized process and washing and distillation process. This review also clarified the feasibility of chemical process intensification using "Fully Mixed,Evenly Distributed" regulation,as well as its key role and trend of process intensification technology.

As one of the most abundant renewable resources on the earth,the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass is a promising solution to the resource and energy crisis. However,traditional methods for fractionating biomass have many disadvantages,including low efficiency and high pollution,seriously hindering the conversion of biomass into value-added products. This article gives an overview of the applications of ionic liquids in the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass,including the separation of cellulose and lignin from biomass using ionic liquids as solvents and the fractionation of biomass through chemical reaction in the media of ionic liquids. The extraction of cellulose and lignin are analyzed from the point of ionic liquid selection,reaction route optimization,biomass pretreatment,dissolution conditions and anti-solvents. The commercial application of fractionation of biomass using ionic liquids is still constrained by the high cost,low efficiency,and secondary pollution. In order to improve the economy and greenness of biomass fractionation,it's very important to design novel ionic liquids with low cost,reduced viscosity,high thermal stability,low toxicity,and commercially viable regeneration methods and to develop environmentally friendly and more efficient biomass fractionation processes.

Nowadays,the increasing depletion of fossil energy and increasing environmental pressure are urgent problems to be solved,and biomass pyrolysis technology is considered a potential solution to the energy shortage,especially fast pyrolysis technology. With biomass fast pyrolysis technology continuing to mature,fast pyrolysis equipment needs to continuously enlarge to increase treatment capacity,so as to realize industrialization. Because biomass fast pyrolysis equipment is complex and various,the rational choice of each system was difficult in the scale up process. This paper reviewed the pyrolysis mechanism,the particle size selection,pretreatment,four key systems including the feeding system,the energy supply system,the pyrolysis reactor,and the fast condensation system in the fast pyrolysis process,emphatically introducing the types and characteristics of the fast pyrolysis reactor. This paper provided the choices and research trends of the four key systems,and found out that the fluidized bed reactor was the first choice,because the fluidized bed reactor was easy amplification and can easily realize self-heating. In addition,to ensure the quality of products,the easily enlarging equipment,stable self-heating process,and low energy consumption,stable and safe operation is the future direction of research for fast pyrolysis.

Due to its excellent heat transfer properties,the latent functionally thermal fluid shows a promise of application in high efficiency heat transfer area such as modern electronic devices cooling. To study the performance of the fluid,the heat transfer characteristics of 5%,10% and 15% mass concentration latent functionally thermal fluid as well as the deionized water was experimentally investigated in the present work. The results showed that the average Nu number increased with Re number,and by cooling with latent functionally thermal fluid,the temperature of the wall could be reduced by 26.8% compared with the deionized water for Re number ranging from 300-1000. To clearly demonstrate the relationship between the Nu number,Re number,mass concentration and Pr number,an experimental formula was further fitted based on the experimental data,the maximum relative error of 7.5%,acceptable for experiments. According to these results,a conclusion can be made that the heat enhancement ratio of the latent functionally thermal fluid on the length direction of the pipe is related to the mass concentration and Re number,moreover,there exists an optimum length,in which the heat transfer is most enhanced.

Gas-liquid upflow in vertical pipes was widely used in the phase change heat transfer and nuclear reactors. In this paper,the Euler-Euler two-fluid model was applied in the simulation of the gas-liquid upflow with the emphasis on the selections of the closure models. The lift force,wall lubrication force,turbulent dispersion force and bubble induced turbulence(BIT) were studied at a superficial liquid velocity 0.45m/s and superficial gas velocities,0.015m/s and 0.1m/s,respectively. The simulation results showed that:①At low superficial gas velocity,the near wall gas holdup can be optimized with both the lift force and wall lubrication force taken into account. The bubbles reached a relative balance under the effect of this two forces with the result of wall peak of gas fraction and the reasonable simulated liquid velocity;The effect of BIT can be negligible at low superficial gas velocity. ②At high superficial gas velocity bubbly flows,the influence of BIT on the simulation results of gas-liquid two phase flow was evident. The simulation results can be improved with the turbulence dissipation source term included,and Troshko model prevailed over Sato model in describing the effect of bubble induced turbulence on the liquid turbulence. ③At high superficial gas velocity,the wall peak of gas holdup occurred with the lift force included,then the peak value can be reduced after the turbulent dispersion force taken into account. While the issue of wall peak still can't be solved,indicating that turbulence dispersion force was not strong enough to overcome the lift force.

In this paper,mixing of cylindrical biomass particles and spherical steel particles in the drum was simulated with discrete element method(DEM). The rotational speed and particles number ratio were changed in order to analyze the effect of rotational speed and particles number ratio to the particles mixing quality. The results showed that the motion mode was slumping in all six conditions. Particles mixing region was divided into three regions:the monolayer steel particles region in the left of the particles region, the mixing region of biomass particles and steel particles in the middle of the particles region and the accumulating region of biomass particles in the right of the particles region. The particles mixing quality in the middle of the particles region was far better than that in the left or in the right of the particles region. The mixing quality when the number ratio of steel particles and biomass particles was 3000:200 was better than that when the number ratio of steel particles and biomass particles was 3000:100 with stationary rotational speed,which means when the steel particles were far more than biomass particles. The increase of the number of biomass particles could enhance the mixing quality. When the rotational speed was changed from 5r/min to 25r/min,the higher the rotationalspeed,the better the particles mixing quality and the faster the mixing tended to be stable with stationary particles number ratio.

Bubble liquid exists widely in various industrial fields,so the detailed understanding of physical properties of bubbly liquid is of great significance for improving the quality of products and for strengthening industrial processes. In this paper,in order to understand the influence of bubbles on the liquid-phase apparent viscosity and to explain the changing reason of the liquid-phase apparent viscosity,based on two-dimensional parallel plate model,the effect of large bubbles on the liquid-phase apparent viscosity was deeply investigated with the volume of fluid (VOF) method combined with the dynamic mesh. The effect of bubbles on the liquid-phase apparent viscosity was numerically studied in detail under the conditions with the same void fraction but different capillary numbers. The present study showed that the capillary number and the bubble volume fraction has the great effect on liquid-phase apparent viscosity. For the same volume fraction,when the capillary number is relatively large (Ca>1),the bubble injection causes the decrease of the relative viscosity of the liquid phase,and the larger the volume fraction is. The relative viscosity of the liquid phase decreases more sharper. In addition,under the same volume fraction,when the capillary number is relatively small (Ca<1),the relative viscosity of the liquid phase increases due to the addition of bubbles,and the higher the volume fraction is. The relative viscosity of the liquid phase increases more obviously.

The industrial process design lacks theoretical guidances for multiple target recovery from refinery gas. In this study,the concept of energy efficiency ratio was proposed for separation process. By using the electrical power to represent the energy associated with the variation of pressure and temperature during the gas separation process,a quantitative relationship between the energy consumption and the target product recovery was established. A typical refinery gas recycling process was taken as example,in which various separation technologies such as membrane or pressure swing adsorption(PSA)were utilized for thorough investigation. The energy efficiency ratios of various separation technologies and different separation processes were calculated. Results showed that,when H₂ purity of product is relatively low(≥97%),PSA technology achieves the higher value of energy efficiency ratio(0.86),which is 28% higher comparing to the membrane separation technology. When H₂ purity of product is relatively high(≥99.9%),the hybrid membrane-PSA process achieves the higher energy efficiency ratio(0.54)than the hybrid PSA-membrane process,and the increase is about 40%. It indicates that the energy efficiency ratio can be employed to evaluate the efficiency of energy consumption of various separation technologies or different separation processes,and can provide a useful design guidance for refinery gas recycling process.

1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0] undec-7-ene(DBU)/glycerol solution used as a new solvent,which has low heat capacity and high boiling point,has been widely studied in chemical synthesis and product separation. The absorption of CO₂ at different ratios of DBU/glycerol solutions was investigated. It is shown that the amount of CO₂ absorbed in this solution could reach 10.88g/100g within 120min at 25℃ under atmospheric pressure,0.49:1 of the molar ratio of DBU to glycerol and 238mL/min of the flow rate of CO₂. The viscosity of the solution at different ratios during reaction was also measured. It increased with the increase of time and the amount of DBU when the molar ratio of DBU and glycerol was 0.49:1 and 1.12:1. But, when the molar ratio of DBU to glycerol was 0.11:1 and 3.43:1,the viscosity of the solution changed a little. Furthermore,the kinetics of carbon dioxide binding by DBU/glycerol solution was studied. The reaction rate of DBU/glycerol/CO₂ can be expressed as r=0.22C_DBUP_CO2^0.5 at 25℃ without the effect of agitation under atmospheric pressure when glycerol is excessive. The activation energy of the reaction is 40.44kJ/mol.

Reunion foam is an effective method for removal of fine particulate matter of PM_2.5. The particle sizes of the reunion liquid when atomize were studied to choose the suitable bubble size and spray conditions for the aggregation of PM_2.5 solution. The foam bubble size and aggregate amount of particulate matter were estimated according to the formulas. By CCD,the finely atomized liquid foam movement from nozzles was recorded. To calculate the atomization bubble size and distribution,MATLAB was used for the image processing. Results showed that the atomized foaming agent could promote the liquid to form bubbles and increase the diameter of the atomized particles. The bubble size of PAM reunion liquid was small,and the atomized particle density was big,the mainly particle size was less than 200μm,while the XTG bubble size was large,and the CMC bubble size was in between. The 0.2% CMC liquid gave the uniform bubble size,and larger number of particles. At a distance of 20cm at the axial spout,the bubble crushing and aggregation were stabilized. When the spout diameter is 0.5mm,the mostly bubble particle sizes are in the range of 100 to 300μm,suitable to the bubble conditions for removal of PM_2.5. As the solution temperature increases,the number of atomized bubble particles of 0 to 300μm is increased significantly.

Due to the defect of simultaneous methods for heat exchanger networks synthesis,a novel Powell particle swarm optimization(PPSO) algorithm was proposed,which has both high precision of the deterministic methods and high efficiency of the stochastic algorithms. For overcoming disadvantages of stochastic algorithms,the cloud memory and the opposite strategy of individualswere proposed,which can avoid premature convergence and expand the search space. In addition,two optimizing strategies of integer variables were combined with PPSO algorithm in order to simultaneously optimize continuous and integer variables. The presented approach was tested on two typical benchmark problems. The obtained solutions are better than that published in the literature. Results showed that the presented algorithm can find better designs,which is conductive to cost saving in industrial production.

A organic Rankine cycle with ejector(EORC)was proposed by using ejector to the organic Rankine cycle(ORC). The ejector in the EORC induces the exhaust from the expander so as to decrease the expander backpressure and increase the pressure difference in the expander,which resulted in an increase of the power output capacity of the cycle. In order to analyze the influence of the ejector on the thermodynamic performance of the EORC,the maximum entrainment ratio and the minimum induced pressure of the ejector were analyzed based on the classical theory of ejector using R600 as the working fluid on MATLAB platform. The results showed that when the mixing pressure and the entrainment ratio of the ejector were constant,the capacity of the primary fluid to induce the second fluid in the ejector increased with increasing primary pressure. The maximum entrainment ratio and entrainment efficiency increased with the increase of the primary pressure. Based on the optimization results,the structure of ejector used to organic Rankine cycle was designed. Preliminary experiments showed that compared to ORC,the power output of the EORC increased significantly,but its systemic thermal efficiency decreased.

In this paper,based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD),the large eddy simulation model(LES)combined with species transport model(SPE)was successfully applied to predict the residence time distribution(RTD)of pilot plant in-line blade-screen high shear mixers(HSM). The predicted RTDs were validated against experimental data and the relative errors were less than 14%. This method was used to explore the effect of structural parameters like geometry of the holes of stator,structure of chamber and installation method on RTD to apply to fast chemical reaction processes. The results showed that the stator with circular holes was better than that with teeth or rhombus or "S" shaped holes. HSM with a reduced axial length same as the outlet diameter,volute chamber and tangential outlet was the optimal form. The rotor was eccentricly installed to improve its effect with requirement of higher power. The optimized HSM had a wide number of applications especially for the fast chemical reaction processes because of its short residence time and excellent mixing performance.

In the hydrate risk management strategy in deep-sea oil/gas transportation pipeline,hydrates are allowed to form in the pipe line,and the petroleum products are transported in the liquid-solid slurry form. Therefore,to ensure the flow safety in deep-sea pipeline,the hydrate volume fraction and degree of agglomeration must be controlled in a safe value. The liquid-solid slurry has complex flow properties due to the introduction of the hydrate solid phase. The present work reviewed the effects of hydrate particles on the flow stability and plug mechanism in both pseudo single phase system and the gas-liquid multiphase system. The hydrate growth and deposition on pipe wall,the inter-couple of natural gas hydrate and gas-liquid multiphase flow pattern and the different plug mechanisms in different systems were discussed emphatically. Besides,an introduction of the software simulation of the hydrates slurry flow was made. Finally,based on the reviewing,this paper proposed that study on the microscopic property and quantitative description of the hydrate growth and deposition,the critical velocities of different patterns of particles distribution,and the hydrate formation and slurry flow property in different flow patterns were the main issues to be researched in the future.

Hydrogen generation from coal water slurry,which has a better efficiency in hydrogen production from coal water slurry than water splitting as well as purification of fossil fuels,is a worth promoting technology of hydrogen production. The basic principle of coal water slurry electrolysis based on its characteristics and current situations was discussed in this paper. The effects of the temperature,electrolyte and pretreatment of the sample were summarized according to the reaction mechanism of the electrolysis. The progress of the research on electrode materials in the electrolysis of coal water slurry was reviewed,and the present situation of electrolysis of water coal slurry technology and the existing problems were analyzed and prospected. The key direction of technology development was pointed out:①The energy consumption in the process of electrolysis of coal water slurry was reduced and the renewable energy was maximize used;②The mechanisms and kinetics of the reaction have been studied deeply with the purpose of improving the efficiency of hydrogen production,chemical energy and electricity;③Improve the stability and corrosion resistance of the electrode to implement the durable and the low-cost of electrode;and ④The efficiency of the reaction was improved by studying the new catalytic electrode and catalyst.

This paper reviewed the research progress of coal and natural gas as raw materials to produce syngas,which can be applied to chemical synthesis or power generation. The features of two processes on production system using coal and natural gas as raw materials to produce syngas were introduced. One is coal and natural gas produced syngas separately and then converged and another co-gasification process. The results showed that the characteristics of elements of coal and natural gas and heat utilization of gasification were the key factors to select the process. The process of coal and natural gas produced syngas separately and then converged was simple to operate and easy to be industrialized. The industrialization of co-gasification process was limited by the reaction condition. Compared with traditional industrial system with single feed syngas preparation,the multi-feed system by coal and natural gas could decrease the consumption of raw materials and the CO₂ emission. This process meets the clean coal utilization,which should be encouraged.

In this paper,the experiment of sawdust gasification over copper slag catalyst was conducted,then the effect of the gasification agent and the carrier gas was studied on the composition and heating value of the syngas. When the water vapor equivalent ratio to biomass was 0.058,the yield of tar was approximately decreased by half and the hydrogen yield was improved by 63.04%,so the gasification efficiency increased to 75.03%. After obtaining the ideal experimental conditions,thermodynamic analysis of the sawdust gasification with copper slag was performed based on the energy balance. Then,the coupling relationships were obtained between copper slag,sawdust and water vapor. The sensible heat of molten copper slag was 1773kJ/kg at 1250℃. When making full use of copper slag comprising sensible heat and latent heat,the heat value of synthesis gas was 13319kJ from the sawdust gasification. Under ideal gasification conditions,1kg sawdust met 1.92kg copper slag,and the recycling energy utilization of hot copper slag catalytic sawdust gasification increased to 62.94%.

Low-temperature co-pyrolysis of lignite and sugarcane bagasse was undertaken in a homemade carbonization apparatus to study the influence of different sugarcane bagasse ratios in lignite on the yields and quality of chars. The results show that the experimental value of yields deviated from the theoretical values most conspicuously at a mixing ratio of 20%,in which the experimental value of tar yield was 9.61% higher than the theoretical value; FTIR indicated that chars mainly contained -OH,C=C,C=O functional groups and sugarcane bagasse promoted benzene compounds in char transforming into low molecular compounds; SEM images demonstrated that co-pyrolysis char had well-developed pore structure compared with coal char;BET revealed that the interaction of sugarcane bagasse and lignite not only improved the surface area of co-pyrolysis char,but also improved the pore size distribution by reducing pore average width; chars adsorption experiments showed that the lead ion removal rate of coal char and bio-char reached 78.42% and 87.80% respectively.

Ni-based catalyst shows preferable performance in tar reforming during biomass gasification. But the deposition of carbon during the reaction can lead to the deactivation of the Ni-based catalyst. How to improve the catalytic performance and carbon deposition resistance ability of the catalyst has been the research focus. In this paper,we reviewed the recent progress on the catalytic activity and carbon deposition resistance of Ni-based catalyst from the aspects of active components,supports and promoters and discussed their influences on the performance of Ni-based catalyst. In the end,we pointed out that Ni-Fe、Ni-Co and Ni-Cu catalyst had better performance than Ni-based catalyst,and co-catalyst can help to promote the anti-carbon deposition ability and sintering resistance ability,while for the catalyst support,perovskite type mixed metal oxide,coal char and biomass char showed promising prospect.

Selective catalytic reduction(SCR)denitration has become a mainstream technology to remove nitrogen oxide(NO_x),and the key is catalyst. Due to its advantages of good performance and low cost,palygorskite is suitable to be employed as catalyst support in the SCR of NO_x. Besides,palygorskite-based catalysts exhibit good selectivity and low temperature stability,which have good application prospects. In this paper,the research progress of palygorskite-based SCR catalysts at low temperature is summarized,and the main influence factors on their denitrification performance are reviewed in terms of active ingredient,preparation method,precursor,loading of active component,calcination temperature and doping element. Furthermore,the deactivation reasons and regeneration approaches for such catalysts are briefly described. It is also pointed that the catalytic reaction follows an Eley-Rideal mechanism. And finally,the future research will be aimed at further improving the catalytic activity at low temperature and the capability to resist poisoning of present catalysts,in order to be utilized in industry in the future.

This paper reviews the research progress of iron-based catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS)in recent ten years,mainly about the verification of the active sites and their affecting factors. We discussed the effect of three different preparation methods and five different supports on the properties of the supported iron catalyst and the influence of promoters on the catalytic performance from three respectives of activity,selectivity and stability of the promoted iron-based catalyst. The analysis showed that iron carbide was the active phase of iron-based catalyst and the selection of suitable preparation method,support and promoter can enhance the catalytic FTS performance. Based on the analysis and summary of the previous studies,we proposed that looking for new method for the synthesis of iron carbide with specific structure and studying on FTS mechanism are the key research focus in the future.

The excess emission of CO₂ through the combustion of fossil fuels,have triggered a severe crisis to the carbon balance in the earth's ecological system and thus threatened the sustainable development of our economy and society. An attractive way to mitigate the problem is to utilize CO₂ and the excess H₂ generated from renewable energy sources,to produce CO via the reverse water gas shift reaction (RWGS),which can be used as feedstock in the successive Fischer-Tropsch synthesis,and therefore could replace partially the coal-to-syngas route. Meanwhile,this strategy could provide a reference to the abandoned wind and light energy issues. In this review,the catalytic systems for the study of RWGS reaction in recent years were summarized,including supported metal catalysts,metal oxide catalysts and transition metal carbide catalysts. We also introduced the reaction mechanisms of RWGS reaction over different types of catalysts. The factors affecting the selectivity of CO₂ hydrogenation to CO were analyzed,mainly including the particle size of active component,supports,promoters,reaction conditions,as well as the strategy to improve the catalyst stability when exposed to a high temperature environment. Moreover,the advantages and disadvantages of different catalysts in the RWGS reaction were discussed,which can provide a guidance for the development of high-performance RWGS catalysts with increases CO selectivity and life.

Mg-Al spinel was synthetized by Sol-Gel method and modified with CuO and CeO₂ via co-gelling method,and was further used to remove SO_x and No_x from FCC flue gas. The synthetized catalysts were evaluated on a fixed bed reactor and a lab-scale riser fluid catalytic cracking unit by investigating the influence of metal oxides and O₂ content. After modified by CuO and CeO₂,Mg-Al spinel kept a desulfurization rate of 90.67% after 40 minutes. Cu-containing spinel showed the best NO removal efficiency,and the NO conversion was 100% when the temperature was over 450℃. O₂ was favorable to desulfurization but unfavorable to denitrification. DRIFTS analysis indicated that the excellent adsorption of CO on Cu⁺ was the reason for high denitrification efficiency of Cu-containing spinel. Lab-scale riser FCC unit evaluation showed that when the flow of air into the regenerator was 0.6m³/h,CuCe-MgAl showed a desulfurization rate of 59.96% and a denitrification rate of 87.63%;when the air flow was 0.8m³/h,desulfurization rate increased to 74.50% but the denitrification disappeared.

Ionic liquid of 1-{2-[bis(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethyl} pyridinium chloride[N₃Py]Cl was synthesized by grafting the diethylenetriamine(DETA)onto 1-chloro-ethyl pyridinium chloride ionic liquid[CePy]Cl through N alkylation. The structure of the ionic liquid was characterized by FTIR,¹H NMR and MS. The redox potential(E_1/2)of complex[N₃Py] Cl/CuBr and PMDETA/CuBr was tested by cyclic voltammetry. The result indicated that the redox potential of[N₃Py]Cl/CuBr was -0.541V,lower than that of PMDETA/CuBr(-0.142V). In addition,the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)of MMA was catalyzed by ionic liquid[N₃Py]Cl with CuBr in the ionic liquid[AMIM]Cl. The conversion of monomer was up to 75% with a narrow distribution of molecular weight(M_w/M_n=1.24)when the employed amount of the ligand,catalyst and solvent was n(CuBr)=0.19mmol、n([N₃Py]Cl)=1.13mmol、n([AMIM]Cl)=0.02mol,respectively,with the reaction temperature of 60℃,and reaction time of 4h. The reaction presented the characteristic of living/controlled polymerization.

The 3.91% Ni loaded Ni/CNTs catalyst was prepared with the support of carbon nanotubes by impregnation method. The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectra,inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES)and TEM. The effects of temperature,pressure,hydrogen quantity and flow velocity on the Ni/CNTs catalyst for the phenylacetylene selective hydrogenation were studied under continuous flow conditions. The products were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by high performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC). The results verified the catalytic activity of Ni/CNTs catalyst. The optimum reaction temperature was 20℃,and the optimal hydrogen flow was 24mL/min,while the yield of product styrene increased with flow velocity but decreased with pressure.

The oxidation of aromatic sulfur compounds(dibenzothiophene[DBT],benzothiophene[BT] and thiophene[TH])was studied at 30℃ and in an extraction and catalytic oxidation desulfurization(ECODS) system composed of model oil,hydrogen peroxide,1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Omim]PF₆) and a peroxomolybdate catalyst[C₁₆mim]₂ Mo₂O₁₁(C₁₆mim=1-hexadecy-3-methylimidazolium). In this system,the removal rate of DBT could reach as high as 99.4% under mild conditions,which was superior to that of the simple chemical oxidation or extraction combined chemical oxidation. The catalytic oxidation reactivity of the different substrates decreased in the order:DBT>BT>TH. The catalytic system could be recycled ten times without a significant decrease in catalytic activity. The system was also applied to commercial gasoline and diesel oil,and the resulting sulfur content decreased to 12.7mg/L and 11.6mg/L,respectively.

FeCl₃ was mixed with CuCl₂·2H₂O and benzenetricarboxylic acid,the precursors of HKUST-1,to in situ synthesize Fe@HKUST-1 material under ultrasonic wave. The molar ratios of FeCl₃ to CuCl₂·2H₂O were 4:100,8:100 and 12:100 respectively. The material was then characterized by XRD,BET,TGA and SEM to obtain the data of crystal structure,pore structure,thermal stability and morphology,as well as the influences of loaded iron on the properties of Fe@HKUST-1. Fe@HKUST-1 was applied for the hydroxylation of benzene as catalyst. The results indicated Fe@HKUST-1 had higher catalytic activity than HKUST-1. When the molar ratio of FeCl₃ to CuCl₂·2H₂O was 8:100,the obtained Fe@HKUST-1 showed the best activity and stability in the hydroxylation of benzene.

In order to solve the diffusion,reaction and deposition problems of high molecular materials such as asphaltenes and resins,and to improve the catalyst's activity and metal capacity during the process of residue hydrodemetallization,we developed a series of key technologies and 4 grades residue hydrodemetallization catalysts(PHR-101,PHR-102,PHR-103,PHR-104)by optimized catalyst design. Non-acidic binder was employed to replace the traditional acids to prepare alumina support with substantially increased pore volume and size. Dual-peak-pore-structure support,with 16.4% pore size above 1000nm,was obtained through compound pore expanding method to improve catalysts' pore structure. And non-uniform distribution of active metal components was achieved to promote impurities to diffuse to and deposit on internal catalyst whose active-site distribution was refined. The results of a 2000h test on small-scale device showed that catalysts' activity and stability after removing the impurities(metal,sulfur,carbon residue)were significantly higher than that of conventional catalysts. A 1L-scale Pilot test,with 5500h long period running under the industrial operating conditions and products requirements,indicated that the prospective running life of catalysts reached more than 8000h which totally satisfied the industrial application requirement. A 14 months industrial hanging-basket test was carried out and the results showed that,compared with the commercial atalysts,the developed catalysts exhibited higher metal capacity and more uniform metal deposition.

Polyaniline is one of the most promising conducting polymers,and doping can improve its electrical conductivity,stability and other properties. Therefore,more and more attention has been paid to the doping of the polyaniline,especially with organic acid. There are many kinds organic acid that have different abilities to change many properties of polyaniline. Research progresses about the polyaniline doped by single organic acid,organic acid and metal oxide,organic acid and inorganic acid,organic acid and other inorganic substance were discussed in this paper. The properties and applications of various kinds of doped polyaniline were presented in detail and the affecting factors on the properties of doped polyaniline were also summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of doped polyaniline were compared. Compared with the single organic acid doping,polyaniline doped with co-dopants have more outstanding properties and broader applications. This paper proposed that co-doping of polyaniline with two or more different kinds of dopants is the main research direction in the future.

The counter electrode is one of the important parts of a dye-sensitized solar cell(DSSC).The properties of the counter electrode directly affect the photovoltaic performance of a DSSC. Generally,platinum(Pt)is used as the electrocatalytic material in the counter electrode of a DSSC. However,Pt as a noble metal has high cost,is rare,and has poor corrosion-resistance to electrolytes,which makes its wide utilization as electrocatalytic materials impossible. Thus,it is not the best alternative for the industrial development of DSSC. Here,we mainly review the research results on Pt-free electrocatalytic materials used in counter electrodes of DSSCs since 2010. The function and working principle of counter electrodes in DSSCs is briefly illustrated. A detailed overview of recent progress in the study of various Pt-free counter electrode materials for DSSC are reviewed,including Pt-free metal,carbonaceous,conductive polymer,inorganic compound electrocatalytic materials and so on. Their features,preparation technique,development prospects,advantages and disadvantages,and improvement methods of different types of counter electrode materials are analyzed. Finally,a strong proposal for the research of low-cost,highly efficient,and stable counter electrodes with nonmetal materials is made,which remains a great challenge and one of the important research directions for the development of future DSSCs.

The soda method is mainly used in the domestic high-purity magnesia production industry because of its operational simplicity. However,the excessively high production cost is an obvious shortcoming. In this paper,various technologies of producing high purity magnesia from brine,which is the by-product in the processes of the sea salt chemical industry and the potassium chloride production from salt lake carnallite resources,are systematically summarized,and the advantages and the disadvantages of each technology are analyzed. The slaked lime or dolomite precipitation method,which has been developed into a practical,low cost process and been universally adopted by the major international high purity magnesia producers,the ammonium method which is still developing,the soda method which is easy but high-cost,and the ammonium bicarbonate method are introduced,in that order. The pyrohydrolysis method including its technological principle,the famous Aman process,and its research progress in China is described. Moreover,the fluidized pyrohydrolysis process of lowly hydrated magnesium chloride as the lasting technology of high-purity magnesia and industrial concentrated hydrochloric acid co-production is firmly recommended. Due to its significant superiority in low cost and ability to improve the production capacity of enterprises,this innovative fluidized pyrohydrolysis process may become an ideal alternative method of the high purity magnesia production,replacing the traditional soda method.

A polyamine-type polystyrene resin with tetraethylenepentamine functional group was synthesized from polystyrene resin through chloroacetylation followed by the amination of tetraethylenepentamine. Effects of reaction solvent,mole ratio of raw materials,time and temperature were discussed. The adsorption property of the polyamine-type polystyrene resin for Cu²⁺ was also studied. The results show that the synthetic reactions can take place smoothly in THF at room temperature and the complete exchange capacity of the synthesized resin is 7.45 mmol/g. The adsorption processes of Cu²⁺ can be described by pseudo-second order kinetic equation. The main control step of resin adsorption for Cu²⁺ is governed by liquid film diffusion. The adsorption of Cu²⁺ belongs to the Langmuir adsorption model and was valid for single-layer adsorption. The saturated adsorption capacity of the synthesized resin toward Cu²⁺ is 46.15mg/mL. The Cu²⁺ can be removed selectively from the mixed solution of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ by the synthesized resin adsorption.

The synthesis of ethylene carbonate from urea and ethylene glycol as raw materials over basic zinc carbonate. The influence of reaction conditions such as the amount of catalyst,raw material ratio,reaction temperature and reaction time on the reaction was discussed in detail. And the mechanism of reaction and the effect of basic zinc carbonate were preliminarily explored by using GC-MS,FTIR and XRD. The results showed that the yield of EC could reach 91.64% under the optimum reaction conditions:the catalyst concentration 6% (based on the mass of urea),n(EG):n(urea)=1:1,the reaction time 3h,and the reaction temperature 160℃,and 0.01MPa of pressure. In this reaction,urea decomposed to isocyanic acid in the first step. Then,isocyanic acid reacted with ethylene glycol to produce the intermediate product 2-hydroxyethyl carbamate (2-HEC). 2-HEC deaminized and cyclized to produce EC. Two crystal phases of Zn₄CO₃(OH)₆·H₂O and ZnO exist in the catalyst,in which ZnO acted as the main active component. The synergistic effect of the two crystal phases improved the yield of EC.

In order to ensure the safety and stability of oxidation breakers,it is necessary to test the oxidizing properties of the oxidation breakers. Based on the second part of “Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods manual of tests and criteria” and real situations,potassium persulfate(K₂S₂O₈)was selected as the main raw material and blended with another four kinds of stabilizer. The thermal stability of K₂S₂O₈ and mixed components was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry analyzer(DSC)and thermal gravimetric analyzer(TGA). The results showed that carbon black can improve the thermal stability of K₂S₂O₈ significantly and the optimal content was above 2.5%. Moreover,inorganic salts,such as NaCl,KCl,hydroxymethyl cellulose sodium(CMC),can not improve thermal stability effectively.

In order to make high-valued use of the tea waste,we prepared the toughened tea dust/poly(lactic acid)(TD/PLA)composites with a melt blending method,and using glycerol(GL),polyethylene glycol,epoxidized soybean oil(ESO)and tributyl acetylcitrate(ATBC)as plasticizers to improve the ductility of TD/PLA Fourier infrared absorption spectroscopy(FTIR),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),torque rheometer(TR),scanning electronic microscopy(SEM)and mechanical test were adopted to study the effects of plasticizers on the structure and performance of TD/PLA blends. The results showed that the addition of GL,PEG,ESO or ATBC resulted in an improvement in the processing rheological properties and toughness,but a decrease in mechanical strength. The TD/PLA composites showed best toughness by adding ESO and the corresponding elongation at break and notched impact strength increased by 154.23% and 65.53%,respectively. The TD/PLA composites showed the best mechanical strength with ATBC and the worst ductility plasticized with GL. The interaction between ESO or ATBC and PLA was confirmed by a small shift of C-O stretching peak in the IR spectrum. The water adsorption of the composites decreased with the addition of ESO or ATBC but increased with PEG or GL. The vicat softening point and thermal stability of the TD/PLA composites were improved in the presence of ESO. The fracture surface SEM images of the composites indicated that ESO was well dispersed in PLA matrix and the fracture surface morphology was much rough,while there was distinct phase separation in the fracture surface of TD/PLA/GL composites.

Aiming at solving the problems of liquid precipitation method,this paper proposed a novel impinging stream-rotating packed bed reactor(IS-RPB)to prepare magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles. The effects of various operating variables,including the initial Mg²⁺ concentration,reactant concentration ratio,rotation speed,liquid flow rate,and reaction temperature,on the settlement property of magnesium hydroxide slurry were determined by means of single factor test method and multi-factor orthogonal test procedure and the optimum conditions were obtained. The obtained magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles were of 60~80nm in diameter,regular hexagonal plate in appearance,and with excellence settlement property,when the initial Mg²⁺ concentration was 0.70mol/L,reactant concentration ratio was 1/2,rotation speed was 900r/min,liquid flow rate was 40L/h,and reaction temperature was 70℃.

Metal ions are widely distributed in nature and they have key roles in the environment,bioscience and medical science. Some metal ions,such as Hg²⁺,Fe³⁺,Cu²⁺,Zn²⁺ and Al³⁺,play important roles in the physiology and pathology of organisms. An excess or deficiency of these metal ions would lead to physiological dysfunction and cause a variety of diseases. Recently,reaction-based fluorescence probes have attracted considerable attention due to their high sensitivity and good selectivity. This review mainly focuses on reaction-based fluorescence probes for the detection of metal ions in the past five years. The design and synthesis of probes,their sensing mechanisms and their applications were summarized. Currently,the reaction-based fluorescence probes are still in their initial stages and hence many problems need to be solved. With the resolution of these problems,reaction-based fluorescence probes would show higher sensitivities with less reaction-time and possess wider applications. In the future,reaction-based fluorescence probes should show efficient development in biological detection and expand practical applications.

Currently,an online off-gas analysis for aerobic or micro-aerobic ethanol fermentation has been established,but the online off-gas analysis for Clostridium acetobutylicum and other strict anaerobic fermentation are rarely reported. Therefore,the study on anaerobic fermentation system is based on an online off-gas analysis for aerobic or micro-aerobic ethanol fermentation,and we take a strictly anaerobic fermentation system of C. acetobutylicum which produces butanol as our research target. Then we get a detection result for the C. acetobutylicum fermentation system by traditional aerobic or micro oxygen gas. Then a design of online off-gas analysis for anaerobic fermentation can be confirmed. Using the online off-gas analysis,the fermentation performance of C.acetobutylicum under the condition of high cell density was investigated. Compared with the batch fermentation,the fermentation time was shortened,and thus butanol productivity was markedly increased. C.acetobutylicum produced 15.40g/L butanol with a productivity of 0.64g/(L·h) when grown in high cell density. Meanwhile,the butanol production and the productivity were 12.4% and 106%,respectively,higher than those of the control. CO₂ and H₂ maximum gas rate increased by 60% and 9% respectively,while gas production increased by 20.7% and 41.3%,respectively,while gas data from online off-gas analysis provides an important basis for metabolic analysis of C.acetobutylicum.

A green multi-functional water-based cleaning agent with simple formulas for removal of thick kitchen grease,mineral oil and polishing wax on metal surfaces was successfully prepared by mixing industrial grade non-ionic surfactants including alkyl polyglucoside(APG0810),fatty acid methyl ester ethoxylates(FMEE),coconut oil fatty acid diethanol amide(6501)and tap water. Effects of 6501 content and cleaning temperature were analyzed based on the influence level of the formula compositions on the detergency performance of the cleaning agent using an orthogonal experiment with 3 factors and 4 levels. Comprehensive cleaning performance of the cleaning agent under the condition of the best formula compositions was also studied. The results showed that the influence level of the cleaning agent on the detergency of the cleaning agent from greatest influence to least was as follows:6501,APG0810 and FMEE;in addition,it has better formula compositions of APG0810 2.6%,FMEE 5.2%,6501 4.5% and water 87.7%. The developed cleaning agent is good in high temperature stability and low temperature stability simultaneously; its detergency towards kitchen thick grease,mineral oil and polishing wax on metal surfaces at 25℃ are 95.4%,90.4% and 92.4%,respectively,and it can almost completely remove the three kinds of residues at 45℃.

With the large scale application of the SCR De-NO_x technique and the construction of the SCR systems,the treatment of the waste SCR catalysts has gained increasing attentions in recent years. Recovery of valuable elements is considered to be a promising way. This paper summarizes different element recovery techniques for three major elements of V,W and Ti(or Mo). The element Ti can be recovered through the sodiumzation-calcination or concentrated alkali leaching,followed by acid washing to obtain titanium dioxide,while the element V can be recovered by the ammonium salt precipitation,extraction or electrolysis method,as vanadium pentoxide or ammonium vanadate. And the element W can be recovered via the calcium salt precipitation,sodium crystallization or acid precipitation method,as tungsten trioxide. These methods are compared with each other,to provide information for the development of a reasonable solution for the waste SCR catalysts. Moreover,further research work is pointed out as to optimize the acid washing conditions in the recovery of Ti as well as the purification techniques of V and W,so as to enhance the purity of the recovered products.

In recent years,the situation of air pollution becomes more and more serious. Therefore,the technologies of removing SO₂,NO_x and Hg⁰ from coal-fired flue gas need to be deeply developed. Advanced oxidation process(AOPs)has been successively applied in wastewater treatment. Some researches flue gas treatment have already been begun,including removing NO_x and Hg⁰ respectively and simultaneous removal of SO₂ and NO_x. Based on these achievements,technologies for simultaneous removal of SO₂,NO_x and Hg⁰ have been developed,such as photocatalytic oxidation,vapor Fenton reagent,heterogeneous catalyst and UV/Fenton,et al. Therefore,a lot of experiments about the regulation of various factors and the selection and modification of catalyst have been done. As a result,the removal rate of SO₂,NO_x and Hg⁰ is 90% or higher. However,some problems about controlling the quantity of·OH radical and maintaining the removal rates at a higher level still remain. Based on the combination of multiple methods,new ideas for applying AOPs in the integral,stable and effective simultaneous removal of SO₂,NO_x and Hg⁰ from coal-fired flue gas will be needed in the future.

Microgels are highly potential in the applications of removal of heavy metal ions,because of their abundant functional groups and fast adsorption rates with heavy metal ions. In this paper,the progress in development of microgels for adsorption of heavy metal ions was reviewed,in particular,three types of microgels were introduced. The first type is microgels with multi-functional groups,such as carboxyl,amino,hydroxyl,mercapto,and sulfonate groups,which can adsorb heavy metal ions through electrostatic interactions between the multi-functional groups and heavy metal ions. The second type is ion-imprinted microgels,and the third type is microgels with benzo-18-crown-6 ether(B18C6)groups,which show excellent Pb²⁺ selectivity because the B18C6 units can specifically capture Pb²⁺ to form stable B18C6/Pb²⁺ host-guest complexes. The performance,advantages,and applications of the three types of microgels for adsorption of heavy metal ions have been discussed. This review points out the three types of microgels are appropriate for adsorption of heavy metal ions on different occasions.

A series of aminosilane crosslinked PDMS/ceramic composite membranes were prepared using γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane(APTMS)as the crosslinking agent and ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ membranes as the support. The APTMS crosslinked PDMS/ceramic composite membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA). The prepared membranes were applied to pervaporative removal of organosulfur compounds(thiophene)from model gasoline. The effects of operational variables such as APTMS content,operating temperature and feed sulfur content on desulfurization performances of the membrane were investigated. Compared with conventional PDMS membrane crosslinked by TEOS,the APTMS crosslinked PDMS membrane exhibited a higher permeation flux and a higher sulfur enrichment factor in pervaporative desulfurization. In addition,the permeation flux increased whereas the sulfur enrichment factor decreased as the feed temperature or the feed sulfur content increased. The modified PDMS/ceramic composite membrane with an optimum APTMS content of 15% exhibited a permeation flux of 0.46kg/(m²·h) and a sulfur enrichment factor of 3.5 at 25℃ and a feed thiophene concentration of 100mg/kg.

Through self-designed underground coal gasification(UCG)model test system,the UCG test of Inner Mongolian lignite was carried out by applying oxygen-enriched air/steam two-stage gasification method. The functional groups,porous characteristics and surface morphology of the semi-coke were characterized by applying Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),automatic specific surface and porosity analyzer and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The uptake of phenol in simulated wastewater and TOC in gas washing water by UCG semi-coke were further investigated. Oxygen enriched functional groups,cracks and pores in range of 1-4 nm were found in semi-coke samples,which may be favorable for the migration and adsorption of pollutants. The results showed that adsorption data of phenol by UCG semi-coke can be well fitted by Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The maximum removal rate of phenol and adsorption capacity could be 97.95% and 2.44mg/g,respectively. The removal rate of TOC in gas washing water varied with the increase of time,and the maximum of 88.1% can be reached.

For the formation and influence of heat exchanger microbial fouling are complicated,the fouling resistance data and laws are more difficult. By using plate heat exchanger experimental system,the effect of Ca²⁺ on cooling water iron bacteria microbial fouling and water quality parameters(OD,pH,electrical conductivity) changes under different temperature and velocity was studied. Results showed that microbial fouling resistance was increased obviously with Ca²⁺ added in cooling water. With cooling water inlet temperature increase,the OD and the conductivity of iron bacteria is decreased gradually,and the pH is going higher,and the microbial fouling resistance is decreased correspondingly. With cooling water inlet velocity increase,the OD and the conductivity of iron bacteria were increased and pH was decreased in Ca²⁺ environment. But for the increasing velocity,the denudation to microbial fouling was enhanced and the microbial fouling resistance presents downtrend accordingly.

The effect of low temperature plasma modification time on the pore structure,surface chemical properties and the Hg⁰ removal characteristics of tobacco char was studied. Waste tobacco was pyrolyzed at 800℃,then washed with HCl solution and modified by low temperature plasma separately to prepare tobacco modified char. Microstructures of the prepared tobacco chars were characterized based on instrumentations of nitrogen adsorption,FTIR(fourier transform infrared),and mercury removal performance of modified char in a fixed bed. The results indicated that low temperature plasma modification decreases the pore structure of tobacco char and the number of active sites,acidic oxygen functional groups (COOH and C==O) that are beneficial for the removal of mercury,increase first and then decreases over time. The modification can lead to a gradual increase of the surface active sites density of the chars. After modification,the efficiency of mercury removal from tobacco char increases significantly,and with increases in modification time,the removal efficiency increase firstly and then decrease. After 2 hours of adsorption,modified 5min,tobacco char is best to remove mercury,and the maximum absorption of mercury capacity is 126.4 μg/g. The active sites in the micropores of larger pore size and mesopores have a significant effect on the behavior of Hg⁰ removal;while ultramicropores work at the early stage of adsorption,they are quickly blocked.

In this paper,the scaling trend of different ions which is tend to scale in brine was studied under the condition of different concentration ratios. The main constituents of scale inhibitors that have shown good efficiency in controlling scale formation used in present desalination plants were analyzed and their performance was studied under concentration ratio at 2.5. A set of horizontal tube filling film evaporation tests were carried out in the circumstance of low-temperature multi-effect distillation.The results showed that the concentration of calcium ion began to drop in concentration ratio at 1.5 and the loss increased with the increasing concentration ratio under temperature ranging from 40℃ to 90℃. The chance of calcareous scale's appearance increased with the improvement of temperature with temperature ranging from 40℃ to 90℃. The amount of scale was calculated to be 134mg/L with the concentration ratio to 2.5 in horizontal tube filling film evaporation tests in the temperature of 70℃. The addition of inhibitor can reduce the amount of deposition in evaporator. Furthermore,inhibitor A showed better performance in preventing calcium ion and sulfate ion from depositing in high concentration ratio compared with other inhibitors. It is also found that the amount of scale began to decrease with increasing dosage of the inhibitor. The amount of scale met the operation requirements of the present desalination plant in the condition of the dosage of 4.28mg/L for the inhibitor and the amountwas 33mg/L.

A study on the transformation of mercury speciation during oxy-coal combustion in fluidized bed was conducted. Two selected coal samples were Xuzhou bituminous coal and Huaibei bituminous coal. The effects of temperature and different types of coal on mercury emission during the air-coal combustion,as well as different types of coals on mercury speciation during the oxy-coal combustion were experimentally investigated. The results indicated that higher temperature promoted mercury oxidation and the sulfur content in the coal had an effect on the mercury oxidation during air-coal combustion. During oxy-coal combustion,the concentration of total gaseous mercury[Hg^T(g)] with Xuzhou bituminous coal was higher than that with Huaibei bituminous coal. Moreover,the percentage of Hg²⁺(g) to Hg^T(g) with Xuzhou bituminous coal was 16% higher than that with Huaibei bituminous coal,resulting from much higher sulfur content in Xuzhou bituminous coal. The percentage of Hg²⁺(g) to Hg^T(g) under oxy atmosphere was lower than that under air atmosphere with Xuzhou bituminous coal. While the percentage of Hg²⁺(g) to Hg^T(g) under oxy atmosphere was higher than that under air atmosphere with Huaibei bituminous coal,which could be due to the different sulfur contents in the two kinds of coals.

The coal pyrolysis as one of the core technology of high efficient and clean utilization of coal,has advantages of high-efficiency,low-water,low-investment,low-pollution,etc. The development of coal pyrolysis accords with national conditions of looking for the high efficient and clean utilization of coal. In this paper,the patents about coal pyrolysis both in China and abroad are retrieved and gathered statistics. To provide reference for the development of coal pyrolysis in our country,this paper analyses the general trend,areal distribution,main patentees and technical characteristics,and grasps the research direction and key fields. The paper indicates that the coal pyrolysis has stepped into the growth period and the patent layout is more complete. Pyrolysis is given priority to with fluidized bed technology abroad,while the domestic technology is rotary furnace pyrolyzer. The difficulty of product separation is the key technique barrier. The current solution is to decrease the products mixing in different stages by more refine process control,step-product collection and reducing tar residence time to relieve the pressure on separation. The overall system trends to develop coal pyrolysis-polygeneration.

This review summarizes the production situation,the development trends and the issues of rubber chemicals industrial and the necessity of production of predispersed rubber chemicals masterbatch. The composition and fabrication process of predispersed rubber chemicals masterbatch is discussed. The rubber substrates of predispersed rubber chemicals masterbatch play an important role in the performance of rubber chemicals masterbatch in terms of coherence and protection of the inside rubber chemicals. The commonly used rubber substrate,EPDM/EVA,is analyzed with emphasis on its polar compatibility. The production situation and research trends of predispersed rubber chemicals masterbatch in China and abroad is briefly described and discussed and the main research trends will be the enhancement of the ability of predispersed rubber chemicals masterbatch by making the rubber chemicals dispersed more evenly,more rapidly and more accurately. And it is equally important to make predispersed rubber chemicals masterbatch of better quality and greater functionality. Meanwhile,a comprehensive evaluation system of predispersed rubber chemicals masterbatch should be established as soon as possible.