Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) have potential applications in gas storage, separation, catalysis, drug delivery and optical devices due to their large surface area and free volume, adjustable pore surface and various structures. Among them, gas separation using MOF membranes and MOF-based mixed-matrix membranes (MMM) is considered as one of the most promising applications. So far, a large number of MOF have been synthesized in experiment. Computational chemistry, as a complement to experimental study, provides a convenient approach to screen the MOF candidates in a large scale and shortens the design and research period. This paper reviewed recent research progress in computational and experimental works on MOF-based membranes, which are mainly focused on the development of membranes with more abundant functionality and higher stability. However, it is still a great challenge to build the structure-property relationship using the computational chemistry method. Therefore, more efforts should be made to develop new concepts and methods to estimate the structure and performance of MOF membranes, and then to design membrane materials with high stability and low cost in the future.

Coal fly ash(CFA), a solid waste formed in the process of coal combustion and conversion has caused serious environmental pollution by large-scale emission and accumulation, and has attracted extensive attention. Preparation of zeolite from CFA is an important way for resource utilization of CFA. It takes longer crystallization time and more energy in the hydrothermal synthesis process by traditional heating method than by the microwave heating method. Moreover, it is easier to obtain zeolite with fine grain size and high performance by the microwave-hydrothermal synthesis method. The mechanism and application of different types of zeolite from CFA by the microwave hydrothermal synthesis method were introduced. The effects of cations and anions, alkalinity of liquid precursor, seeding and heating manner were analyzed, and improvement and optimization for the purity, grain size and pore size distribution of the zeolite product produced from CFA by the microwave-hydrothermal synthesis method after removal of impurity were also discussed, which provided theoretical direction and development orientation for synthesizing zeolites. A new process, analcite synthesized by the microwave-hydrothermal synthesis method using silicon and aluminum components extracted from the purified CFA, was proposed, which opened up a new way for resource utilization of CFA.

Because of the thiophiolic property of mercury ions, desulfurization reactions have been widely used in the design of reactive sensors for mercury ions and provide us methods of investigating mercury ions with superior selectivity. This review mainly focused on the applications of desulfurization reactions in the design of chemosensers for mercury ions, including the Hg²⁺-promoted desulfurization reactions of thiocarbonyl compounds, derivatives of thiourea, squaraine-based compounds, thiosemicarbazide compounds, as well as the Hg²⁺-promoted deprotection of dithioacetals. Several obstacles in this field include harsh reaction conditions for some chemical reactions in the design of sensors of mercury ions, slow reaction rate of some chemical reactions at room temperature;low sensitivity of some sensor systems. Therefore, optimization of the sensing conditions is needed in order to provide more opportunities in the development of reactive sensors for mercury ions.

Liquid distribution in structured packing can be experimentally measured by liquid collecting, conductivity tracing, fiber-optic sensors, tomography and laser induced fluorescence technique. These experimental methods are effective, but there are also some deficiencies. The principles, implementations and deficiencies of these experimental methods are introduced and discussed. Tomography and laser induced fluorescence technique are elaborated. Both techniques realize visualization of liquid distribution and obtain liquid holdup, but there exist the problem of how to effectively remove background noise. Compared with tomography, laser induced fluorescence technique is novel, reliable, easy to implement and safe. Finally, new directions of laser induced fluorescence technique in future applications are discussed, including combination with particle image velocimetry or high-speed camera, re-extraction of experimental data and fabrication of experimental structured packing.

A FCC absorber-stripper-stabilizer system was simulated and calculated based on the process data collected from a refinery. Single factor study and two-factor study were conducted to investigate the effects of temperature of cycle gasoline and equilibrium tank on the streams and energy consumption of the absorption-stabilization system. Theoretical data for the low temperature and energy conservation process to be developed were obtained by this research. With the decrease of cycle gasoline temperature from 40℃ to 5℃, vapor and liquid mass flow rates of equilibrium tank and cycle gasoline decreased, and also energy consumption decreased by about 16%. At a series of cycle gasoline temperature, energy consumption presented a U-shaped curve while equilmibrium tank temperature rose. Within 35—55℃, the lowest point represented optimum energy consumption at this cycle gasoline temperature. The effect of cycle gasoline temperature decrease on system energy consumption was gradually reduced. Therefore, besides optimal operating temperature, energy saving equipment cost and operation cost for the process shall be evaluated to develop an economical low temperature and energy conservation process of absorption-stabilization system.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for acetone (ACT)-methallyl alcohol (MAO) binary system, isopropanol (IPA)-methallyl alcohol binary system and parts of ACT-IPA-MAO ternary system were determined in an Othmer equilibrium at atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa). The experimental data of binary system were verified by Herington method and were consistent with thermodynamics. The data of ACT-MAO and IPA-MAO binary systems were correlated with the Wilson and NRTL models by Aspen Plus. Respectively, the two models were correlated well with the VLE data and the interaction parameters of ACT-MAO and IPA-MAO were obtained. The Wilson and NRTL interaction parameters of ACT-IPA were already available in Aspen Plus database. Then the vapor compositions of the ternary system were calculated with these interaction binary parameters. Compared with measured experimental VLE data, the mean absolute error of mole fraction for ACT, IPA and MAO is less than 0.0137, 0.0113 and 0.0117. The experimental and correlative data could provide a basis for the distillation separation of ACT-IPA-MAO system.

This research investigated heat transfer characteristics of the steady operation processes of pulsating heat pipe(PHP)at various heating power. The working fluid was mixture of graphene oxide dispersion at concentration of 0.5mg/mL and n-butanol aqueous solution with mass fraction of 0.5%. The volume ratio of the mixture was 2:5 and filling ratio was 50%. Heat transfer performances were compared between mixed solution, n-butanol aqueous solution and deionized water. The effects of graphene oxide on the heat transfer performance of self-rewetting fluid were explored by analyzing the temperature difference and thermal resistance of PHP with the mixture. The results showed that graphene oxide could enhance the heat transfer characteristics of PHP when added in self-rewetting fluid, and heating power had important effects on the heat transfer enhancement. Graphene oxide had no effects on the heat transfer characteristics of PHP with self-rewetting fluid at low heating power. The strengthening effects increased significantly with increase of heating power, but the increase became less significant when heating power increased to a certain value.

nd model predictive control (MPC). The following points should be taken into account for further research on pharmaceutical freeze-drying monitoring and control technology. The contribution of three different heat transfer modes (radiation, convection, and conduction) should be investigated, so that a two-dimensional or three-dimensional model of pharmaceutical lyophilization in vials can be built, and more precise monitoring of process parameters can be obtained; Real-time optimal control strategy of shelf temperature and chamber pressure should be studied, with the aim of controlling pharmaceutical freeze-drying process timely and effectively.

This paper reviewed the present membrane technologies in landfill leachate treatment. Compared with conventional treatment technologies, membrane separation technologies have the advantage of low-energy and high efficiency. Aiming at different treatment purposes, four membranes, including microfiltration(MF), ultrafiltration(UF), nanofiltration(NF) and reverse osmosis(RO) have been applied in complex landfill leachate treatment. MF and UF are used as pretreatment methods, whereas NF and RO are suitable for the deep treatment of the wastewater. However, membrane fouling is a great inhibition of the application of membrane technologies. Development of new membrane materials, effective pre-treatment technologies, and optimization of membrane process parameters should be the focus of membrane technologies to prevent membrane fouling.

This study introduced the combination, characteristics and research progress of partial nitritation-anammox. Partial nitritation-anammox process and traditional biological denitrification process were compared in nitrogen removal rate, energy consumption and carbon source. Although partial nitritation-anammox process doesn't require organic carbon, its energy consumption is higher than traditional biological denitrification process due to heating and aeration. The difference between nitrogen removal rate of partial nitritation-anammox and traditional biological denitrification process is not significant. Carbon to nitrogen ratio of wastewater needs to be considered when choosing denitrification process. Traditional biological denitrification process is more suitable for high carbon to nitrogen ratio, and combined process is more suitable for low carbon to nitrogen ratio.

This paper reviews the extraction methods of humic acid from lignite, the structure, chemical composition and characteristics of humic acid, and the production of humic acid fertilizer. Oxidative pretreatment of coal can increase the extractability of humic acid, but needs to improve its economic potential. The apparent molecular masses are determined by gel permeation chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. Mass spectrometry and flow field flow fractionation applied to molecular masses measurement has recently received great attention. Humic acid are supramolecular associations of diverse, relatively low molecular mass. Humic acid is mainly composed of aromatic acids and phenolic compound. Humic acid has been characterized by using tetramethyl-ammonium hydroxide pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Electrophoretic patters are often called fingerprints and can potentially be used for the classification. Phosphate-metal-humic (P-M-HA) complexes are the main component of humic acid fertilizer, and are able to decrease phosphate fixation in soils and increase phosphate uptake, which is a research hotspot in the area of humic acid.

As “green solvents”, ionic liquids have attracted much attention in the area of electrochemistry, organic chemistry and biochemistry. Recent studies focus on the synthesis and application of ionic liquids.However, the studies on degradation of ionic liquids which concerned with environment are not enough. The degradation of ionic liquids is required before the large-scale use of ionic liquids. In this study, chemical degradation method and biodegradation method are summarized. The chemical degradation is mainly achieved by UV/H₂O₂, Fe (Ⅲ)/H₂O₂ and electrolysis system. Biological degradation is achieved by introducing functional groups with enzymatic site, or using monooxygenase to oxidize the methyl terminal of alkyl side chain on the cation of ionic liquids into hydroxyl and aldehyde to form carboxylic groups, and then β-oxidation is proceed. Different chemical structures of ionic liquids is designed according to different mechanism between chemical and biological degradation, for example, changing the length of alkyl chain or introducing the functional groups that are easily degradable and selection of microorganism could improve efficiency of degradation of ionic liquids.

Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), which are chlorinated derivatives of n-alkanes, are a group of complex mixtures that include 10—13 carbon atoms. They have some conmmon properties, such as environmental persistence, biotoxicity, bioaccumulation and long-distance transport. Having been considered as candidates to be added to the list on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention, SCCPs have been widely paid attention recently. In this paper, the physicochemical properties of SCCPs are described, and various analytical methods of SCCPs are compared, including gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD), gas chromatography-electron impact ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS), and gas chromatography-electron capture negative chemical ion source low resolution mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-LRMS). Meanwhile, the pollution occurrence of SCCPs in the global environment media (air, soil, sediment and water) and organisms is summarized. The pollution control technologies of SCCPs, including biodegradation, photodegradation and adsorption are discussed. Further, aiming at the problems in previous studies the future research directions are proposed to provide references for related study.

Heavy metal ions threaten human health seriously for its toxicity, difficulty of biodegradation and accumulation in organisms. Adsorption is a feasible and effective method for the removal of heavy metal ions. In this paper, three different metamorphic grade coals of lignite, bituminite and anthracite were used to obtain the ultrafine coal powders through high energy ball milling. Adsorption mechanism and effect of dosage and pH on Ni²⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ adsorption were studied. Adsorption values of Ni²⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ on three ultrafine coals all increased with time and adsorption of Ni²⁺ was better than Cr⁶⁺. The adsorption values of lignite, anthracite and bituminite for Ni²⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ were 3.906mg/g, 3.582mg/g, 2.983mg/g and 1.953mg/g, 1.774mg/g, 0.487mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetic data followed the pseudo second-order model and equilibrium data fitted the Freundlich equation well. With increasing dosage and pH, removal rates of Ni²⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ all increased gradually, but under the same conditions, adsorption effect of lignite was obviously better than bituminite and anthracite.

Cooling seawater is used generally in petrochemical industry, power generation and shipping, however crystallization fouling of seawater would deteriorate heat transfer and increase energy consumption. The experiments of crystallization-fouling by seawater were conducted under static condition. The crystallization fouling composition was analyzed by XRD, and the results showed that seawater fouling was CaSO₄·2H₂O and Mg(OH)₂. A crystallization-fouling growth model was proposed as m=ke^-bt+M₀, and the experimental data of different roughness metal at 80℃ was fitted to the correlation with maximum relative error of 15.7%. The crystallization-fouling correlation and the growth curve showed that induction period, growth rate and mass of seawater crystallization-fouling were closely related to fouling-ions properties, super-saturation and metal surface roughness. When roughness of metal decreased, induction period of crystallization fouling became longer and grown rate became lower.

Rice husk was chosen as a model compound by microwave heating with silicon carbide (SiC) and carbon residue as microwave absorbent. A novel concept of fast microwave assisted pyrolysis of rice husk for syngas production in the presence of microwave absorbents was presented and examined. Experimental results showed gas was the main product in the fast microwave assisted pyrolysis of rice husk using microwave absorbent, the highest yield was 53%, The primary components of gas product were H₂, CO₂, CO, and CH₄, which accounted for more than 97% of pyrolysis gas volume. The content of H₂ was higher than 38%, and it reached 48.12% when carbon residue was used. The optimal ratio of carbon residue to rice husk was determined as 1:1, and the syngas (H₂ + CO) content is greater than 60%, so fast microwave assisted pyrolysis using microwave absorbent is an effective heating method for biomass gasification.

To improve the enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass, ethylene glycol assisted with hydrochloric acid was used for pretreating hickory shell in this study. After the optimization in oil-bath system, the optimal pretreatment condition was obtained as following:the pretreatment media was hydrochloric acid-ethylene glycol-water (1.2%:88.8%:10%, mass ratio), pretreatment temperature 130℃, and pretreatment time 30min. In order to reduce the pretreatment temperature and time, microwave radiation was employed to assist the pretreatment with hydrochloric acid-ethylene glycol-water (1.2%:88.8%:10%, mass ratio) media, and the optimal pretreatment condition was achieved as following:microwave radiation temperature 100℃, microwave radiation time 5min, and microwave radiation power 200W. These results showed that the saccharification rate of pretreated hickory shell was higher than that of untreated one. After the pretreatment with oil-bath and microwave radiation, the reducing sugar yield from the enzymatic hydrolysis could reach 88.6% (oil bath) and 74.2% (microwave) after 72h. By using electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, the structure of pretreated hickory shell was destroyed, the structure became loose, and porous were easier to be enzymatically hydrolyzed, which increased the enzyme accessibility, thereby greatly improving the saccharification rate. Therefore, the pretreatment with hydrochloric acid-ethylene glycol-water solution can improve the efficiency of the enzymatic saccharification of hickory shell.

In order to choose a suitable method for ultra-low temperature refrigeration system from two-staged compression and cascade compression, the two refrigeration systems' technical characteristics were analyzed comparatively using theoretical calculations of two-stage and cascade refrigeration system. Both theoretical displacement and theoretical coefficient of the two systems were compared in the economic aspect. Results indicated that compared to two-stage system, compression ratio and exhaust temperature of cascade system were lower and suction pressure and cooling coefficient were higher. At condensing temperature 40℃ and evaporation temperature -65℃, the energy consumption reduction of cascade system can reach to 15.13%, indicating that the performance of cascade system could be better in the ultra-low temperature condition.

This paper studied a two-step method of oxidizing calcination process in order to improve the utilization efficiency of copperas and achieve the energy-saving and environmental production. The analysis of copperas' drying and dehydration curves and TG-DSC (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calarmeutry) curves showed that the best drying temperature was 110℃, and most of the product was FeSO₄·7H₂O. Then the dried products were calcinated at the different temperature. The influences of the calcination temperature on the product recovery, residual sulfur content, the compound morphology of Fe and the distribution of sulfur in the flue gas was investigated. The results showed that when the temperature was 800—900℃, air flow rate was 120L/h, and the constant temperature time was 90min, the amount of residual sulfur in the calcinated product was 0.33% and total Fe was more than 60%. Therefore, the final product could be added into the sinter as iron materials.

WP catalyst has an excellent hydrofining activity and property of anti sulfur poisoning. This article summarizes research progress in the crystal structure of WP hydrotreating catalyst, hydrogenation reaction path, preparation methods, carrier selection and adding additives modification. This paper expounds the effect of active component load mode and restore mode on the performance of catalyst. Catalyst performances with single oxide carrier and compound oxide carrier were compared. The article also introduced that the effect of catalytic activity can be improved by adding transition metals or chelating agent. Current research on the mechanism of hydrofining catalysis by WP is relatively weak, and further exploration of the affecting mechanism among components in WP catalysts, improvement of the activity of hydrogenation catalysts should be focused in future study.

The coupling reaction of the dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene with reversed water-gas shift reaction was studied over chromium oxide catalysts. And the effect of support on catalytic activity was also studied. The results show that the support exerts a quite different effect on catalytic behavior. Cr/SiO₂ catalyst exhibits an excellent performance in this reaction with 30.7% ethane conversion and 96.5% ethylene selectivity. The function of CO₂ is to abstract H₂ and to resistant coke formation during dehydrogenation of ethane. XRD, TPR, XPS, UV-DRS spectroscopy and micro-calorimeter technique are used to investigate the nature of active site of catalysts. Characterization indicates that the distribution of chromium oxide on supports and surface chromium species structure are influenced by the nature of supports. The acidity/basicity and redox property of catalysts determines the catalytic activity in the dehydrogenation of ethane under CO₂. Cr³⁺and Cr⁶⁺ species on the surface of catalysts were proposed to be the active sites for the reaction.

Metal oxide catalysts supported on Al₂O₃ for selective hydrodesulfurization of tert-butyl methyl sulfide at low temperature were prepared by co-impregnation. The cyclohexane model compounds containing 1-pentene and tert-butyl methyl sulfide were used as raw material for reaction. The catalytic performance of three-component catalysts was investigated to choose the optimal catalyst which was then reacted in the full-range FCC gasoline during a 150h long-period experiment. The results showed that adding the third elements changed the catalytic performance; NiMoZn/Al₂O₃ catalyst was the best, while the NiMoZn/Al₂O₃ catalyst showed high activity and stability in FCC gasoline. Effect of Zn was investigated by SEM, XRD, H₂-TPR and the analysis of S, C content. Adding Zn promotes the surface migration of NiO, and reduces the strong interaction between support and active component, which can facilitate the reduction. The suitable Zn content promotes the distribution of active component on the surface of catalyst.

The kinetics of glycolide (GA) ring opening polymerization catalyzed by three kinds of catalysts, i.e. Bi(OAc)₃, SnCl₂·2H₂O and acetyl acetone complexes, were studied by DSC method. Bi(OAc)₃ and SnCl₂·2H₂O showed higher activity in GA ring opening polymerization. The addition of Ph₃P could make catalytic system activation reduced by more than 25%, and it made related reaction rate increased by at least 30%. The composite catalyst had better catalytic performance compared with single catalyst. The results show that DSC method is an efficient approach to choose good catalysts for polymerization.

The Pd@CMP-1 catalyst, which the Pd loading contents of 1%, was first prepared by immersion and reduction method, using H₂PdCl₄ as metal precursor and CMP-1 material as a support. The catalytic hydrogenation performance of prepared catalysts was investigated using H₂ as hydrogen source and the reaction of nitro aromatic compound as probe. To study the influence of dilute nitric acid, the support was pretreatment by it. XRD, TEM and BET measurement methods were used to analyze and determine the characteristics of catalysts. The results showed that the specific surface area of Pd@CMP-1 was 720m²/g, the palladium nanoparticles could be well dispersed on it and dilute nitric acid would change the structural performance. Moreover, the effect of temperature and pressure of reaction system was investigated. It had high reactivity under the condition of 2MPa, and 100℃. It can be concluded that the Pd@CMP-1 catalyst is a high efficient and environmental friendly hydrogenation catalyst, which has excellent activity and some degree of recycle performance.

The catalysts with different ratio of Mg and Al were prepared by machine mixing method with MgO and Al₂O₃ as raw materials, the activity of catalysts was evaluated in a fixed bed reactor with the synthesis of isophorone by gas acetone as probe reaction, and the catalysts were characterized by XRD, XPS and TPD. The results showed that the activity of catalysts prepared by machine mixing method was high, the ratio of Mg and Al had little effect on the crystalline structure and surface acid-base strength, but had significant effect on the surface acid-base amount of catalysts. When the ratio of Mg and Al was 1:1.8 to 1:1, the surface acid-base amount of catalysts was higher, so the activity of catalysts was higher. When the ratio of Mg and Al was 1:1, the conversion of acetone and selectivity of isophorone were 11.5% and 62.8% respectively. By adjusting catalyst loading amount, the residence time of reactants was effectively prolong, the conversion of acetone was increased. Under the reaction conditions of atmospheric pressure, reaction temperature 300℃, liquid space velocity 0.67h^-1, the conversion of acetone and the selectivity of isophorone were 21.0% and 73.0% respectively.

Inverse microemulsion polymerization method with good stability, high solid content, and high polymerization rate has become research highlights. Research on the microspheres of acrylamide copolymers made via inverse microemulsion polymerization both at home and abroad was reviewed. Basic concepts and characteristics of microemulsion were introduced; and the preparation of a stable microemulsion was discussed. Inverse microemulsion polymerization of acrylamides was mainly summarized, the selection of each component of polymerization system was described in detail, and the influencing factors of polymerization were discussed, which can be concluded that new surfactants should be studied in order to realize high concentration in monomer polymerization. The applications of polymer microspheres for improving recovery efficiency in oilfield were introduced. Application problems in deep profile control/water shutoff were stated. To prepare polymer microspheres with the comprehensive performance of intelligence, compound, versatility by replacing the traditional polymerization system components with ionic liquids should be one of focuses in the future.

This review first describes the general significance of the study on stimuli-responsive polymers. Then the latest research progress in the design, synthesis and application of stimuli-responsive polymers in aqueous solution is reviewed. Three kinds of stimuli-responsive polymers are introduced:① single stimuli-responsive polymers:temperature, pH, light and other single stimuli-responsive polymers. ②dual stimuli-responsive polymers:temperature/pH, temperature/light and temperature/redox stimuli-responsive polymers. ③ multiple stimuli-responsive polymers:temperature/light/pH, temperature/light/redox and temperature/pH/CO₂ stimuli-responsive polymers. In addition, the dual and multiple stimuli-responsive polymers are intensively reviewed. At last, the current situation and problems of multiple stimuli-responsive polymers are summarized, and the development of multiple stimulus responsive polymers with high sensitivity, high sensitivity and good reversikility will be the future development directions.

Raw materials containing nickel are classified in four categories, including nickel products, ores, byproducts and waste materials. The preparation technologies of nickel sulfate for industrial use varies with different raw materials. According to the research progresses and production status of nickel sulfate, the four categories of nickel-containing raw materials were further classified into ten sub-categories in this paper. Nickel products were categorized into metallic nickel and nickel carbonyl, nickel ores were categorized into nickel sulphide ores and nickel laterite ores, byproducts were categorized into nickel sulfate, deplating wastewater/electroplating sludge, and pickling sludge, and waste materials were categorized into spent nickel-based catalyst, spent batteries and nickel alloy scrap. This paper reviewed the strengths of raw materials containing nickel, progresses in the industrial preparation technologies of nickel sulfate respectively, presented leaching and refining techniques in detail particularly, and proposed feasible processes in theory. In addition, industrialization production status was summarized based on the comprehensive survey of existing plants. Finally, the perspective of preparation technologies of nickel sulfate with each material was also put forward.

Electric conductivity of silica sol is closely related to its storage stability and preparation and application of nanomaterials. Mono-dispersed non-crystalline silica nanospheres were fabricated by Stöber process and the resulted microparticles were characterized by laser particle size analyzer, high-resolution transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The sol-gel dynamic processes at various conditions were monitored by conductivity variation, and factors affecting the electric conductivity of silica sol system were discussed. The experimental results indicate that the dose of aqueous ammonia has a large impact on the equilibration time of sol-gel process and it decreases with the decrement of the dose of aqueous ammonia, vice versa. The electric conductivity of silica sol system is apparently influenced by the concentration and diameter of SiO₂ microparticles, system temperature, pH value and the electrolyte concentration of dispersion medium. It is concluded that the electric conductivity shows a good linear relationship with SiO₂ concentration and system temperature. Meanwhile, it is found that the electric conductivity is proportional with the total surface area of the microparticles of silica sol system, and is closely related to the zeta potential of SiO₂ particle surface.

Carbonation of lithium carbonate under high gravity by orthogonal method was carried out by adjusting four experimental factors, i.e. concentration, gas flow rate, frequency of rotating packed bed and the feeding rate in the rotating packed bed. The optimal condition was determined:material concentration 60 g/L, gas flow rate 0.08m³/h, the frequency of rotating packed bed 50 Hz, and the feed rate 350 mL/min. Experiments were conducted under the optimal condition, the average value of reaction time t_x is 55 min, which is about 1/3 of the traditional reactor carbonization time; the average value of c_x(Li⁺) is 9.308g/L, increased by 12.78% than the traditional reactor; and the results are highly reproducible. The experiments show that High gravity carbonation can significantly increase the mass transfer rate, shorten the reaction time, improve the utilization rate of material and gas, strengthen the reaction process, and increase the concentration of product.

Nano-silver was prepared by chemical reduction method in silver nitrate solutions, using N₂H₄·H₂O as deoxidizer and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as polymeric protective agent. Prepared silver nanoparticles was added as filler, aqueous polyurethane acrylic resin was added as binder, ethanol and deionized water were added as the diluent, and a water-based UV conductive ink was prepared with other additives. The average diameter of the nano silver is 5 nm by SEM characterization and nano-size analyzer. Then prepared ink was printed on a coated paper with polyester screen plate in 300 mesh, processing under 105℃ for 15min, the conductivity of the ink and adhesion were tested after UV cured, the results show that water-based UV conductive ink for flexible substrates was sintered for 2 min at 190℃, and the conductivity was 1.84 × 10⁴S/m. There was no deinking occurred after tearing off with 3M adhesive tape.

1-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiourea was effectively prepared from p-anisidine and ammonium thiocyanate with acidic catalyst. The effects of technical parameters on the yield of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl) thiourea were studied through single-factor experimental method, such as raw materials ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature, etc. The optimal condition was p-anisidine 5.7g, ammonium thiocyanat 3.1g, hydrochloric acid 3.3mL, water 8mL, reaction temperature 90℃, and reaction time 9h. The results of larger scale experiments proved that the average yield was 95% and the pureness was 99.4%. The FTIR and NMR spectrum suggest that the synthetic compounds was 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiourea. The process of this synthesis technology was facile, safe, environment friendly with high product yield and easy production.

The study on the new synthesis method of 6-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydronaphthalene-1,4-dione has an important theoretical and practical significance, as it can cause inhibition of the tumor cells. The target product, 6-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydronaphthalene-1,4-dione, was synthesized by epoxidation reaction with 6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl) naphthalene-1,4-quinone as starting material and hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent. The structure of the product was identified by FT-IR, GC-MS and ¹H-NMR. The effects of amount of oxidant, reaction time, dosage of anhydrous sodium carbonate and types of solvent on reaction rate and percentage yield of the product were discussed. The optimum condition was obtained as follows:hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant, n(naphthalene-quinone):n(hydrogen peroxide):n(anhydrous sodium carbonate) = 1:8:0.5, solvent (ethanol), the reaction temperature (30℃), reaction time (2h). Under the above condition, the product yield was 83.9%.

The effects of the concentrations of amphoteric/nonionic surfactant, inorganic/organic alkali and anionic/cationic electrolyte on the stability of heavy oil-in-water emulsions were researched. The experimental results show that the water separation rates first sharply decrease with the increase of surfactant concentrations, and then reduce gradually till the minimum value. The compositional alkali has an optimal concentration. Inorganic salts show a twofold effect on the stability of emulsions, increasing within the low salt concentration and decreasing above the high concentration of salt. The magnitude of the effects of univalent cations on water separation rates is as follows:KCl> NaCl> LiCl. And the influence of MgCl₂ on the stability of emulsions is greater than that of CaCl₂. The magnitude of the effects of univalent anions on water separation rates is as follows: NaCl> NaBr> NaI, and that of polyvalent is Na₂SO₄> NaCl> Na₃PO₄.

With the oil exploration tending to approach hydrocarbon reservoir, both the length of cementing and the bottom temperature increase accordingly. The temperature resistance of a high temperature retarder needs to be improved. This research synthesized a polymer from AMPS and IA(Itaconate). The synthesis process was optimized by single factor method. With 1% initiator at mixing 6h under 60℃, when the monomer ratio of n(AMPS):n(IA) was 50:20, the conversion rate and initial setting time was the highest. High temperature retarder LY was made by mixing with the polymer and hydroxy carboxylate. The application of this temperature retarder LY in low-density cement showed that this LY retarder had a low temperature sensitivity, confirmed by initial setting time. The dispersion and stability of LY was confirmed by LY's improvement on the rheology of cement slurry. The thickening curve at high temperatures demonstrated that LY can be temperature resistant at as high as at 125℃, satisfying the cementing requirements. The effects of the retarder on cement were analyzed by XRD, providing more data in the investigation of retarding mechanism.

For the optimization of pharmaceutical freeze-drying process, the key is to shorten the drying time as much as possible and keep the good quality of the product. Therefore, it is very important to monitor and control the freeze-drying process precisely, i.e., to keep the temperature of product within a reasonable range, judge the end point of drying time accurately, and a good control of chamber pressure and shelf temperature is needed to optimize the process. Research progress in pharmaceutical freeze-drying process monitoring and control technology in recent years is summarized in this paper, including monitoring system based on dynamic parameters estimation (DPE), monitoring system based on Kalman filter method, dew point method to judge the end point of primary drying, and model predictive control (MPC). The following points should be taken into account for further research on pharmaceutical freeze-drying monitoring and control technology. The contribution of three different heat transfer modes (radiation, convection, and conduction) should be investigated, so that a two-dimensional or three-dimensional model of pharmaceutical lyophilization in vials can be built, and more precise monitoring of process parameters can be obtained; Real-time optimal control strategy of shelf temperature and chamber pressure should be studied, with the aim of controlling pharmaceutical freeze-drying process timely and effectively.

This paper reviewed the present membrane technologies in landfill leachate treatment. Compared with conventional treatment technologies, membrane separation technologies have the advantage of low-energy and high efficiency. Aiming at different treatment purposes, four membranes, including microfiltration(MF), ultrafiltration(UF), nanofiltration(NF) and reverse osmosis(RO) have been applied in complex landfill leachate treatment. MF and UF are used as pretreatment methods, whereas NF and RO are suitable for the deep treatment of the wastewater. However, membrane fouling is a great inhibition of the application of membrane technologies. Development of new membrane materials, effective pre-treatment technologies, and optimization of membrane process parameters should be the focus of membrane technologies to prevent membrane fouling.

This study introduced the combination, characteristics and research progress of partial nitritation-anammox. Partial nitritation-anammox process and traditional biological denitrification process were compared in nitrogen removal rate, energy consumption and carbon source. Although partial nitritation-anammox process doesn't require organic carbon, its energy consumption is higher than traditional biological denitrification process due to heating and aeration. The difference between nitrogen removal rate of partial nitritation-anammox and traditional biological denitrification process is not significant. Carbon to nitrogen ratio of wastewater needs to be considered when choosing denitrification process. Traditional biological denitrification process is more suitable for high carbon to nitrogen ratio, and combined process is more suitable for low carbon to nitrogen ratio.

This paper reviews the extraction methods of humic acid from lignite, the structure, chemical composition and characteristics of humic acid, and the production of humic acid fertilizer. Oxidative pretreatment of coal can increase the extractability of humic acid, but needs to improve its economic potential. The apparent molecular masses are determined by gel permeation chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. Mass spectrometry and flow field flow fractionation applied to molecular masses measurement has recently received great attention. Humic acid are supramolecular associations of diverse, relatively low molecular mass. Humic acid is mainly composed of aromatic acids and phenolic compound. Humic acid has been characterized by using tetramethyl-ammonium hydroxide pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Electrophoretic patters are often called fingerprints and can potentially be used for the classification. Phosphate-metal-humic (P-M-HA) complexes are the main component of humic acid fertilizer, and are able to decrease phosphate fixation in soils and increase phosphate uptake, which is a research hotspot in the area of humic acid.

As “green solvents”, ionic liquids have attracted much attention in the area of electrochemistry, organic chemistry and biochemistry. Recent studies focus on the synthesis and application of ionic liquids.However, the studies on degradation of ionic liquids which concerned with environment are not enough. The degradation of ionic liquids is required before the large-scale use of ionic liquids. In this study, chemical degradation method and biodegradation method are summarized. The chemical degradation is mainly achieved by UV/H₂O₂, Fe (Ⅲ)/H₂O₂ and electrolysis system. Biological degradation is achieved by introducing functional groups with enzymatic site, or using monooxygenase to oxidize the methyl terminal of alkyl side chain on the cation of ionic liquids into hydroxyl and aldehyde to form carboxylic groups, and then β-oxidation is proceed. Different chemical structures of ionic liquids is designed according to different mechanism between chemical and biological degradation, for example, changing the length of alkyl chain or introducing the functional groups that are easily degradable and selection of microorganism could improve efficiency of degradation of ionic liquids.

Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), which are chlorinated derivatives of n-alkanes, are a group of complex mixtures that include 10—13 carbon atoms. They have some conmmon properties, such as environmental persistence, biotoxicity, bioaccumulation and long-distance transport. Having been considered as candidates to be added to the list on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention, SCCPs have been widely paid attention recently. In this paper, the physicochemical properties of SCCPs are described, and various analytical methods of SCCPs are compared, including gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD), gas chromatography-electron impact ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS), and gas chromatography-electron capture negative chemical ion source low resolution mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-LRMS). Meanwhile, the pollution occurrence of SCCPs in the global environment media (air, soil, sediment and water) and organisms is summarized. The pollution control technologies of SCCPs, including biodegradation, photodegradation and adsorption are discussed. Further, aiming at the problems in previous studies the future research directions are proposed to provide references for related study.

Heavy metal ions threaten human health seriously for its toxicity, difficulty of biodegradation and accumulation in organisms. Adsorption is a feasible and effective method for the removal of heavy metal ions. In this paper, three different metamorphic grade coals of lignite, bituminite and anthracite were used to obtain the ultrafine coal powders through high energy ball milling. Adsorption mechanism and effect of dosage and pH on Ni²⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ adsorption were studied. Adsorption values of Ni²⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ on three ultrafine coals all increased with time and adsorption of Ni²⁺ was better than Cr⁶⁺. The adsorption values of lignite, anthracite and bituminite for Ni²⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ were 3.906mg/g, 3.582mg/g, 2.983mg/g and 1.953mg/g, 1.774mg/g, 0.487mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetic data followed the pseudo second-order model and equilibrium data fitted the Freundlich equation well. With increasing dosage and pH, removal rates of Ni²⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ all increased gradually, but under the same conditions, adsorption effect of lignite was obviously better than bituminite and anthracite.

Cooling seawater is used generally in petrochemical industry, power generation and shipping, however crystallization fouling of seawater would deteriorate heat transfer and increase energy consumption. The experiments of crystallization-fouling by seawater were conducted under static condition. The crystallization fouling composition was analyzed by XRD, and the results showed that seawater fouling was CaSO₄·2H₂O and Mg(OH)₂. A crystallization-fouling growth model was proposed as m=ke^-bt+M₀, and the experimental data of different roughness metal at 80℃ was fitted to the correlation with maximum relative error of 15.7%. The crystallization-fouling correlation and the growth curve showed that induction period, growth rate and mass of seawater crystallization-fouling were closely related to fouling-ions properties, super-saturation and metal surface roughness. When roughness of metal decreased, induction period of crystallization fouling became longer and grown rate became lower.

Rice husk was chosen as a model compound by microwave heating with silicon carbide (SiC) and carbon residue as microwave absorbent. A novel concept of fast microwave assisted pyrolysis of rice husk for syngas production in the presence of microwave absorbents was presented and examined. Experimental results showed gas was the main product in the fast microwave assisted pyrolysis of rice husk using microwave absorbent, the highest yield was 53%, The primary components of gas product were H₂, CO₂, CO, and CH₄, which accounted for more than 97% of pyrolysis gas volume. The content of H₂ was higher than 38%, and it reached 48.12% when carbon residue was used. The optimal ratio of carbon residue to rice husk was determined as 1:1, and the syngas (H₂ + CO) content is greater than 60%, so fast microwave assisted pyrolysis using microwave absorbent is an effective heating method for biomass gasification.

To improve the enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass, ethylene glycol assisted with hydrochloric acid was used for pretreating hickory shell in this study. After the optimization in oil-bath system, the optimal pretreatment condition was obtained as following:the pretreatment media was hydrochloric acid-ethylene glycol-water (1.2%:88.8%:10%, mass ratio), pretreatment temperature 130℃, and pretreatment time 30min. In order to reduce the pretreatment temperature and time, microwave radiation was employed to assist the pretreatment with hydrochloric acid-ethylene glycol-water (1.2%:88.8%:10%, mass ratio) media, and the optimal pretreatment condition was achieved as following:microwave radiation temperature 100℃, microwave radiation time 5min, and microwave radiation power 200W. These results showed that the saccharification rate of pretreated hickory shell was higher than that of untreated one. After the pretreatment with oil-bath and microwave radiation, the reducing sugar yield from the enzymatic hydrolysis could reach 88.6% (oil bath) and 74.2% (microwave) after 72h. By using electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, the structure of pretreated hickory shell was destroyed, the structure became loose, and porous were easier to be enzymatically hydrolyzed, which increased the enzyme accessibility, thereby greatly improving the saccharification rate. Therefore, the pretreatment with hydrochloric acid-ethylene glycol-water solution can improve the efficiency of the enzymatic saccharification of hickory shell.

In order to choose a suitable method for ultra-low temperature refrigeration system from two-staged compression and cascade compression, the two refrigeration systems' technical characteristics were analyzed comparatively using theoretical calculations of two-stage and cascade refrigeration system. Both theoretical displacement and theoretical coefficient of the two systems were compared in the economic aspect. Results indicated that compared to two-stage system, compression ratio and exhaust temperature of cascade system were lower and suction pressure and cooling coefficient were higher. At condensing temperature 40℃ and evaporation temperature -65℃, the energy consumption reduction of cascade system can reach to 15.13%, indicating that the performance of cascade system could be better in the ultra-low temperature condition.

This paper studied a two-step method of oxidizing calcination process in order to improve the utilization efficiency of copperas and achieve the energy-saving and environmental production. The analysis of copperas' drying and dehydration curves and TG-DSC (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calarmeutry) curves showed that the best drying temperature was 110℃, and most of the product was FeSO₄·7H₂O. Then the dried products were calcinated at the different temperature. The influences of the calcination temperature on the product recovery, residual sulfur content, the compound morphology of Fe and the distribution of sulfur in the flue gas was investigated. The results showed that when the temperature was 800—900℃, air flow rate was 120L/h, and the constant temperature time was 90min, the amount of residual sulfur in the calcinated product was 0.33% and total Fe was more than 60%. Therefore, the final product could be added into the sinter as iron materials.