Research and application progress in the technology of water softening by ion exchange

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-1084

Abstract

Abstract:

Ion exchange method is one of most common technology of water softening, which removes water hardness based on reversible ion exchange reaction and is a typical special separation process. Firstly, the basic principle behind water softening by ion exchange resin is explained. Secondly, research and application progress of the technology is introduced. Finally, for solving the problems exposed by practical applications of the technology , feasible methods and suggestions are proposed.

Key words: ion exchange, resin, softening, domestic water, salty wastewater, Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ removal

摘要：

离子交换法是目前最常见的水软化技术之一，其基于可逆的离子交换反应将溶液中的硬度离子选择性去除，属于典型的特种分离过程。本文介绍并总结了离子交换水软化的基本原理、水软化用离子交换树脂的结构和分类、离子交换水软化技术研究和应用，并针对离子交换水软化存在的问题提出了相应的解决思路。

关键词: 离子交换, 树脂, 软化, 生活用水, 含盐废水, Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺去除

CLC Number:

TU991

Yong XU, Qingbai CHEN, Jianyou WANG. Research and application progress in the technology of water softening by ion exchange[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2020, 39(S2): 319-328.

徐勇, 陈青柏, 王建友. 离子交换水软化技术研究与应用进展[J]. 化工进展, 2020, 39(S2): 319-328.

Figures/Tables 8

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树脂名称	树脂类型	功能基团	出厂型态	含水率 /%	湿视密度 /g·mL^-1	湿真密度 /g·mL^-1	粒径范围 /mm	质量交换容量 /mmol·g^-1	体积交换容量 /mmol·mL^-1	制造商
D001	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	45～50	0.77～0.85	1.25～1.28	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥2.17	≥0.90	苏青（SUQING）
D001H	大孔强酸	磺酸基	氢型	48～58	0.74～0.80	1.16～1.24	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥2.40	≥0.85
112	凝胶弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	40～50	0.72～0.82	1.15～1.25	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥5.00	≥2.15
D113	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	45～52	0.72～0.80	1.14～1.20	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥5.40	≥2.15
D402	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	52～58	0.72～0.78	1.15～1.25	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥1.95	≥0.60
D402-Ⅱ	大孔螯合	氨基磷酸	钠型	52～58	0.72～0.78	1.15～1.25	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥1.45	≥0.50
001×7	凝胶强酸	磺酸基	钠型	45～50	0.77～0.87	1.25～1.29	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥2.25	≥0.85	争光（Hydrolite）
D001	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	45～55	0.77～0.85	1.25～1.28	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥2.17	≥0.90
D113	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	45～52	0.72～0.80	1.14～1.20	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥5.40	≥2.20
D851	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	55～65	0.70～0.80	1.15～1.20	0.45～1.25(≥95%)	—	≥1.00
D852	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	45～58	0.73～0.83	1.15～1.23	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	—	≥1.15
D860	大孔螯合	氨基磷酸基	钠型	46～56	0.70～0.80	1.08～1.16	0.45～1.00 (≥95%)	—	≥0.60
001×7	凝胶强酸	磺酸基	钠型	45～50	0.77～0.87	1.25～1.29	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥2.25	≥0.85	淄博东大（DONGDA）
D001	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	45～55	0.75～0.85	1.25～1.28	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥2.17	≥0.90
D113	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	45～52	0.74～0.82	1.14～1.20	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥5.40	≥2.20
HPR 1100Na	凝胶强酸	磺酸基	钠型	42～48	0.85	1.29	0.58±0.05	—	≥1.00	杜邦（AmberLite）
HPR 2900Na	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	46～52	0.785	1.28	0.55±0.05	—	≥0.90
HPR 8300H	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	40～50	0.76	1.21	0.45～0.600	—	≥2.35
HPR 8400H	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	40～50	0.76	1.21	0.60～0.800	—	≥2.35
IRC 120Na	凝胶强酸	磺酸基	钠型	42～49	0.82	1.27	0.30～1.18	—	≥1.00
IRC 200Na	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	46～52	0.80	1.24	0.60～0.80	—	≥0.90	杜邦（AmberLite）
IRC 83H	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	40～50	0.76	1.21	0.50～0.75	—	≥2.35
IRC 747UPS	大孔螯合	氨基磷酸基	钠型	64～69	0.755	1.10～1.14	0.55±0.05	—	≥0.87
IRC 748UPS	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	60～69	0.75	—	0.57±0.075	—	≥0.67
C 249	凝胶强酸	磺酸基	钠型	45～48	0.832	1.26	0.40～1.25	—	≥4.0	朗盛（LEWATIT）
SP 112H	大孔强酸	磺酸基	氢型	56～60	0.72	1.18	0.67±0.05	—	≥3.2
S 8227	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	47～53	0.77	1.20	0.40～1.60	—	≥2.15
S 8229	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	48～56	0.77	1.18	0.40～1.60	—	≥2.10
TP 207	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	48～56	0.72	1.19	0.40～1.25	—	≥1.10
TP 208	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	59～65	0.70	1.16	0.40～1.25	—	≥1.45
TP 260	大孔螯合	氨基甲基磷酸	钠型	63	0.74	1.21	0.40～1.25	—	≥1.15
PK208	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	58～68	0.765	—	0.30～1.18	—	≥0.60	三菱（DIAION）
PK208LH	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	63～73	0.74	1.13	0.43～1.18	—	≥0.55
SK1B	凝胶强酸	磺酸基	钠型	43～50	0.84	1.28	0.30～1.18	—	≥1.00
WK40L	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	41～48	0.77	1.19	0.425～1.18	—	≥2.20
CR11	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	55～65	0.73	—	0.36～1.18	—	≥0.50

树脂名称	树脂类型	功能基团	出厂型态	含水率 /%	湿视密度 /g·mL^-1	湿真密度 /g·mL^-1	粒径范围 /mm	质量交换容量 /mmol·g^-1	体积交换容量 /mmol·mL^-1	制造商
D001	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	45～50	0.77～0.85	1.25～1.28	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥2.17	≥0.90	苏青（SUQING）
D001H	大孔强酸	磺酸基	氢型	48～58	0.74～0.80	1.16～1.24	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥2.40	≥0.85
112	凝胶弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	40～50	0.72～0.82	1.15～1.25	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥5.00	≥2.15
D113	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	45～52	0.72～0.80	1.14～1.20	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥5.40	≥2.15
D402	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	52～58	0.72～0.78	1.15～1.25	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥1.95	≥0.60
D402-Ⅱ	大孔螯合	氨基磷酸	钠型	52～58	0.72～0.78	1.15～1.25	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥1.45	≥0.50
001×7	凝胶强酸	磺酸基	钠型	45～50	0.77～0.87	1.25～1.29	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥2.25	≥0.85	争光（Hydrolite）
D001	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	45～55	0.77～0.85	1.25～1.28	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥2.17	≥0.90
D113	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	45～52	0.72～0.80	1.14～1.20	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥5.40	≥2.20
D851	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	55～65	0.70～0.80	1.15～1.20	0.45～1.25(≥95%)	—	≥1.00
D852	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	45～58	0.73～0.83	1.15～1.23	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	—	≥1.15
D860	大孔螯合	氨基磷酸基	钠型	46～56	0.70～0.80	1.08～1.16	0.45～1.00 (≥95%)	—	≥0.60
001×7	凝胶强酸	磺酸基	钠型	45～50	0.77～0.87	1.25～1.29	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥2.25	≥0.85	淄博东大（DONGDA）
D001	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	45～55	0.75～0.85	1.25～1.28	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥2.17	≥0.90
D113	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	45～52	0.74～0.82	1.14～1.20	0.31～1.25(≥95%)	≥5.40	≥2.20
HPR 1100Na	凝胶强酸	磺酸基	钠型	42～48	0.85	1.29	0.58±0.05	—	≥1.00	杜邦（AmberLite）
HPR 2900Na	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	46～52	0.785	1.28	0.55±0.05	—	≥0.90
HPR 8300H	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	40～50	0.76	1.21	0.45～0.600	—	≥2.35
HPR 8400H	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	40～50	0.76	1.21	0.60～0.800	—	≥2.35
IRC 120Na	凝胶强酸	磺酸基	钠型	42～49	0.82	1.27	0.30～1.18	—	≥1.00
IRC 200Na	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	46～52	0.80	1.24	0.60～0.80	—	≥0.90	杜邦（AmberLite）
IRC 83H	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	40～50	0.76	1.21	0.50～0.75	—	≥2.35
IRC 747UPS	大孔螯合	氨基磷酸基	钠型	64～69	0.755	1.10～1.14	0.55±0.05	—	≥0.87
IRC 748UPS	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	60～69	0.75	—	0.57±0.075	—	≥0.67
C 249	凝胶强酸	磺酸基	钠型	45～48	0.832	1.26	0.40～1.25	—	≥4.0	朗盛（LEWATIT）
SP 112H	大孔强酸	磺酸基	氢型	56～60	0.72	1.18	0.67±0.05	—	≥3.2
S 8227	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	47～53	0.77	1.20	0.40～1.60	—	≥2.15
S 8229	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	48～56	0.77	1.18	0.40～1.60	—	≥2.10
TP 207	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	48～56	0.72	1.19	0.40～1.25	—	≥1.10
TP 208	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	59～65	0.70	1.16	0.40～1.25	—	≥1.45
TP 260	大孔螯合	氨基甲基磷酸	钠型	63	0.74	1.21	0.40～1.25	—	≥1.15
PK208	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	58～68	0.765	—	0.30～1.18	—	≥0.60	三菱（DIAION）
PK208LH	大孔强酸	磺酸基	钠型	63～73	0.74	1.13	0.43～1.18	—	≥0.55
SK1B	凝胶强酸	磺酸基	钠型	43～50	0.84	1.28	0.30～1.18	—	≥1.00
WK40L	大孔弱酸	羧酸基	氢型	41～48	0.77	1.19	0.425～1.18	—	≥2.20
CR11	大孔螯合	亚氨二乙酸基	钠型	55～65	0.73	—	0.36～1.18	—	≥0.50

序号	TDS/mg·L^-1	总硬度/mg·L^-1	软化工艺
1	≤2000	≤100	强酸树脂（单床）
2	700～5000	≤2000	强酸树脂（上流式串联）
3	5000～10000	≤500	弱酸树脂（单床）
4	5000～10000	500～2000	强酸树脂+弱酸树脂（串联）
5	10000～50000	≤2000	弱酸树脂（串联）
6	≥50000	≤500	螯合树脂（单床）

序号	TDS/mg·L^-1	总硬度/mg·L^-1	软化工艺
1	≤2000	≤100	强酸树脂（单床）
2	700～5000	≤2000	强酸树脂（上流式串联）
3	5000～10000	≤500	弱酸树脂（单床）
4	5000～10000	500～2000	强酸树脂+弱酸树脂（串联）
5	10000～50000	≤2000	弱酸树脂（串联）
6	≥50000	≤500	螯合树脂（单床）

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[2]	SONG Weitao, SONG Huiping, FAN Zhenlian, FAN Biao, XUE Fangbin. Research progress of fly ash in anti-corrosion coatings [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(9): 4894-4904.
[3]	FENG Jianghan, SONG Fang. Research progress of anion exchange membrane water electrolysis cells [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(7): 3501-3509.
[4]	YANG Hongmei, GAO Tao, YU Tao, QU Chengtun, GAO Jiapeng. Treatment of refractory organics sulfonated phenolic resin with ferrate [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(6): 3302-3308.
[5]	HE Yang, LI Siying, LI Chuanqiang, YUAN Xiaoya, ZHENG Xuxu. Anticorrosion performance of thermal reduction graphene oxide /epoxy resin composite coating [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(4): 1983-1994.
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[11]	LIU Dachen, DU Minghui, WANG Heng. Bromination modification of phenolic hydroxyl sites of crosslinked teroctyl phenolic resin [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(S1): 382-388.
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[14]	LI Zhibin, TANG Hui, LUO Dawei, YING Qiao. Progress in chemical recycling of waste PET and preparation of unsaturated polyester resins [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(6): 3279-3292.
[15]	CAI Sichao, ZHOU Jing, DU Jinze, LI Fangzhou, LI Yuansen, HE Lin, LI Xingang, WANG Chengyang. Process analysis of resource utilization of phenol-based distillation residue from coal chemical industry [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(6): 3360-3371.