In 2018, the dependence of crude oil on foreign markets in China exceeded 70% for the first time, and its refining capacity reached 831Mt/a, and also, its output and consumption of refined oil products in China were 360Mt/a and 320Mt/a, respectively. Meanwhile, the refining technology of China has reached the world advanced level. Moreover, in China, ethylene capacity, output and consumption reached 25.32Mt/a, 18.41Mt/a and 20.986Mt/a, respectively in 2018, and those for polyethylene achieved 19.34Mt/a, 16.26Mt/a and 30.057Mt/a, respectively. Now, China has become the world second largest after the USA of petrochemical countries. The USA petrochemical industry has been leading the world in terms of both scale and technology. In recent years, benefited from the success of the shale oil and gas revolution, the dependence of crude oil on foreign markets in USA has fallen sharply, and USA has gradually realized energy independence and the petrochemical industry has been injected new vigor and vitality. In petrochemical industry, China has become a large country, but there is still a big gap with the USA. Therefore, to realize the “China dream” of a petrochemical power, some measures must be implemented. China should strengthen the supply of crude oil, expand import channels to achieve diversification, increase domestic exploration and development efforts, and ensure comprehensive energy supply security; strictly control the refining capacity, continue to increase the elimination of backward refining capacity, strengthen the adjustment of unit structure, expand the export of refined oil products, and accelerate the upgrading of traditional oil refining technologies and the innovation of new technologies; adhere to the diversification and low cost of ethylene raw materials, accelerate the adjustment of petrochemical product structure, and strengthen the technological innovation of high-end chemical products.

As an emerging membrane separation technology, vapor permeation could effectively resolve the bottlenecks such as low fermentation yield, large energy consumption and environmental pollution problem in the production of biofuel ethanol. Compared with pervaporation, vapor permeation has the advantages in separation performance, feeding cleanliness, energy saving and operation flexibility, which make it own a broader application prospect in the field of fuel ethanol production. On the basis of comparing with pervaporation and gas separation technology, the mechanism and characteristics of vapor permeation are described. In this paper, the materials and research progress of two kinds of membrane applied in different stages of fuel ethanol production, namely ethanol perm-selective membrane and water perm-selective membrane, are introduced. The novel researches of mixed matrix membrane in preparation methods and hybrid particle material selection are presented in detail. The paper reviews the industrial application of vapor permeation in the ethanol dehydration. The technology coupled with in-situ ethanol recovery and alternative distillation process are demonstrated. The possibility of vapor permeation combined with advanced solid state fermentation as once phase change method to produce biofuel ethanol is discussed. The problems that required to be studied and solved in the future are put forward to provide reference for the further application of vapor permeation technology in biofuel ethanol production.

Deep eutectic solvents C₆H₁₁NO/nCF₃SO₃H(n=0.25,0.5,1) were synthesized by simply heating and stirring the mixture of caprolactam(C₆H₁₁NO) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid(CF₃SO₃H). The structural characteristics of C₆H₁₁NO/nCF₃SO₃H were determined by infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and hydrogen spectroscopy(¹HNMR). An extraction-oxidation desulfurization system was composed of C₆H₁₁NO/0.5CF₃SO₃H deep eutectic solvent and H₂O₂, and it was applied to remove dibenzothiophene(DBT) in model oil. The effects of n(CF₃SO₃H)∶n(C₆H₁₁NO), reaction temperature, O/S, dosage of C₆H₁₁NO/0.5CF₃SO₃H and different types of sulfides on desulfurization rate were studied. The experimental results indicated that under the optimum conditions of V(oil) 5mL, n(CF₃SO₃H)∶n(C₆H₁₁NO)=0.5, reaction temperature 60℃, O/S=6 and V(DESs) 1.0mL, the desulfurization rates of DBT, 4,6-DMDBT, BT and real oil were 99.4%, 98.6%, 83.6% and 61.6%, respectively. The stability of deep eutectic solvent was studied by infrared spectroscopy of recovered C₆H₁₁NO/0.5CF₃SO₃H. The interaction between DBT and DESs was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy of DBT, DESs and DBT-DESs. This interaction promoted the process of oxidative desulfurization. After five recycling runs, its desulfurization rate was still as high as 91.9%, indicating that C₆H₁₁NO/0.5CF₃SO₃H had high catalytic desulfurization activity and stability.

Molecular dynamics simulation was used to simulate the nucleation growth of liquid on a solid wall in a restricted nanochannel. The effect of solid wall wettability on liquid nucleation growth was studied and the mechanism of bubble nucleation was analyzed. The results showed that different wall wettability had a great influence on the growth of bubble nucleation. When the wall surface wettability was strong, a liquid film would be formed near the wall surface, which was different from the boiling in the pool. The fluid was homogeneously nucleated in the liquid film layer, and the bubble nucleation growth rate was faster. When the wall wettability was weak, the liquid underwent heterogeneous nucleation at the near wall surface, and the bubble nucleation growth rate was relatively slow. When the wall wettability was the weakest, a gas film was formed at the near wall surface, and heat was transferred to the fluid through the gas film. The heat transfer effect was not good and the liquid was hard to be nucleated. The reason for this phenomenon was that the wall surface was highly wet and a “solid-like” layer was formed at the near wall surface. Heat was transferred to the “solid-like” layer through the wall surface, and further transferred to the fluid in the channel through the “solid-like” layer. The effect of heat transfer was good. In addition, the thicker the “solid-like” layer, the better the heat transfer effect. When the wall wettability was weak, there was no “solid-like” layer near the wall surface, which would form a gas film to reduce the heat transfer effect and affected the fluid nucleation growth in the channel.

Efficient pre-dehydration from high water cut wellstream is one of the key problems in the field of oil and gas gathering and transportation at present. Axial hydrocyclone has attracted wide attention at home and abroad because of its compact structure and high separation efficiency. The laboratory experiments were carried out on the axial hydrocyclone for pre-dehydration from wellstream developed by ourselves. Compared with the tangential hydrocyclone, the axial hydrocyclone not only exhibits higher separation efficiency, but also promotes the oil droplets at the oil outlet grow nearly 1.8 times, and the oil concentration at the water outlet is lower than 1000mg/L when the dehydration rate is higher than 50%. The pressure drop of axial hydrocyclone is lower, and the pressure drop ratio is linearly related to the split ratio. The split ratio, water cut and flow rate have significant effects on the separation performance of the axial hydrocyclone. The change of split ratio directly affects the size and stability of the oil core, and the optimum split ratio is 0.45. When the water cut is 90% and the flow rate is 1.00m³/h, the dehydration rate and oil concentration are 62.9% and 295.4mg/L, respectively. The separation performance is good when the water cut is higher than 75%. The optimum flow rate of axial hydrocyclone is 1.50m³/h. The self-developed axial hydrocyclone not only meets the performance requirements, but also has certain improvement in operational flexibility and controllability compared to tangential hydrocyclone.

In this paper, aiming at the problems of high cost and large space occupation of transcritical CO₂ heat pump, a data-driven multi-objective optimization design method of transcritical CO₂ heat pump based on economy and practicability was proposed. A large number of driving data were obtained by simulating the performance of a transcritical CO₂ heat pump, and then a thermodynamic prediction model of a transcritical CO₂ heat pump was constructed via a BP neural network. Moreover, the multi-objective optimization model of transcritical CO₂ heat pump was established from the perspectives of investment, operation, environment and space occupation. Finally, the total annual cost and tank volume that the residential users concern most with were used as optimization objectives. The optimal design scheme based on elite non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ) and TOPSIS decision method were then solved. The case study showed that the optimal solution for obtaining small space occupation and low total annual cost is tank volume of 0.235m³ and total annual cost of 958.1USD/a. By analyzing the influence of design parameters on the optimization objective, it was shown that the influence of the thickness of insulation is mainly concentrated in a better area, and the influence of the diameter and height of the tank is greater, while the influence of the temperature difference in gas cooler is smaller.

A novel high temperature CO₂ heat pump cycle with supercritical enhanced gas injection was proposed to significantly improve heating performance under high temperature hydronic heating conditions. The numerical model of the high temperature CO₂ heat pump system with supercritical gas injection was established, and the performance of the system was analyzed by EES (engineering equation solver) software. The influence of parameters such as evaporation temperature, middle pressure of compressor, gas cooler pressure, etc. on system performance at the high gas cooler outlet temperature was mainly studied. The results indicated that COP of 3.0 can be reached when the gas cooler outlet temperature was as high as 60℃. In comparison to common vapor injection system, the COP improved distinctly. As compared to conventional system without gas injection, the COP increased by 14.8%, 21.2%, 29.2% respectively with gas injection ratio of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 at the gas cooler outlet temperature of 60℃. The influence of middle pressure and gas cooler pressure on COP have the same variation trend while the effect of gas cooler pressure is more significant. Besides, there exist an optimal gas cooler pressure and middle pressure. The optimal gas cooler pressure and middle pressure are 13.5MPa and 8.5MPa, respectively, when the gas cooler outlet temperature is 60℃ and the gas injection ratio is 0.4.

The stability of dense gas-solid jet in two-dimensional nozzle was studied by using a high-speed camera. Effects of particle diameter, hopper pressure and nozzle convergence angle on the jet flow pattern and stability were investigated. Results showed that for the gas-solid jet with a particle diameter of 78μm, the velocity of gas-solid jet increases with the hopper pressure, and the solid fraction of gas-solid jet decreases. An unsteady bubble-type flow pattern appeared when the hopper pressure was equal or greater than 0.03MPa, the velocity of gas-solid jet was equal or greater than 4.82m/s, and the solid fraction of gas-solid jet was equal or less than 0.168. With the increase of particle diameter, solid fraction of gas-solid jet decreases, and dense gas-solid jet transforms from bubble-type to particle cluster unsteady flow pattern. There is little effect on the jet flow of unsteady pattern when the nozzle convergence angles change. Micro pressure sensors were used to measure the pressure at different positions in the nozzle, and results revealed that the pressure pulsation is mainly caused by the formation and evolution of bubbles and particle clusters. Current study shows that with the increase of the hopper pressure, the fraction of gas permeating into the gas-solid jet increases during the downward movement of the particles in the nozzle, which will lead to the enhancement of the gas-solid interaction in the nozzle, and then cause the instability of the gas-solid jet.

Coal-fired cogeneration units play a vital role in the coordination and conversion of electric energy and thermal energy, which will remain the main heat source for winter heating in northern China for some time to come. In this paper, a cogeneration system scheme including power plant side and heat station side was constructed, and the unit back pressure, supply thermoelectric ratio, steam and water system exergy efficiency, heat network heat exchanger entransy efficiency, unit power generation and heat network pump power under variable operating conditions and the change of heating power and water supply temperature alone were studied. Furthermore, this paper created a method of electric heating price ratio to measure the overall economic benefits of two combined heat and power units, and finally through the hot network water mass flow, thermoelectric ratio, back pressure, coagulation ratio and power generation coal consumption rate indicators to compare the new program with the traditional cogeneration program. The results showed that for the cogeneration unit, the thermodynamic parameters of the system show different rules with the working conditions, heating load and water supply temperature. The newly proposed electric heating price ratio method can provide operational decision and benefit prediction planning for cogeneration units. The new scheme can significantly improve the system heating capacity and energy utilization efficiency by increasing the temperature difference between the heating and returning water networks. The coal consumption rate of power generation was reduced by 3.2—7.00 g/(kW·h), and the back pressure of the unit was reduced by 65.07%. Water flow in networks was reduced by 33.33%.

Antisolvent crystallization is an environmentally friendly and highly efficient crystallization method that plays an irreplaceable role in the fields of crystal production of thermosensitive substances and low solubility systems. However, the key problems of the conventional antisolvent crystallization include uncontrollable rapid nucleation and poor time and space uniformity of the supersaturation. In this work, we propose to use polyethersulfone(PES) organic hollow fiber membrane to provide a uniform and stable interface for mass transfer between the antisolvent and the crystallization solution, which can achieve accurate mass transfer mixing and process intensification. Antisolvent is uniformly permeated through the organic membrane under the pressure difference, and an antisolvent liquid film layer can be formed on the outer surface of the membrane. Through the liquid film renewal mechanism, the millimeter-scale macroscopic mixing is transformed into the submicron-scale micromixing, which can realize the uniform distribution of supersaturation. At the same time, the existence of the liquid film can prevent the membrane surface from directly contacting with the crystallization solution, effectively solving the problem of membrane fouling caused by heterogeneous nucleation adhesion. In the experiment, the permeate flux changes immediately and has a highly consistent linear response with the change of flow rate after a periodic change in the shell-side flow rate, confirming the accuracy and sensitivity of organic membrane to precisely control the mass transfer process. The PES hollow fiber membrane can remain stable performance on permeation rate after repeated use for more than 24 times. The crystal product obtained by the organic membrane control process has a more regular morphology and more concentrated particle size distribution than the conventional dropwise addition crystallization under the same antisolvent adding rate. Therefore, the antisolvent crystallization controlled by organic membrane has a stable performance on its precise mass transfer process and antifouling capabilities, which provides a new approach for the efficient industrial preparation of drug and macromolecular crystallization.

The organic wastewater contains various components. The well-developed coal-water slurry technology in China can treat high-concentration organic wastewater in coal chemical industry with high efficiency, low cost and resources utilization. At present, there are few studies on the preparation of coal-water slurry from various wastewaters. How to make coal-water slurry from various wastewaters with the optimum proportion is a very meaningful subject. In order to solve this problem, the influence of high-concentration organic wastewater on the performance of coal water slurry was studied. By using neural network technology, a set of expert system was designed, which can solve the optimal wastewater ratio and predict the concentration of wastewater coal slurry. This expert system can meet the requirements of enterprise production and improve the economic efficiency of enterprise. To verify the accuracy of expert system in predicting slurry concentration, 14 groups of experiments with different proportion of wastewater were carried out, and the actual experimental results were compared with the predicted results. The errors between the predicted values and the measured values are less than 10%, which have high reliability.

The Mn content in manganese malachite has an important influence on its subsequent evolution and the activity of Cu-Mn catalyst. A series of copper manganese co-precipitate were prepared by using a batch reactor and several different microreactors, and the effect of the mixing on the co-precipitation of Cu²⁺ and Mn²⁺ and the evolution of precipitate was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) and hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) were used for analyzing the structure of the precursors and catalysts. The results indicated that the limit Mn content in manganese malachite prepared by the microreactors with better mixing was about 25%, which was significantly higher than the value reported in the literature. The analysis of diffusion-reaction process revealed that as the mixing increased during the precipitation process, more manganese malachite with higher Mn content was formed in precursors. During the subsequent calcination, these precursors decomposed into mixed oxides with more Cu-Mn interfaces, leading to the preservation of more high-temperature carbonate. The catalysts prepared in flow pattern with excellent mixing had stronger Cu-Mn interaction and better catalytic performance.

Fructose is a high value-added sweetener. The high viscosity of its aqueous solution leads to slow crystal growth rate. High viscosity and nucleation can cause inaccurate measurements of conventional online and offline measurement methods. As a result, there is no reliable data to design and optimize the production process of the fructose industry. In this paper, the growth rate of fructose in aqueous solution with high viscosity was studied through viscosity, density and diffusion. Firstly, the viscosity of the fructose aqueous solution was measured by a rotary viscometer. The relationship among temperature, concentration and viscosity was correlated with an empirical model. Subsequently, the density of the fructose aqueous solution was determined by the pycnometer method, and the effects of temperature and concentration on the density of the solution were investigated. Based on the results of viscosity and density measurements, the free-volume model was used to predict the diffusion coefficient of fructose saturated aqueous solution and explore the key factors affecting the mass transfer of solute molecules. Finally, a diffusion-controlled growth model was adopted to predict the theoretical growth rate of fructose crystals. The results agreed with the actual growth rate determined by single crystal growth experiments. In addition, the study of diffusion control and crystal morphology indicated that the growth mechanism of fructose crystals belongs to spiral dislocation growth.

Fuel cell vehicle is regarded as the most promising new energy vehicle which can replace the conventional fossil fuel vehicle due to its high energy conversion efficiency, zero emission and low noise. At present, the operating temperature of fuel cell vehicle is lower than 80℃, which makes it face many problems, such as complex water management and CO poisoning. By increasing the operating temperature of PEMFC, these problems can be alleviated and the performance of fuel cells can be improved. However, some challenges are emerged during the operation in high temperature condition, such as membrane dehydration, catalyst agglomeration and slow cold start-up, therefore, it is necessary to analyze its problems and find solutions to promote the rapid development of high temperature fuel cell. In terms of specific power of stack, membrane electrode, bipolar plate, air intake method and humidification method, the article introduces the development status and existing problems of fuel cells, including thermal stability of Nafion membranes and catalysts, corrosion resistance of bipolar plates, gas distribution problems of flow field, optimization of air intake and humidification methods, and cold start problems. It is pointed out that the high temperature performance of Nafion film can be improved by doping hydrophilic oxides, Pt alloying and the use of mesoporous carbon can improve the catalyst stability and electrochemical activity, coated stainless steel metal bipolar plates can enhance corrosion resistance, new flow field structures such as 3D flow fields and increase of inlet temperature and velocity can improve gas uniformity, and self-humidification method can be used to simplify the stack structure to guide the further development of fuel cell vehicle.

A novel process combined cyclic CO₂ capture with hydration/dehydration for energy storage was proposed based on calcium looping of CaO. The effects of calcination and carbonation conditions during CO₂ capture on the heat storage performance of CaO were studied on a dual fix-bed reactor. In addition, the mutual effects of cyclic CO₂ capture and hydration/dehydration processes were investigated. The results show that the CaO after multiple CO₂ capture cycles possesses high heat storage capacity. After 10 cycles of CO₂ capture, the hydration conversion of CaO was 0.66mol/mol. The heat storage performance of CaO from CO₂ capture cycles under mild calcination condition was higher than that under severe calcination condition. The presence of steam in the carbonation atmosphere had no apparent effect on the heat storage performance of CaO from CO₂ capture cycles. The CO₂ capture and the hydration/dehydration processes can promote with each other. This process simultaneously achieves CO₂ capture and energy storage, and thus is quite promising for the industrial application.

Long chain alkylation is an important reaction for aromatics, which has wide applications in chemical production. Hydrofluoric acid and other catalysts used in the traditional catalytic process have the problems of high corrosion and high pollution, which is difficult to satisfy the environmentally friendly development needs of chemical industry. This paper points out that solid acid and ionic liquid catalysts are the key to the green transformation of the process, and then summarizes their research results, application status and main technical problems. The study also shows that both of them have high activity and selectivity for the long chain alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons, and the industrialized Detal process has adopted solid acid as the catalyst. However, both catalysts are prone to deactivation and the Detal process has a high operation cost, so it is necessary to carry out relevant researches in the future to improve the stability of the catalysts and reduce the energy and material consumption of the process.

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are natural clay compounds with unique physical structures and chemical properties. In this paper, halloysite (PHNTs)-supported gold nanoparticles were obtained by using purified and PDDA modified halloysite as carrier to support the pre-prepared sol with controlled gold size. The concentration and volume of the chloroauric acid were adjusted to achieve effective regulation of the supported gold size. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed that the gold nanoparticles were well-dispersed on PHNTs and the average sizes of the gold nanoparticles were below 2nm, 2—5nm, and over 5nm respectively. The liquid phase selective oxidation of cyclohexane was used as a model reaction, and the activity and the selectivity to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone using the prepared different-sized supported gold nanoparticles were evaluated. The results showed that PHNT_S-supported gold nanoparticles with sizes between 2nm to 5nm exhibited excellent catalytic activity and selectivity for the selective oxidation of cyclohexane at 170℃ and 2.0MPa for 2h, and the conversion of cyclohexane and selectivity for cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone achieved 10.29％ and 85.75% respectively, which is superior to the requirements of industrial catalysts. XPS characterization results showed that the gold particles with sizes of 2—5nm mainly existed as Au⁰.

Thermo-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) was grown on graphene oxide (GO) with ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator to prepar the composite GO-PNIPAM, which was further employed to support Pd catalyst (Pd/GO-PNIPAM). The GO-PNIPAM and its supported Pd catalyst were characterized by FTIR, DSC, TG, OEA, TEM and ICP-AES. The results showed that 60% of the PNIPAM had grafted on GO. The GO-PNIPAM exhibited obvious thermoresponsive effect and its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was about 37℃. The Pd particles deposited on the Pd/GO-PNIPAM had smaller size (4.70nm±0.85nm) than those on Pd/GO (8.79nm±2.68nm) because the graft of PNIPAM on GO provided a great number of anchoring sites for the dispersion of Pd nanoparticles. The Pd/GO-PNIPAM showed excellent catalytic activity in the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) at high temperature (80℃) and the initial TOF was 192.3min^-1, higher than that of Pd/GO (about 103.5min^-1). The good Pd dispersion of Pd/GO-PNIPAM as well as its great adsorption ability to reactants at high temperature jointly resulted in an enhancement to the catalytic activity.

CuNi bimetallic nanocrystals were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method with hydrazide hydrate as reductant, and the effects of hydrothermal synthesis temperature and surfactants (EDA, PVP and CTAB) on the morphology of the CuNi nanocrystals were investigated. With the increase of temperature from 60℃ to 150℃, the reduction of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ were accelerated, which was beneficial to the formation of Cu@Ni core-shell structure. When the hydrothermal temperatures were 120℃ and 150℃ respectively and EDA was used as surfactant, the CuNi bimetallic nanocrystals with flower-like and urchin-like morphologies were obtained accordingly. In addition, the Pt/CuNi tri-metallic catalysts were synthesized via the galvanic replacement reaction by using the CuNi nanocrystals as support. The characterization results of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) mapping confirmed that the nanostructure of the Pt/CuNi catalysts was Pt nanoclusters in the form of small islands supported on the CuNi nanocrystals. Furthermore, the surface of the Pt/CuNi-120-EDA catalyst (synthesized at 120℃ with EDA as the surfactant) had abundant defects and active sites, showing the highest catalytic activity in cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation with the yield to phenyl propanol reaching 100% at 80℃.

The metal organic framework Cu-BTC was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, and then metal oxides (Fe, Mn, Ce, Co, Mo) were supported on Cu-BTC by impregnation method to obtain composite catalysts (X/Cu-BTC) which were then used for simultaneously remove SO₂ and NO from the simulated flue gas. The physical and chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by N₂ physical adsorption (BET), X-ray diffraction(XRD), thermal gravimetric analyzer(TG), and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The results showed that the loading of MnO_x decreased the specific surface area and pore volume, but did not change the structure of the catalyst. At the same time, the performance of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification of Cu-BTC supported by different metal oxides was investigated and Mn/Cu-BTC had the best denitrification efficiency, followed by Ce/Cu-BTC. Finally, the loading of MnO_x and CeO_x was investigated. 10%Mn/Cu-BTC and 10%Ce/Cu-BTC were found to be the optimal loadings. The desulfurization and denitration efficiencies of 10%Mn/Cu-BTC were 100% and 88%, respectively, while those of 10%Ce/Cu-BTC were 100% and 75%, respectively. It is indicated that the Mn/Cu-BTC catalyst had a better simultaneous removal performance on SO₂ and NO.

Catalytic conversion was an important approach to obtain high-value mono phenolic chemicals from lignin and Ni-P composite modified HZSM-5 mesoporous catalyst was prepared. The effects of catalyst type, metal loading, reaction temperature, reaction time and hydrogen-donor solvent on the catalytic degradation of lignin to prepare phenolic compounds were investigated. The catalysts and liquid products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area and pore size distribution analysis (BET), chemical adsorption analysis (NH₃-TPD), thermogravimetric analysis(TG) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/MS). The deactivation mechanism and regeneration properties of the catalysts were also discussed. The results showed that P and Ni were highly dispersed on the surface of HZSM-5. The addition of Ni effectively weakened the bond of CC bond, resulting in the cracking of β-O-4 and α-O-4 bonds, and effectively improved the activity of lignin hydrodepolymerization and reduced the formation of coke. However, the thermal stability of the regenerated catalyst was poor and the reusability was unsatisfactory. When methanol was used as hydrogen donor, the reaction temperature was 220℃, hydrogen pressure was 2MPa, reaction time was 8h, catalyst loading was 10%, and NaOH was used as co-catalyst, the conversion of lignin was 98.6%, and the content of phenolic compounds reached 74.97%. Phenol, guaiacol and syringol were the main products, and low temperature promoted the formation of syringol.

Room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) as a new type of green solvent have garnered sustained research interest in the synthesis of nanomaterials as their unique structures offer many distinct advantages, such as good thermal stability, negligible vapor pressures and strong solubility, etc. In this paper, combining some typical examples, the recent developments in using ILs for the preparation of nanomaterials as well as their related applications were reviewed. Typically, ILs serving as solvents, e.g. reaction media and surfactant, as template agents, e.g. micelles, vesicles, and liquid crystal gels, and as reactants, e.g. reductants and reaction components in a reaction, as well as their special applications as microemulsions in the preparation of nanomaterials were summarized. Finally, some perspectives in applying ILs for future development of nanomaterial synthesis were discussed.

Diatomite-based magnetic composites have large specific surface area and good corrosion resistance. It has both photoelectric and electro-magnetic properties，and widely used as adsorbent, catalyst and wave absorbing substrate in environmental, biological, photoelectric and catalytic engineering. Due to the diversity of its magnetic components, diatomite matrix composites have different performance evaluation. Because of the chemical and physical changes on the surface of diatomite due to the composite of magnetic components, different preparation methods are needed. These problems need to be summarized and sorted out. In this paper, diatomite based magnetic composites were classified according to their magnetic components. The latest research progress of diatomite based magnetic composites in recent years was reviewed. The influence of surface, structure, activity mechanism and preparation method on the properties of diatomite based magnetic composites were discussed. Finally, the new progress of composite materials was introduced according to different application fields. The analysis showed that the adsorption properties of the natural porous structure of diatomite based magnetic composite, combined with the magneto-optical properties of the semiconductor, improved the comprehensive properties. Spinel ferrite - diatomite had better performance in photocatalysis and wave absorption and had a wide application prospect.

The latent heat energy storage system has the advantages of high heat storage density, stable working temperature and simple process. Phase change materials can be used in buildings in a variety of ways because they can store and release energy by utilizing their endothermic/exothermic properties, thereby increasing the utilization of renewable energy. Studies have shown that latent heat storage units can effectively reduce indoor temperature fluctuations, improve indoor thermal comfort, and reduce building energy consumption. Based on the applications of phase change materials in walls, roofs, floors and windows of buildings, this paper reviews the research status of passive energy-saving applications of phase-change materials in buildings in recent years. The characteristics of phase change materials suitable for buildings, methods for optimizing the thermal properties of phase change materials, the principle of phase change heat storage technology to regulate the indoor thermal environment, and the energy saving effects of phase change materials are introduced. Future research should focus on the development of high-performance phase change materials, the simplification of the composite processes, and the comprehensive assessment of indoor thermal environment.

In recent years, flexible sensors have been widely applied. Compared with traditional processing methods such as coating and deposition, 3D printing technology can be used to produce sensors with complex three-dimensional functional structure. Combining 3D printing with flexible sensing technology can promote the development of biomedical and artificial intelligence in the future.This paper introduces the latest developments in the manufacture of flexible sensors based on 3D printing technology at home and abroad, including a variety of substrate materials such as polyimide, printing sensing materials such as nano metal. According to the manufacturing principles of fused deposition, viscoelastic ink deposition, powder sintering, reduction photopolymerization and material ejection, the material selection, molding characteristics and the manufacturing methods are summarized and analyzed. Although 3D printing manufacturing flexible sensor devices has a lack of industry standards and a variety of printing materials and so on, 3D printing will become an excellent manufacturing method in the field of flexible sensing through continuous innovation and development.

Porous NiMn₂O₄ nanoflowers and NiMn₂O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized by solvothermal method with urea and ammonia as the precipitant agent， respectively. Physical phase, morphology and pore size distribution of the NiMn₂O₄ products were analyzed by XRD, SEM, TEM and N₂ adsorption-desorption. The electrochemical performance was tested by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effects of precipitant on the morphology, microstructure and electrochemical properties of the NiMn₂O₄ materials were studied. The results showed that NiMn₂O₄ with urea as precipitant agent had flower-shaped structures with diameters of several microns that was composed of nanosheets, whose thickness and specific surface area were about 50—60nm and 104m²/g, respectively. The specific capacitance of NiMn₂O₄ nanoflower was 1614F/g at 1A/g and still maintained 89% specific capacitance after galvanostatic charge-discharge 1000 cycles at 5A/g. On the other hand, the porous NiMn₂O₄ using ammonia as precipitant agent has nanoparticles structure with a diameter of about 30nm, and the agglomeration among particles was severe, with the specific surface area of 91m²/g. The specific capacitance of NiMn₂O₄ nanoparticles was 1147F/g at 1A/g and maintained 80% after 1000 charge-discharge cycles at 5A/g. The NiMn₂O₄ nanoflowers shows superior supercapacitor performance.

To reduce the dielectric loss of graphene oxide (GO)/PVDF(polyvinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites, the tannic acid-iron complexes(TA-Fe) was used to modify the surface of pristine GO, and the modified GO was employed as filler to reinforce PVDF. The effects of GO@TA-Fe on the microstructures and dielectric properties of the PVDF nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that the introduction of the TA-Fe interface layer improved the interfacial compatibility and interactions between the GO and PVDF matrix, promoting the GO homogeneous dispersion in the matrix. The use of TA-Fe interface layer rapidly decreased the dielectric loss and leakage current of the composites because the TA-Fe interface layer effectively prevented direct contact between the GO nanosheets, thus suppressing the leakage current. Further, the TA-Fe dosage had significant effect on the dielectric properties of nanocomposites. The dielectric loss and conductivity decreased remarkably with an increase in TA-Fe loading. The 2% GO@TA-Fe/PVDF exhibited a high permittivity of 1000 at 100Hz and a very low loss of 0.08 compare with 19.8 for the mass fraction 2% GO/PVDF. The prepared flexible GO@TA-Fe/PVDF nanocomposites with high dielectric constant and low loss had potential applications in the field of electronic devices and power equipment.

To overcome the poor visible light response of TiO₂ and improve its photocatalytic activity, Au/TiO₂ composite photocatalysts were prepared by deposit-precipitation method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV-vis DRS) and fluorescence emission spectrum. The results of XRD, FTIR and XPS showed that TiO₂ in Au/TiO₂ was anatase phase and zero-valence Au was successfully deposited on TiO₂. The results of UV-vis DRS and fluorescence emission spectrum indicated that appropriate amount of Au modification could not only improve the absorption of visible light by TiO₂, but also promote the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs of TiO₂, which was conducive to enhance its photocatalytic activity. Free radical capture experiments confirmed that the amount of ·OH formed was proportional to the irradiation time, and the more ·OH formed, the higher the photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic killing effects of Au/TiO₂ and TiO₂ on Escherichia coli irradiated by xenon lamp were compared. The influences of Au load, illumination time, illumination intensity and photocatalyst concentration on the sterilization performance were discussed. The results showed that the photocatalytic sterilization activity of Au/TiO₂ was better than that of TiO₂, and it was proportional to the illumination time and illumination intensity. The optimum loading of Au was 3% (mass fraction). Under the conditions of 60min illumination time, 7mW/cm² illumination intensity and 100 μg/mL photocatalyst concentration, the photocatalytic sterilization efficiency of 3%Au/TiO₂ reached 91.3%.

Graphitic carbon nitride is a low-cost and accessible photocatalyst with visible light-responsive region. However, low specific surface area and fast recombination of photogenerated carriers limit its practical application. To overcome the above defects of traditional carbon nitride, the urea and melamine were employed to prepare precursors by hydrothermal pretreatment. After that, amino-modified sheet-like carbon nitride was successfully synthesized by calcinating the precursors with high-temperature. The crystal lattice structure, morphology and other properties of the sample were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and so on. The results showed that the specific surface area was increased and the photocarrier recombination rate was decreased significantly after the introduction of amino groups into the sheet-like carbon nitride. In order to test the performance of the photocatalytic materials, Rhodamine B and nonylphenol were identified as the target pollutants. The removal rates of Rhodamine B and nonylphenol with amino-modified sheet-like carbon nitride were 80.69% and 50.7%, respectively, which was 2.5 and 2.2 times higher than that of traditional bulk carbon nitride, and 1.3 and 1.2 times higher than that of unmodified sheet-like carbon nitride, respectively. In addition, after five times cycle, the amino-modified sheet-like carbon nitride still possessed high photocatalytic activity. In summary, the photocatalytic performance of amino-modified sheet-like carbon nitride was significantly improved.

For improving the adhesion of down-conversion nanoparticles NaYF₄:Yb³⁺ to protein fibers, the nanoparticles were coated via the hydrolysis of gamma-mercaptopropyl triethoxysilane, then the products were oxidized by acetic acid-hydrogen peroxide. The morphology and composition of reactions products of the various steps were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) were used to characterise the phase structure and infrared emission performance of samples, respectively. The result revealed that the layer on the surface of nanoparticles NaYF₄:Yb³⁺ was thickening with the increase of MPTES. When the volume of MPTES reached 1.5mL, the thickening of the coating was not obvious. The FTIR spectra of the products showed that the surface of the nanoparticles formed a thioglylated silica layer, and the thiohydro group was oxidized in situ to sulfonic group by acetic acid-hydrogen peroxide. The XPS spectrum confirmed that the oxidized products had only high-valence (+4) and no low-valence (-2) sulfur element. Finally, the spectra of XRD and PL indicated that the coating and oxidation modification had no effect on the crystalline phases of nanoparticles NaYF₄:Yb³⁺. The down-conversion emission strength of the coated product increased significantly due to the reduction of surface defects.

Nonlinear optical glasses can be used in high-speed optical switch, optical memory, new optical fibers, optical operational elements and so on, so the research on non-linear optical glass has attracted great attention of scientists and technicians all over the world. In this paper, four groups of glasses (85-x) B₂O₃-15K₂O-xSb₂O₃ (x=70, 75, 80, 85) were prepared by melt quenching method. The density, refractive index, thermal properties, Raman spectra and absorption spectra of the samples were measured. The direct and indirect allowed band gaps and Urbach energy were calculated by the absorption spectra of the samples. The results showed that with the increase of Sb₂O₃ content, the density of glass sample increased from 4.445g/cm³ to 4.767g/cm³, the refractive index increased from 1.9438 to 2.0058, the glass transition temperature decreased from 291℃ to 260℃, the crystallization temperature of glass decreases from 463℃ to 370℃, the direct optical band gap decreased from 3.2775eV to 3.1379eV, the indirect optical band gap decreased from 3.1444eV to 3.0256eV and the Urbach energy decreased from 0.137eV to 0.107eV. It was concluded that Sb₂O₃-K₂O-B₂O₃ system glass can be used as one of the new non-linear optical glass candidates.

A MWCNTs-OH modified C₃₆ dimer fatty acid-based flexible unsaturated polyester resin was prepared through the in-situ polymerization method. The aim of this study was to find a suitable nanofiller for UPR to improve the mechanical properties of DFA/UPR. The material structure, morphology of the tensile fracture surface, and elemental composition of the fracture surface were analyzed by FTIR and SEM. It was found that MWCNTs-OH grafted onto the DFA/UPR backbone by chemical bonds, and the material exhibited ductile fracture. The effects of the loading of MWCNTs-OH on the thermal stability, mechanical property and solvent resistance of the material were investigated using TGA, tensile analysis, flexural analysis, hardness analysis and solvent resistance analysis. The results indicated that compared to DFA/UPR, the material in the mass fraction of 0.6% MWCNTs-OH showed the optimum property, the tensile strength, elasticity modulus, elongation-at-break and flexural strength increased by 78.94%, 111.02%, 16.38%, and 70.03%, respectively, and the solvent resistance and thermal stability of the resin were effectively improved.

LaFeO₃ and LaFe_0.75X_0.25O₃ (X=Co/Cr/Mn) samples were prepared via a high temperature solid phase sintering method. The samples were characterized through XRD, FTIR, SEM and XPS at the same time. The electronic band structure and optical properties of these samples were calculated using the CASTEP module. The results showed that the lattice was distorted, and the lattice symmetry was reduced after doping Co/Cr/Mn ions. The emissivity in the range of near-mid-infrared was as following: Mn-doped＞Co-doped＞Cr-doped＞pure LaFeO₃. The emissivity of LaFe_0.75Mn_0.25O₃ was 0.8722 and 0.6755 in the 0.2～2.5μm and 2.5～5μm bands, respectively, which were much bigger than that of pure LaFeO₃ with approximately 0.5 in the near-mid-infrared band. The mechanism of improvements in emission performance was analyzed. By doping Mn ions, the small Mn³⁺?Mn⁴⁺ hopping polaron with low activation energy was generated, electron-oxygen vacancy carrier absorption was enhanced, and the lattice distortion of Mn-doped sample caused an increase in the vibration absorption. The first-principles calculation results revealed that the forbidden band width of LaFeO₃ doped with Mn/Cr/Co were 0.793eV, 2.406eV and 1.722eV, respectively, all lower than 3.818eV of pure LaFeO₃. Combining with the analysis of state density calculation results, it was mainly because Mn3d, Cr3d, Co3d and O2p orbitals were hybridized to form impurity levels. Also, the orbitals of Mn3d, Cr3d and Co3d occurred state density peaks in the conduction band, where peak positions were much closer to the Fermi energy level than that of LaFeO₃, which shorten the gap width between valence band top and conduction band bottom. The LaFe_0.75Mn_0.25O₃ had good radiation performance in the near-mid-infrared region and showed potential for application in a high-temperature furnace.

Taking the Limonite high manganese laterite ore as the research object, Ni and Co were extracted by microwave pretreatment-acid leaching process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were used to characterize the phase composition and the occurrence state of Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and other major elements in ore samples. The effects of sulfuric acid concentration, leaching time and leaching temperature on the leaching effect of Ni and Co in microwave pretreatment ore samples were studied. The results showed that the nickel-cobalt grade in the ore sample was high but the phase structure was complex. Ni was mainly present in the form of NiMn₃O₇·3H₂O with Mn. Co was associated with goethite and basic manganese oxide. Under optimal leaching conditions with sulfuric acid concentration 300g/L, leaching time 5h, leaching temperature 90℃, liquid-solid ratio (mL/g) 6∶1 and stirring speed 280r/min, Ni and Co leaching rates were reached 95.4% and 97.1%, respectively. Compared to the non-microwave treated ore sample under the same leaching conditions, Ni and Co leaching rates increased by 69.4% and 70.1%, respectively. achieving high-efficiency leaching of nickel-cobalt. Comparing the XRD patterns of the ore samples before and after microwave treatment, it was found that the phase structure of Ni, Fe and Mn in the minerals changed significantly under the action of microwave, which was beneficial to the Ni and Co acid leaching reactions.

The effects of three conventional synthetic methods using toluene as the solvent, acetonitrile as the solvent and solvent-free conditions on the yield of 1,3-bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-imidazolium chloride were compared, it was considered that the higher the solvent polarity and the higher the reaction temperature, the better the reaction. At the same time, 1,3-bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-imidazolium chloride was synthesized by microwave irradiation for the first time, and the effects of microwave irradiation power, time and feed ratio on product yield were examined. The synthesis of 1,3-bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-imidazolium chloride under microwave irradiation had the advantages of short reaction time, high yield, no need for organic solvents and convenient operation compared with the conventional synthesis methods. This study provided a new method for the rapid and efficient synthesis of 1,3-bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-imidazolium chloride and a new idea for the synthesis of other similar silanyl precursors.

Aiming at the complexity of the traditional flow confocal method in the two-phase flow injection and the large external packaging volume, this paper studies the related technology of micro-droplet generation in capillary tubes. With the commercial T-tube, a droplet generation method based on T-shaped cocurrent focusing structure is proposed. This method not only simplifies the injection structure of two-phase flow, but also solves the problem of difficult packaging, and is convenient for the further research on the relevant parameters of the droplet generation. For the relevant parameters of droplet formation, this paper deeply studies the relationship among droplet size, flow rate ratio and generation frequency in droplet formation. The influences of flow rate ratio, outlet cone angle and outlet diameter on the uniformity of the droplets are studied by orthogonal test. The order of the influence is: cone angle＞flow rate ratio＞outlet tube diameter. Under the condition of the optimal parameter: cone angle of 4°, the flow rate ratio of 190∶1, and the outlet pipe diameter of 72μm, the average volume of the generated droplets is 8.3nL, the generation frequency is 0.7Hz, and the uniformity is 0.011.

Microemulsions and aqueous solution were prepared using biosurfactant sophorolipid, and treatment and crude oil recovery simulation experiments on oily soil were carried out. By comparison, the results showed that the effect of micro-emulsion of sophorolipid was better than that of aqueous solution on the removal of crude oil from oily soil. The effects of sophorolipid, NaCl and glycerol contents on de-oiling effect were investigated, and three formulations of micro-emulsion were screened out. By comparing the original crude oil and soil with the recovered crude oil and soil samples by three kinds of micro-emulsion, it was found that the pH of the recovered soil was slightly higher, the volume fraction of clay decreased, and the zeta potential did not change significantly, indicating that the microemulsion treatment had little influence on the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The recovered crude oil had higher saturation fraction, lower aromatic, resin and asphaltene content, higher ash content, higher density and lower viscosity, which indicated that recovery had certain economic value. Experiments on effects of temperature and recycling were carried out using the selected three types of microemulsions formula. The results showed that with the increase of temperature, the removal rate of crude oil from crude oil contaminated soil increased first and then stabilized. After the microemulsion was recycled five times, the crude oil removal rate was still above 60%. The most stable microemulsion formula for the de-oiling of crude oil contaminated soil was: w(sophorolipid)=10%, w(glycerol)=3.5%, w(NaCl)=2.5%, and w(diesel)=19.2%.

Heavy metals are noxious and nondegradable, which pose a threat to the ecological environment and biodiversity, and even endanger human health. There are many methods to treat heavy metal wastewater, among which electrochemical method is an important cleaner technology. The electrochemical method has a wide range of applications and can effectively remove and recover heavy metal ions from wastewater. Focusing on electrodeposition technology, in this paper, its reaction principle and mass transfer mechanism in the process of heavy metal wastewater treatment were introduced, and then the main factors affecting the efficiency of heavy metal wastewater treatment, such as electrode material, voltage, temperature, pH, current density, current form, and electrodeposition time were elaborated. Besides, the applications of electrodeposition technology in heavy metal wastewater treatment were summarized. The important development areas of heavy metal wastewater treatment by electrodeposition were pointed out, such as the three-dimensional electrode and new electrode materials, the energy efficiency, and the separation of different heavy metal ions, which provides a guidance for the treatment of heavy metal wastewater and makes some suggestions for the research and application of electrodeposition process.

Fe nanoparticles (zero-valent iron and iron oxide) have been regarded as an excellent type of environmental functional material with enormous surface area, outstanding reduction property and high reaction activity. However, in the common synthesis methods of Fe nanoparticles, the physical method usually requires extensive use of equipment for the reaction, and the reducing agent used in the chemical method is toxic, while the green synthesis method can effectively overcome the deficiencies of the conventional method. In this paper, methods were first introduced based on green synthesis of nanoscale zerovalent iron particles (nZVI) and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) by plants and microorganisms in terms of the synthetic route and the type of Fe nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the characteristics (e.g. morphology, size, aggregation tendency, point of zero charges) of the prepared Fe nanoparticles were also discussed. Subsequently, the application of Fe nanoparticles to remove environmental organic and inorganic pollutants (e.g., dyes, aromatic compounds, nitrate, heavy metals) by different reaction mechanisms (adsorption, reduction, catalytic oxidation) was summarized. Finally, the existing challenges in the process of green synthesis and practical application of Fe nanoparticles and their solutions were pointed out, to provide a reference for the future research and large-scale industrial production of Fe nanoparticles.

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) technology, which has the advantages of rapid reaction, simple device configuration and wide adaptability, has attracted much attention in the process of low concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) treatment. In this paper, the use of DBD alone and DBD synergistic catalysis were summarized, respectively. Firstly, the current situation of plasma power source and plasma generator used in DBD process was briefly introduced. And the influence of gas properties on VOCs degradation was described. Secondly, two patterns of DBD synergistic catalysis (in plasma-catalysis and post plasma-catalysis) are presented. The mechanism of employing different catalysts to enhance VOCs removal performance, improve energy efficiency, and inhibit the formation of by-products was clarified. Finally, the key problems in DBD process in low concentrations of VOCs treatment are indicated. The future research directions were also proposed, i.e., the interfacial reaction mechanism of VOCs in plasma catalytic systems, the enhancement of carbon deposition resistance of catalysts, high-efficiency catalysts development for multi-component VOCs.

Indoor and vehicle air pollution has a great impact on human health and is often labeled as a “hidden killer”. Air purification is an effective means to control air pollutants, and the filter in air purifier is the key part, which has a great impact on the purification efficiency and the stability of air purifier under complex pollution conditions. This review starts with the introduction of the sources of the main indoor and in-car air pollutants, and defines the main problems to treat. Then, according to the working principles of purification filters, it introduces the main indoor and vehicle air purifier filters in the market, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of primary and medium efficiency filter, high efficiency filter, traditional activated carbon filter, load activated carbon filter, electrostatic dust collection filter, precious metal catalytic filter, non-precious metal catalytic filter, photocatalyst filter, plasma filter and multi-function filter. Finally, the development trend of the filter in the future is put forward, including HEPA filter, manganese-based room temperature catalytic material, low temperature plasma material, multi-functional filter and multi-technology collaborative purification filter.

Partial denitrification is considered to be the most potential anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) substrate supply technology due to its advantages of comparative low carbon consumption, waste sludge production, greenhouse gas emissions and no aeration, and has become a research hotspot in recent years. Firstly, the principle of partial denitrification process is introduced. Secondly, the start-up factors affecting partial denitrification process are summarized from five aspects: sludge source, reaction time, carbon source type, carbon source quantity and pH. Then, the important research progress of partial denitrification coupled Anammox process is summarized, and the shortcomings of experimental research and engineering application of the coupling process are pointed out, and the solutions to the defects of experimental and engineering application were proposed. Finally, the feasibility and application prospect of the coupling process for the treatment of municipal wastewater and industrial nitrate wastewater are prospected. It’s considered that comprehensive analysis of chemical components of industrial nitrate wastewater, metagenomics sequencing and meta transcriptomics technology based on molecular biology level will be the focus of future research on simultaneous treatment of municipal wastewater and industrial nitrate wastewater by coupling process.

Protein is the main organic component in sludge (50%―60% of organic matters) and mainly contributes to biogas production during anaerobic digestion (AD) of sludge. The promotion of protein degradation determines the increase in AD efficiency of sludge and can enhance the dewatering performance of sludge. Firstly, the anaerobic conversion mechanism of protein is summarized. The AD of protein mainly includes two important steps: protein hydrolysis and amino acids metabolism. The structure and amino acids composition of protein will determine its anaerobic conversion performance. Secondly, the influencing factors of anaerobic conversion of protein, including protein source, other organic matters in sludge such as polysaccharides, inorganic substances such as grits and metal ions, as well as metabolites such as ammonia nitrogen are summarized. On this basis, the promotion of anaerobic conversion of protein in sludge is summarized. Destruction of protein conformation, secondary structure and hydrogen bond network will effectively enhance its anaerobic conversion performance, and high temperature thermal hydrolysis technology can be effective and has been widely applied. Finally, a systematic review of the leading analytical methods for proteinaceous materials in sludge including amino acid determination methods, fluorescence spectroscopy and macro-proteomics is conducted. By clarifying the anaerobic conversion mechanism and limiting factors of proteinaceous materials in sludge, the AD of sludge can be strengthened, thereby improving the nitrogen circulation theory during AD of sludge. And the subsequent dewatering performance could also be improved from the view of the hydrophilic substance.

The disk-tube nanofiltration membrane was used for advanced treatment of the domestic water, while the effects of various operating conditions on the component separation performance and outflow water quality were evaluated. The optimal operating conditions were found at 1MPa operating pressure, inlet water temperature above 25℃, and minimum concentrated water flow of 300L/h. The analysis of the raw water quality can effectively predict the pollutant composition and membrane fouling. The design of the pretreatment system and the selection of a suitable cleaning scheme were proposed. The experiment data were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, EDS, infrared and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. As shown in the results, the membrane pollution from the inlet to the outlet end was gradually aggravated, in which the pollutant components were mainly organic pollution and contained inorganic impurities precipitated and crystallized by insoluble salts and a certain degree of biological pollution. Therefore, the study on the membrane fouling characteristics of the disk-tube nanofiltration membrane in domestic water treatment by analyzing the causes of pollution found that the insoluble salt precipitates on the membrane surface with the increase of concentration to form inorganic scale, a large number of organic substances adsorb on the membrane surface to form organic sludge layer, and the microorganisms or bacteria in water breed on the membrane surface to cause biological pollution. The order of pollution formation was that organic pollution would first form on the surface of the membrane, followed by the formation of inorganic fouling, and interaction would occur, resulting in a decrease in membrane flux and a deterioration in water quality. This research explored the contamination characteristics of disk-tube nanofiltration membrane components by means of pilot tests, providing a basis for the efficient use of this novel membrane elements and effective control of membrane fouling in real application.

Traditional waste plastic film recycle method is highly expensive due to the involved washing and drying operations, and the properties of recycled plastic material is poor. Therefore, in this research a method was developed to recycle unwashed waste plastic film by producing sisal fiber enhanced waste polyethylene composites. The waste polyethylene film containing red soil was filled with sisal fiber and then the composite was prepared by extrusion and injection molding process. The effect of red soil and sisal fiber on the property of recovered composite was analyzed. The results showed that the tensile modulus, hardness and heat resistance temperature of the composites containing red soil only were improved by 34.4%, 41.3% and 33.1%, respectively. Owing to poor interfacial bond between red soil and plastic matrix, a slight decrease in tensile strength, flexural properties and impact strength of the composites containing red soil only were observed, indicating that contamination with red soil deteriorates the strength and toughness of the waste plastic based composites, but could improve the modulus and heat resistance temperature of the composites. The presence of sisal fiber obviously improved the strength and toughness of waste plastic film contaminated by red soil. The mechanical properties of the composites increased more obviously with the increase of sisal fiber content. When the content of sisal fiber exceeded a certain value, the porosity was introduced into the composites and the dispersion degree of sisal fiber was reduced, followed by sisal aggregates simultaneously, which led to the decrease of mechanical properties of the composites.

The migration and transformation of phosphorus in sewage sludge and its derived hydrochar during the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process has been investigated using standards, measurements, and testing (SMT) protocol, combining with X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The results showed that the organic phosphorus (OP) in the dried sewage sludge almost transformed to inorganic phosphorus (IP) following HTC treatment. Within the experimental conditions, the phosphorus was concentrated in the hydrochar in terms of its recovery rate R_TP＞70% and presented as IP after HTC. Both extending the HTC duration and increasing the HTC temperature could make the contents of IP and non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) rise gradually. Furthermore, the HTC temperature had greater influence on their contents than the HTC duration did. The HTC duration had little effect on the content of apatite phosphorus (AP) while the impact of HTC temperature on AP content was significant. XRD patterns showed that the sewage sludge dried at 105℃ mainly contained aluminum phosphate and ferric phosphate. During the HTC process, pyrophosphate could convert to orthophosphate. The phosphorus in the hydrochar was mainly in the most stable forms of orthophosphate after HTC treatment. The results described here can provide new insights into the phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge.

Aqueous 2-(2-aminoethylamino) ethanol (AEE) solution is an efficient CO₂ absorbent with a high CO₂ capacity of 1.2molCO₂/molAEE, high CO₂ reaction rate and stable chemical properties. However, the application of this technology is affected by low CO₂ desorption rate and desorption loading (0.8 molCO₂/molAEE). Modified titanium oxides were found to be able to enhance desorption of AEE aqueous solution at the mass fraction of 0.05%～0.20%. Based on absorption (40℃)-desorption (120℃) experiment results, the performance of modified titanium oxides (TiO₂-MWCNT＞TiO₂-OH) was superior to TiO₂ that has been reported. The maximum desorption rates of AEE added with TiO₂-MWCNT and TiO₂-OH were 0.093L/min (0.15%) and 0.083L/min (0.20%), respectively. Compared with pure aqueous AEE solution, the increase of AEE desorption rate with TiO₂-MWCNT and TiO₂-OH is 32.9% and 18.6%, respectively. The desorption amounts were 0.92molCO₂/molAEE (0.15%) and 0.88molCO₂/molAEE (0.20%), which increased by 12.2% and 9.7%, respectively. The cyclic absorption capacity were 0.95 molCO₂/molAEE (0.15%) and 0.89molCO₂/molAEE (0.15%), which increased by 18.75% and 11.25%, respectively. Five cycle absorption and desorption results showed that the enhancement is durable, which demonstrates stable chemical properties of modified TiO₂. The modified TiO₂ was characterized by XRD, BET, FTIR and SEM after reaction, which showed stable structure. Above all, TiO₂-MWCNT and TiO₂-OH are potential to be applied to enhancing CO₂ desorption from aqueous AEE solution in industry.