Recovery of the refinery dry gas is an important method to utilize natural resources more effectively and improve economic benefits. How to reclaim and utilize the refinery dry gas in an effective way has become a critical issue recently. Comprehensive utilization of refinery dry gas is overviewed from two aspects in this paper. The separation technologies such as cryogenic separation,absorption separation and adsorption separation as well as the direct-use technologies such as the production of ethylbenzene and epoxyethane are presented and discussed. In order to obtain the best economic and environmental benefits,different petrochemical enterprises should choose different recovery technologies based on their own characteristics.

As an efficient heat and mass transfer technology,liquid film flow has been extensively used in chemical engineering and many other industries. In recent years,numerical simulation methods were widely applied in the study of the properties of the liquid film flow and heat transfer characteristics. This paper analyzed the liquid film free surface tracking methods of numerical simulation. Four aspects,including different wall structure,different wall angle,liquid property,liquid flow rate and gas velocity were summarized. The features of fluctuations were investigated through changing the wall angle,the inlet Reynolds number and inlet disturbance. In addition,the research status of heat and mass transfer characteristics were summarized. The disadvantages of using numerical simulation method to study liquid film flow were also discussed. The more scientific and reasonable methods of researching the liquid film flow were prospected.

A volume of fluid (VOF) model of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to simulate the liquid distribution on the structured packing surface. 3D simulation visualized liquid distribution. The results were used to estimate liquid film thickness and effective interfacial area ratio on the structured packing surface quantitatively,and the results were validated with existing correlations in the literature. Different systems with different surface tension values were used in the simulation and the effect of both surface tension and viscosity of liquid phase on liquid distribution were examined. Based on the simulation a new equation to predict the effective interfacial area ratio was proposed. The simulation results showed that the CFD method can be used as an effective tool to provide information on the details of the gas and liquid flows in complex packing geometries.

The high viscosity of the heat transfer medium in the crude oil distillation unit in oil refinery process will normally lead to low heat transfer efficiency and high kinetic energy consumption. To solve the problem,this research designed a segmented semi-twisted tape to conduct numerical simulation of the heat transfer process of the tube with a segmented semi-twisted tape under actual conditions,using FLUENT. The heat transfer parameters in plain tube and tube with a continuous twisted tape were compared. The simulation provided optimum design parameters of the segmented semi-twisted tape. The results showed that the segmented semi-twisted tape improved Nu (Nusselt number) of the fluid in a heat transfer tube as well as f (friction factor),and η (heat transfer efficiency) of the tube with a segmented semi-twisted tape was increased by 8%-12% compared the tube with a continuous twisted tape. The value of η reached the highest number of 2.06 when y (twist ratio of the segmented semi-twisted tape)was 10 and s (length of the connection rod) was 345mm. The results provided a theoretical basis for the study of enhanced heat transfer of a heat exchanger in a crude oil unit.

This paper tested the heat transfer performances of a salty bath spiral coil high temperature coke-oven gas waste heat recovery equipment in coke oven ascending pipe. Flue gas was instead of coke-oven gas as the heat transfer media. The experiment obtained temperature distribution of spiral coil sleeve on the outer wall of the waste heat recovery equipment,the heat transfer coefficients of flue gas in ascending pipe,the outer natural convection heat transfer coefficients of salty bath spiral coil in annular sleeve and other experiment results. The test results showed that the temperature distribution of spiral coil sleeve on the outer wall was not uniform,and fluctuated more as the flue gas temperature increased in the ascending pipe;the convection heat transfer coefficient of flue gas increased evidently with the increase of Re number especially after Re number was greater than 2900;the outer natural convection heat transfer coefficient of the salty bath spiral coil was almost a constant value with the increase of molten salt temperature. Based on the test results,this paper presented the outer natural convection heat transfer correlation of the salty bath spiral coil in annular sleeve,providing references for actual engineering applications.

Experiments were conducted to study the factors which affect motion state of particles in a circular eccentric drum,and the effects of two offsets,four filling rates and four rotating speeds on the motion model were analyzed. Rotating speed and filling rate were the main factors affecting the change of the motion model of particles in a circular eccentric drum,while offset had no effect. Filling rate did not have an impact on the motion model of particles at rotating speed of 15r/min and 25r/min. But when rotating speed was 5r/min,the motion model of particles varied from slumping mode to rolling mode accordingly when filling rate increased from 1/6 to 1/3,and when rotating speed was 40r/min,the motion model of particles varied from rolling mode to cascading mode accordingly when filling rate increased from 1/6 to 1/3. With increasing offset,vortex core generated in the process of movement deviated more from the center of the drum. Increasing rotating speed resulted in the change of the upper surface of particle group and the arc of the falling particle group on both ends. The effect of filling rate on the motion model of particles occurred only at low and high rotating speeds.

Hydrogen is widely recognized as clean energy. It can be stored and transported conveniently,utilized in multiple ways and efficiently,and also has rich resources,which makes it a real help for resolving energy crisis,environment pollution and global warming. At present,hydrogen is classified as an important part of the national energy structure in some developed countries. In China,enormous investments have been made in research and industrialization associated with hydrogen. In this paper,hydrogen applications in energy and chemical sectors are considered and the utilization of hydrogen in China and abroad is presented. Hydrogen is used in fuel-cell vehicles,distributed power generation,fuel-cell forklifts and emergency power supplies as clean energy. It is used in renewable energy consumption as energy carrier and in oil upgrading and clean coal as feedstock. The use as clean energy is the primary way to promote hydrogen development and the use as energy carrier can contribute to coordinated development of renewable energy and hydrogen. Under current conditions,the use as feedstock is a promising way to achieve large-scale utilization of hydrogen. Besides,the production,storage and transportation of hydrogen and fuel cell technology are still the barriers which restrict hydrogen development.

Through the analysis of world energy consumption and nuclear power statistic,the typical countries with nuclear power were recognized by rapid developing,fast shut down ability,large capacity and high ratio of nuclear power on total energy consumption. In additional,energy and electricity distribution,CO₂ emission and reduction by nuclear power in these countries were deeply investigated. This study shows that power plant is the main source for CO₂ emission in these countries,while CO₂ emission per kWh gradually decreased year by year,which is closely related to the adjustment of energy construction. At present,the country with the largest emissions per capita is USA,in addition,the country with the fast increase on this value is South Korea in recent years. Based on the CO₂ emission factor of coal power plant,CO₂ emission reductions of nuclear power accounted for 8.3% of total global CO₂ emissions in 2011,while CO₂ emissions reduction by nuclear power accounted for 1.1% of the total annual emissions in China.

Coal tar is a kind of ideal feedstock to produce high value-added carbon materials. However,its high content of quinoline insoluble(QI) limits its utilization seriously. Typical properties of coal tar are introduced first. The composition and origin of QI as well as their damages to the utilization of coal tar are described briefly. Then,methods commonly used to remove QI are reviewed and compared in detail in terms of efficiency and feasibility. The separation efficiency of hot filtering process could meet the industrial requirement,but its cost is too high. The gravity sedimentation process can be simply operated,whereas,it shows a low separation efficiency. For centrifugation and distillation,the separation efficiency is both high,but they are limited by their low handing capacity and low utilization ratio of feedstock,respectively. The operation of solvent extraction process is simple,but it consumes a great deal of solvent. The effect of modification process is obvious; however,its cost is high. The energy consumption of electrostatic separation method is low,however,the optimum condition is difficult to regulate and control. Combined process not only significantly removes QI,but also has excellent application prospect. The combined process is considered to be a scientifically feasible and effective method to remove QI in coal tar,and it can become a promising coal tar purification technology as a future research focus.

Pillararene is a kind of new “column” macrocyclic supramolecular polymer with symmetrical structure. It is formed by hydroquinone or hydroquinone ether para-bridged by methylene. In this paper,it is aimed to review progress in the synthesis of alkoxy,water-soluble and amphipathic pillararene,to introduce the structure and conformation of pillararene,the host-guest properties of pillararene and their derivatives,to elaborate the application progress of pillararenes in the field of supramolecular self-assembly,medicine,biology and phase transfer catalytic aspects. So far,the synthesis method of pillar[5,6]arene has been well established,while the high-level pillararene needs to improve. Meanwhile,with the deepening of research,pillararene and their derivatives are expected to be used in the areas of catalysis,biologic simulation,and petrochemistry.

Decalin,a representative liquid organic hydride,is a promising candidate for hydrogen carrier. Hydrogen stored in decalin can be released through catalytic dehydrogenation. The dehydrogenation of liquid decalin for hydrogen production was investigated,and about 47% decalin conversion was achieved over a Pt catalyst supported on granular activated carbon. Production distribution showed that decalin dehydrogenation was a parallel reaction with the formation of naphthalene and tetralin respectively. The kinetic experiment was carried out in a high pressure autoclave,under the conditions of 290-335℃,0.7-1.3MPa and stirring speed of 1000 r/min. An apparent kinetic model was used for the description of reaction,and kinetic parameters were obtained by nonlinear fitting of experimental data. The acquired apparent activation energy of naphthalene and tetralin formation was 116.27kJ/mol and 114.38kJ/mol respectively. The results of statistic test showed that the rate equation was rational and reliable.

Pretreatment can improve the qualities of biomass pyrolysis products. This study investigated the effect of combining washing and torrefaction methods on properties of product from microwave-induced pyrolysis of rice husk. It was found that combining washing and torrefaction pretreatment could increase the yields of solid,but decrease the yields of liquid and gas from microwave-induced pyrolysis. The product qualities of liquid and gas were improved by pretreatment,the gas products contained more concentrated H₂ and CH₄ with higher LHV up to 13MJ/m³,the liquid products contained more concentrated phenols and sugars with less acids content,and the compounds in liquid were simplified by combining washing and torrefaction pretreatment.

With epoxy chloropropane and concentrated hydrochloric acid as raw material,the intermediate product 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol was prepared by ring opening action. A novel sterically hindered amine 1,3-di-tert-butylamine-2-propanol (DTBP),which can be used for gas desulfurization,has been synthesized by nudeophilic substitution between 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol and tert-butylamine,and then the chemical structure of this desulfurizer was demonstrated by IR and ¹H NMR. The reaction conditions were optimized by the method of single factor variable,and the study showed that with the 100% anhydrous ethanol as reaction medium,when the molar ratio between 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol and tert-butylamine was 1:3,the reaction temperature was 140℃,and the reacting time was 3 hours,the yield of DBTP was 92.3%,which was the maximum. The laboratory desulfurization performance test indicated that the capacity of H₂S absorption and the absorption selectivity of DTBP solution were higher than those of MDEA under the same reaction conditions.

Regeneration methods of solid acid catalyst for isobutane/butene alkylation were reviewed,including hydrogenative regeneration,classical oxidative treatment,supercritical fluid regeneration,and solvent extraction regeneration,the cause and type of deactivation about solid acid catalyst were also analyzed and reviewed. All these methods can be employed to recover the activity of solid acid catalysts in some degree,but they are all in lab research stage due to their complicate operation and high cost. This paper will compare the process and performance of these regeneration methods,analyze their advantage and shortcoming. Quick deactivation of catalyst is the key reason to hinder the industrialization of solid acid catalyst technology for isobutane/butene alkylation. Researching and finding regeneration methods,which are efficient and easily operated with low cost,will still be research focus in this field in future.

This paper summarized the preparation methods of embedding or loading metal nanoparticles (MNPs) into zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) for constructing MNPs@ZIFs catalysts,including metalorganic chemical vapour deposition,solid grinding,solution impregnation and self-assembly,in which the advantages and disadvantages of these methods were discussed respectively,and the self-assembly was particularly introduced due to its easy control over the spatial distribution of MNPs within ZIFs in the preparation of MNPs@ZIFs catalysts. The characterization methods of MNPs@ZIFs microstructure were described,especially for the method of analyzing the spatial distribution of MNPs within ZIFs. The catalytic performance of MNPs@ZIFs in many reactions,such as coupling,oxidation and reduction,was discussed,where the selective catalysis was emphatically analyzed. Based on all above,the preparation of novel and highly stable ZIF materials with large pore sizes,the precise control of MNPs spatial distribution within ZIFs and the development of industrial preparation methods of MNPs@ZIFs were jointly proposed as the main research orientation of MNPs@ZIFs in future.

Due to high shape selectivity of microporous zeolite and the excellent mass transport of the mesoporous material,the hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite has potential applications in catalytic field. The synthesis methods and application progress of hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite in recent years are reviewed in this paper. Various approaches of hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite synthesis were introduced,including post-treatment method,hard templating method and soft templating method. In addition,the catalytic applications of the as-synthesized zeolites were discussed. It was demonstrated that the reaction conversion and selectivity of target products were improved due to the excellent mass transport and appropriate acidity of the hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite. This paper also forecasted the development of the hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite in chemical industry. It was pointed out that the development of facile,economic and green routes towards the synthesis of hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite would be a challenge in modern industrial catalysis. Research should focus on the mechanism of the mesopore formation,the development of the hierarchical ZSM-5 monolith zeolite as well as the supported hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites.

Three methods for improving catalyst activities in residue hydrogenation were summarized. The modulation acidities are introduced by assistants on support,such as P,B and rare earth. The reaming effect of reaming agent,hydrothermal method and nano-assembly method on supports were presented. Furthermore,the role of surfactant on the dispersion of active metal was reviewed with CA and EDTA as a representative complexing agent. Besides,the application status of modified catalysts in residue hydrogenation process was reviewed,the development direction of new nano catalytic materials was pointed out,and then the development of catalysts was combined with modern analysis methods to do further mechanism research. It is expect to provide theoretical basis for modification research of hydrogenation catalyst,and also improve heavy oil treatment process.

The research on heterogeneous bifunctional catalysts (BFC) is the hot theme in cellulose processing to obtain green chemicals. But in this process,the BFC still had some fatal problems needed to be solved,such as the mechanism of the catalytic process,and its low selectivity for aimed products and hydrothermal stability. The research progress in most concerned BFC containing active metal components,such as Ru,Ni,W,and Pt,and the interacts between metal components and carriers for the application in cellulose to hexabasic alcohols and low carbon polyols (C₂-C₃),were introduced,and the recent advances in mono-metallic,bi-metallic BFC and the BFC based on different carriers were simply summarized. The analysis results demonstrated the ratios of different metal components and the internal interacts between active metals and carriers had a great influence on catalytic results. The future study should be focused on the mechanism of interacts of catalytic constituents and carriers.

Three preparation methods,dry-mixed,impregnation and sol-gel methods,of ZrO₂/SiO₂ were introduced to study the formation of 1,3-butadiene from bioethanol and acetaldehyde. Catalyst testing device was introduced and the best selectivity of 1,3-butadiene is 64.77% which is obtained by sol-gel method. To study the quantity and quality of acid sites and surface structure of catalysts,thermogravimetry,temperature programmed desorption,X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were conducted. Zr-Si shows a high selectivity for 1,3-butadiene and corresponding reason was illustrated. NH₃-TPD indicates the high intensity of strong acid sites and XRD indicates the high dispersed of ZrO₂,while both attributes to the good activity of ZrO₂-SiO₂. The effects of preparation parameters on sol-gel Zr-Si were also investigated. The result shows that the best roasting temperature,concentration of nitric acid and temperature of agitation are 650℃,2mol/L,30℃,respectively.

In order to further improve formaldehyde removal efficiency,increase carbon dioxide selectivity,and decrease the generation concentration of ozone in pulse discharge plasma,a method of discharge plasma combined with catalysts was adopted in this research. Molecular sieve was used as carrier,then three catalysts were prepared,i.e. Mn/TiO₂-molecular sieve,Fe/TiO₂-molecular sieve and Cu/TiO₂-molecular sieve catalysts,which were characterized by XRD,SEM,EDS and FT-IR. Decomposition of formaldehyde in pulse discharge plasma combined with three catalysts was studied. Effects of plasma combined with different catalysts on formaldehyde removal efficiency,carbon dioxide selectivity and generation concentration of ozone were compared. The results showed that catalysts have synergistic effects on pulse discharge plasma. It could improve formaldehyde removal efficiency,increase carbon dioxide selectivity,and decrease generation concentration of ozone efficiently. Mn/TiO₂-molecular sieve catalyst has the best synergistic effect with the impulse voltage of 20kV,the frequency of 40Hz and the gas flow rate of 0.5L/min,i.e. its formaldehyde removal efficiency achieved 94.4% and carbon dioxide selectivity achieved 42.2%. Characterization results showed that Mn/TiO₂-molecular sieve catalyst uniform dispersion of active ingredients is as well as the existence of anatase TiO₂,and microcrystalline state MnO_x increased the oxidation of formaldehyde decomposition. Meanwhile,the mechanism of degrading formaldehyde in discharge plasma combined with Mn/TiO₂-molecular sieve catalyst was also discussed.

A series of NiO-LaCoO₃ were synthesized by solid-phase reaction method. The effects of calcination temperature and the content of Ni in catalyst on the carbon monoxide and propane oxidation performance of the as-synthesized catalysts were investigated. These catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and other techniques. The results indicate that lower calcination temperature is beneficial for better catalytic performance. Among all catalysts,10NiO-LaCoO₃ calcinated at 700℃ exhibited the best catalytic performance. The addition of Ni into the structure of LaCoO₃ can significantly enhance the carbon monoxide and propane oxidation activity,and the optimal NiO loading is 7.5%. It was also found that the catalytic performance of catalysts is highly associated with oxygen mobility in catalysts.

Flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) are one of the main products of polyurethane materials. Because of low density and low thermal conductivity,untreated FPUFs are relatively easy to ignite with evolution of smoke and toxic gases during combustion. Therefore,it is essential to endow FPUF with good flame retardancy. However,the use of halogen-based flame retardants is currently restricted because of potential toxicity and environmental problems. Hence,more attention has been paid recently to developing halogen-free flame retardant FPUF. The research progress of halogen-free flame retardant,including additive halogen-free flame retardants,reactive halogen-free flame retardants and layer-by-layer assembled flame resistant coatings used in FPUF in recent years was summarized. Developing high molecular weight multi-element organic additive flame retardant and intumescent flame retardant as well as composite flame retardant,and resolving slow assembly problem for layer-by-layer assembled flame resistant coatings should be the development trend of the halogen-free flame-retardant techniques for FPUF.

In this paper,the characteristics of solid state NMR and its application in the analysis of phosphonic acid proton exchange membranes (PEM) are described briefly. The research progress of ¹H、³¹P、²⁹Si solid state NMR and ¹H、³¹P variable temperature solid state NMR in terms of the characterization of chemical structure,hydrogen bonding network and proton conduction mechanism of phosphonic acid PEM are introduced. All these applications indicate that solid state NMR is an effective technique for the study of hydrogen bonding network and the local proton mobility of PEM,thereby it can be used to explore the mechanism of proton conduction. Also,it can give reference to the research of other kinds of proton exchange membranes by providing a new method for characterization.

Red-emitting phosphor is a crucial luminescent material in white LED lighting applications. It is important to effectively improve the properties of red phosphor for preparing high color rendering index,low temperature,and high power white LED. Synthetic method of phosphor is one of the factors to influence the surface morphology and optical properties of red phosphor. In this paper,based on the tungstate and molybdate red phosphor system,the application and research on synthesis technique in recent years were analyzed. The present research situation for the synthesis method of tungstate and molybdate red phosphor system was introduced in detail,such as high temperature solid phase method,sol-gel method,precipitation method,hydrothermal method,spray pyrolysis,and combustion method. The processes and characteristics of different preparation methods and the influence on the performance of phosphor were discussed,and the future development direction,such as computer simulation,modern technology assistant,mechanism and so on,was prospected.

The thermal decomposition of lead acetate trihydrate was studied with FT-IR,TG-DTA and TG-FTIR measurements in an air atmosphere. Intermediate products,i.e. CO₂,acetone and acetic acid,were generated in the decomposition procedure. The key conversion temperature of decomposition was determined as 61.4℃,204.9℃,256.8℃,293.6℃ and 348.7℃. The oxidizability of leady oxides could reach above 95%,while the leady oxide was with a lower apparent density and a higher water-absorption value than traditional leady products. This study has experimentally supported the further preparation of leady oxide with lead acetate trihydrate as a precursor.

Cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles was prepared using a reverse coprecipitation method in this paper. Then polyaniline/CoFe₂O₄ electromagnetic nanocomposites were successfully synthesized using 1-methyl-3-alkylcarboxylic acid imidazolium ionic liquids as synthetic environment by in situ polymerization and chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline molecule on CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles. The properties and structures of the composites were characterized by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM),X-ray diffraction (XRD),Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR),vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and four-point probe resistivity instrument. The results showed that obtained cobalt ferrite nano-particles have a cubic spinel ferrite type structure and were dispersed uniformly. The ionic liquids have no influence on the formation of the spinel type lattice. When the same amount of CoFe₂O₄ (0.3g) was added,the conductivity of PANI/CoFe₂O₄ composites prepared in IL and water were 1.0S/cm and 0.4S/cm,and the saturated magnetizations were 19.8emu/g and 22.9emu/g,respectively. Besides,the composites performed a good structure of magnetic nanoparticles coated by conductive PANI when it was prepared in IL.

The fly ash ceramisite was prepared with fly ash as the raw material and clay,dewatered sludge and desulfurized gypsum as auxiliary materials. Based on the strength testing,the optimal weight ratio of fly ash:dewatered sludge:clay:desulfurized gypsum is 85:10.5:0.5:4. Compared with commercial ceramic ceramisite and clay ceramisite,fly ash ceramisite has higher surface roughness,porosity,specific surface area and lower density,based on the test of porosity,hydrochloric acid soluble rate,specific surface area and SEM. The effect of fly ash ceramisite on wastewater treatment was compared with ceramic ceramisite and clay ceramisite,with the biological aerated filter (BAF) as the filler material. The result shows that:the removal rate of COD by fly ash ceramisite can reach 80%,the removal rate of ammonia even reaches 90%,and the removal rate of total phosphorus is above 80%. The effect of fly ash ceramisite on wastewater treatment is better than that of commercial ceramic ceramisite and clay ceramisite.

Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by modified Hummers,the reduction of GO was developed by using chitosan (CS),which is nontoxic and environment-friendly as a “green” reducing agent. And the reduction degree of GO was controlled by the temperature and time of reaction. The RGO was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction spectroscopy,UV visible absorption spectroscopy,and Raman spectroscopy. Analysis shows that the change of temperature could not effectively control the reduction degree of GO. In 50℃ low temperature environment,the different reduction degrees of reduction graphene oxide could be obtained by controlling the reaction time,this result lay the foundation for the study of nonlinear optical properties of different reduction degree RGO.

The water-based epoxy emulsion was prepared by the phase inversion emulsification technique. Effects of mass ratio,the amount of the mixed emulsifiers,and emulsification temperature,on the properties of the emulsion during the phase inversion process were investigated by particle size analysis,centrifugal sedimentation analysis and water content test. The final morphologies of particles were characterized by TEM. The results show that the optimal emulsion was obtained when the mass ratio of S-80 and SDS was 2:1,the amount of the mixed emulsifiers was 9wt%,and the emulsification temperature was 50℃.

To optimize the formulation parameters of beta-carotene loaded MCM-41 mesoporous silica for the maximum encapsulation efficiency,experiments were designed according to a three-level,three-variable Box-Behnken design (BBD). Independent variables were the amount of pore enlarging agent (A),the beta-carotene/MCM-41 mass ratio (B),and loading time (C),and the response variable was the encapsulated efficiency of beta-carotene (Y_EE). The optimal formulation parameters were as follows:A,B and C levels were 0.6mL,3 and 20h,respectively. The observed responses agree with the predicted values of the mathematic models,and the Box-Behnken design is suitable for optimizing the formulation of beta-carotene loaded MCM-41 mesoporous silica.

Cochineal is one of the most valuable water soluble natural pigments. Improving its oil soluble may contribute to the application on oil soluble food,cosmetics,medicines,etc. Herein,oil-soluble cochineal dye was obtained by molecule esterification of carminic acid with acetic anhydride/acetic acid in this paper. Based on single factor experiments,response surface methodology has been applied to further optimize pretreatment condition. Under the optimal condition,i.e. cochineal dye was 0.5g,acetic anhydride and acetic acid dosage were 10mL,catalyst dosage of triethylamine was 1.0mL,reaction temperature was 70℃,and reaction time was 8h,the yield of cochineal dye derivatives reach up to 65.2%. The target product showed good solubility in corn oil,good dyeing effect and good stability with 2.41g in oil (25℃). This suggests that cochineal dye derivatives have potential value and promising development prospects.

The mechanism for aqueous two-phase extraction of phycocyanin (PC) was studied using florescence spectrum. The fluorescence of PC can be quenched by the addition of PEG despite the variation in molecular weights of PEGs. The thermodynamic investigation found that the binding constant between PEG1000 and PC was higher than that between PEG2000 and PEG4000. The binding between PEG and PC was built through hydrophobic interaction driven by entropy. Furthermore,compared to other inorganic salts tested,the addition of Na₂SO₄ showed the most positive impact on entropy increase,promoting the combinative interaction between PEG and PC. Moreover,the investigations on synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy found that the hydrophobicity of micro-environment around tryptophan residues was enhanced by the presence of PEG1000,and the hydrophobicity of micro-environment was increased further by the addition of Na₂SO₄. The single-factor experiments demonstrated that PEG1000/Na₂SO₄ is the optimum aqueous two-phase extraction system in thermodynamics and practice for obtaining phycocyanin with the highest purity.

The use of pectianase in natural fiber processing causes less pollution to environment. The key to get pectinase is to isolate a highly producing pectinase strain. A bacterial strain with high production of pectinase had been isolated and screened from banana pesudostem with a selective medium. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA showed that Bacillus sp. ZLXH-5 was close to Bacillus substilis with 99% sequence identity. It was named as Bacillus sp. ZLXH-5. The optimal fermentation condition was as follows,time of 2d,temperature of 37℃,pH value of 5,rotary speed of 180r/min,and glucose concentration of 15g/L. Studies on enzymatic properties showed that optimal temperature for pectinase was 55℃,and optimal pH value for pectinase was 8.5. Different ions showed different impacts on pectinase activity. This strain can be used to process banana pesudostem because of its high pectinase production.

Aiming to change the poor compression performance and processing difficulties of PBO fiber,a novel monomer precursor compound,methyl 4-(5-nitro-6-hydroxy-7-methylbenzoxazol-2-yl) benzoate (MMNB),was proposed,and synthesized with total yield of 56.42%,and a purity of 97.5%. It can be used for the preparation of AB-type monomer and methyl modified PBO fiber,to improve the processability of PBO fibers and increase the axial compressive strength after heat-crosslinking. The results showed that intermediate methyl 4-[N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3-methyl-5-nitrophenyl) carbamoyl] benzoate(MNHB) was one-pot prepared by the chloride of monomethyl terephthalate (MTA),then condensed with 2-methyl-4-amino-6-nitroresorcinol hydrochloride (MANR·HCl) in methylene chloride solvent and triethylamine as acid binding agent,yield reached 73.65%. MMNB was synthesized by cyclization dehydration of MNHB in diglyme solvent with the presence of polyphosphoric acid,and yield reached 76.61%. Their molecular structures were confirmed by IR,MS and ¹H NMR.

Didodecylmethylcarboxyl betaine (diC₁₂B) is an excellent hydrophobic surfactant suitable for surfactant-polymer flooding free of alkali. However,due to strong lipophilicity,diC₁₂B has poor solubility in water and has a relatively high adsorption at sandstone/water interface. In this paper,the diC₁₂B molecule is modified by introducing EO groups into long hydrocarbon chains in the diC₁₂B molecule to improve its properties. Thus didodecylpolyoxyethylene (4) ether methyl carboxyl betaine (diC₁₂EO₄B) was synthesized by using dodecyl bromide and polyethylene glycol (4) as initial materials,followed by etherification,chloration,and then reacted with methyl amine and lithium chloroacetate. The molecular structure of the product was confirmed by ¹H NMR and MS spectra. Compared with diC₁₂B,the solubility of diC₁₂EO₄B in aqueous solution at 25℃ is improved,reaching 1.5×10^-4mol/L,which is three times of that of diC₁₂B,and saturated adsorption at quartz/water interface at 45℃ is only 70% of that of diC₁₂B. diC₁₂EO₄B keeps high surface activity of the diC₁₂B,as reflected by its low cmc,1.6×10^-5mol/L,high effectiveness in reducing surface tension of water,g_cmc=29.3mN/m,high saturated adsorption at air/water interface,6.5×10^-10mol/cm²,and small cross section area in monolayer at air/water interface,0.26nm². diC₁₂EO₄B displays a good ability in reducing oil/water interfacial tension (IFT). At 45℃ it can solely reduce C₇~C₉ alkane/Daqing connate water IFT to 10^-3mN/m magnitude,and reduce Daqing crude oil/connate water IFT to 10^-2mN/m magnitude. By mixing with lipophilic surfactant diC₁₂B and hydrophilic surfactant C₁₆B,diC₁₂EO₄B can reduce Daqing crude oil/connate water IFT to 10^-3mN/m magnitude in a wide total surfactant concentration,from 0.625mmol/L to 5mmol/L at 45℃,without adding any alkali and electrolytes.

The amount of excess sludge production rapidly increases with fast development of wastewater treatment,resulting in the challenge of sewage sludge treatment and disposal for municipal wastewater treatment plants. This paper reviewed and summarized the recent technology developments on sludge pyrolysis and microwave-assisted pyrolysis,and discussed the critical parameters of the microwave-assisted pyrolysis process and its advantages & disadvantages,including temperature, ramp time of temperature,microwave absorbent,catalyst and carrier gas. It is emphasized that microwave-assisted pyrolysis technology is cost-effective to reduce the pyrolysis reaction time and improve the quality of value-added products. In addition,the future trends of microwave pyrolysis process and key points in sewage sludge treatment were discussed.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardants,which have become one branch of persistent organic pollutants with worldwide concern. In order to investigate adsorption of PBDEs in silica nanopores,molecular dynamic simulations were performed for five PBDEs,including BDE-28,BDE-47,BDE-77,BDE-99 and BDE-153 in silica nanopores with respective apertures of 2.0nm,2.5nm,3.0nm and 3.5nm. The system energy declined with the decrease in aperture,but an opposite tendency was observed for the adsorption energy between PBDEs and silica nanopores. The adsorption energy was dominated by van der Waals force which accounted for 84.0% of the overall adsorption energy. The mean square displacement (MSD) values for PBDEs in the silica nanopores decreased with the increase of adsorption energy. Additionally,the presence of soil organic matter (SOM) decreased the system energy and the adsorption energy between PBDEs and silica nanopores. The decrease of adsorption energy might favor PBDEs diffusion in nanopores,however,the MSD values for PBDEs were reduced since interaction between PBDEs and SOM seriously affected PBDEs diffusion properties.

Carbon molecular sieves were selected to separate CH₄/CO₂ mixture by pressure swing adsorption. Adsorption isotherms of pure CH₄,CO₂ and N₂ gases on carbon molecular sieves were measured by the intelligent gravimetric analyzer apparatus(IGA-100,HIDEN)at 25℃,and the gas diffusion rates on the adsorbents were in the order of CO₂>N₂>CH₄. The breakthrough curves were measured by single fixed bed device. Pressures,flow rates and trace nitrogen(2%)were discussed to investigate separation performances,and adsorption mechanisms were also discussed. The results indicated that adsorption capacity of CO₂ and CH₄ on carbon molecular sieves were 35.9mL/g and 5.4mL/g respectively at pressure of 0.4MPa and flow rate of 200mL/min. The separation coefficient of CO₂/CH₄ reached 12.6,indicating that pure CH₄ could be collected from the fixed bed device,and the carbon molecular sieves could be well regenerated by vacuum desorption. These results suggested that carbon molecular sieves might be suitable for CO₂ removal from biogas. The diffusion rate of N₂ was faster than that of CH₄ on carbon molecular sieves; therefore it is possible to enrich CH₄ with high concentration through the fixed bed device.

Microwave and low-alkali were integrated for waste activated sludge pretreatment with NaOH dosage ≤15mg/(gTS). The influences of this technology on the sludge disintegration and sludge characteristics were investigated by comparing the variation of SCOD,soluble protein,soluble total sugar,ammonia nitrogen,pH value and conductivity with increasing microwave time whether adding alkali. The results showed that the combined microwave and low-alkali pretreatment was more effective than microwave or alkali pretreatment alone in cracking sludge. The technology can further improve the ratio of cell lysis and increase the amount of soluble organic matter. The protein dissolution was especially more remarkable. Higher microwave power was beneficial to enhance the synergistic effect. The addition of alkali maintained the pretreated sludge pH value at 9.1-9.5,which helped reduce the decrease of sludge conductivity. However,sludge pretreatment did not change much of the ammonia nitrogen concentration. Therefore,the combined microwave and low-alkali pretreatment would help to improve sludge degradation and electricity production in MFC.

In order to solve the problem of peeling of the coated layer using physical disturbance models to control the dynamic membrane pollution,this paper presented photocatalysis coupled with dynamic membrane for mitigation of membrane fouling,and compared membrane permeate fluxes,pollutants removal and membrane fouling resistance distributions in ceramic microfiltration membrane,dynamic membrane and dynamic membrane/photocatalysis hybrid system in treatment of wastewater containing humic acid or humic acid/TiO₂. The results showed that the photocatalysis dynamic membrane effectively improved the steady permeate flux and removal rates of pollutants,and reduced the irreversible and reversible membrane fouling resistances. The reversible membrane fouling resistances and the main reason leading to the reduction of membrane permeate fluxes were obviously greater than the other parts of membrane resistances. With longer pretreatment by photocatalysis,the membrane permeate fluxes and removal rates of TOC and UV₂₅₄ were improved more significantly,thus the membrane fouling was more efficiently controlled. After 2 and 8 hours of photocatalysis pretreatment following by dynamic membrane filtration,the TOC removal rates were greater than 80% and 90%,respectively,and the UV₂₅₄ removal rates reached more than 95%.

In order to solve the problems of large dosage of coagulant,large amount of sludge yield,great impacts on fluctuation of water quality,this research proposed the short flow ceramic process. The process included the following two stage:adding alkali in wastewater to turn heavy metal ions into hydroxide precipitate,and filtering wastewater using ceramic membrane within aerating for mitigating membrane fouling. The influencing factors of pH,initial concentration and aeration rate on the system performance were evaluated in laboratory test,and the process was verified in a pilot test. The results showed that at pH=10,the removal rates of Cu²⁺,Cr³⁺ and Ni²⁺ was 99.8%,99.7% and 99.9% respectively,and ceramic membrane was resistant to fluctuation of water quality. Even when the initial concentration of Cu²⁺,Cr³⁺and Ni²⁺ was up to 500mg/L,the effluents of the process can meet national standards. Setting the ratio of aeration volume/influent water volume at 15 can guarantee the quality of effluent,and alleviate membrane fouling. The membrane fouling of the process can be removed by hydraulic flushing. At pH=10,80L/(m²·h) and the ratio of aeration volume/influent water volume =15,the concentration of Cu²⁺,Cr³⁺and Ni²⁺ can be limited to less than 0.15mg/L,0.3mg/L and 0.1mg/L respectively,and TMP (trans-membrane pressure) remains stable.

Conventional drying process uses rotary kiln to dry hydrometallurgy mud. This process has disadvantages like longer heating time,environmental pollution,and low efficiency. This research developed a technology of microwave drying hydrometallurgy mud in order to improve the drying efficiency. Effects of microwave power,drying time and materials weight on the dehydration rate of hydrometallurgy mud were investigated using a laboratory-made microwave reactor furnace. The results showed that dehydration rate decreased with the increase of the material weight,and improved with the increase of the microwave power and drying time. The experimental conditions were as the following,600W microwave power,40g mass of sample,and 3min heating time. Under the conditions,the dehydration rate was 99.57%. FT-IR analysis demonstrated that the stretching vibration peak of water molecules at 1625cm^-1 and 3300cm^-1 disappeared,indicating that the hydrometallurgy mud was completely dried after the microwave drying treatment. A comparative study was also performed on microwave drying and conventional electrical drying process. The experimental results showed that the microwave heating had some advantages with respect to shorter drying time,higher dehydration efficiency and less pollutions.

Preparation of hydroquinone from p-benzoquinone intensified by reduction with iron powder was studied under electric field in the acidic system. The effects of dosage of iron powder,dosage of H₂SO₄,means of adding H₂SO₄,voltage and reaction time on the utilization ratio of iron powder and the yield of hydroquinone were investigated and the mechanism of the reaction process was studied. Electric field strengthened the electronic directional migration and activated iron powder in the reduction process. Optimal parameters were obtained with molar ratio of H₂SO₄/Fe 1:3 at 3.0V for 2h,and H₂SO₄ was added gradually. The utilization ratio of iron powder was increased from 28.57% to 75.19% and the yield of hydroquinone was up to 95%. Compared with the present industrial process,there was higher iron powder utilization and there was no reduction byproduct. Furthermore,the method was easy to control and could greatly shorten the reaction period.

SEM and the N₂ physical adsorption analyzer were applied to characterize the porous structure and surface morphology of organic bentonite. The effects of contact time,mass of organic bentonite,pH values,removal temperature and the initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) on its removal were also investigated. The results suggested that organic bentonite had visible lamellar structure,pore structure and pore size (pore size distribution range 3-24nm) were well-developed,indicating that organic bentonite as a typical mesoporous material,in favor of pollutants migration and proliferation. The organic bentonite also demonstrated a high removal rate at 20℃、pH=6、20min absorption time. Under the above conditions,2g organic bentonite achieved of 94.9% removal rate of 50mg/L Cr(Ⅵ) in 50mL solution.

There is a big challenge in the design of compressor unit standby scheme in long distance gas pipeline due to a lack of quantitative analysis method. This paper proposed a design method based on quantitative calculation,and provided detailed design process. Firstly,the unavailability of all units was calculated using Binomial Distribution,and the number of units failing at the same time was obtained. Secondly,failure units were located by single fault analysis. Thirdly,fault conditions were simulated. Finally,the standby scheme was determined by analyzing the operation parameters of different fault conditions. This method was verified by calculating a pipeline. The results showed that only 11 standby units were enough for the pipeline equipped with 20 compressor stations. The operation security of this pipeline can be guaranteed under various fault conditions. The number of standby units was reduced,consequently reducing the cost of engineering investment and management.

A pilot scale post-combustion CO₂ capture test using mono ethanol amine(MEA)was conducted in a coal-fired power plant,and the exhaust gas was analyzed using GASMET analyzer. This research investigated MEA volatilization and degradation using GASMET data,CEMS (continuous emission monitoring system) data and laboratory analysis,compared the components of the flue gas before and after system,and discussed the effects of secondary pollution on environment. The results indicated that degradation of MEA mainly occurred in absorber and thermal degradation occurred in stripper,solvent loss was mainly caused by oxidative degradation and volatilization. The main degradation products were ammonia and acetaldehyde,the concentrations of which changed in accordance with MEA consumption rate in solution. And the pre-wash column could decrease acid gases. Therefore,the CO₂ capture system could effectively reduce the original pollution from flue gas,even though new pollutions could be generated,considering the small amount (mush less than national standards),this system would not cause secondary pollution.

The supply-demand status and application prospect in downstream products were analyzed and the technical features and advance in PO production processes were summarized. There would be sufficient space for development of PO market. The clean,cost-effective,environment-friendly HPPO process represents the future trend. Some development proposals on industrial layout adjustment and upgrading PO industry were put forward to address the existing problems of concentrated production capacity,inefficient small-scale production,and high proportion of backward technology,such as adjusting capacity distribution with respect to rising PO demand in the midwest region of China,promoting localized HPPO process to accelerate industry upgrading,building supply chain integration and forming large-scale production to realize benefit maximization. Such proposals could provide guidance for development of PO industry.