Advances in the preparation, modification and application of spherical activated carbon

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0556

Abstract

Abstract:

With the in-depth promotion of the "double carbon strategy" policy, the low-carbon and low-emission lifestyle has been widely recognized by the public, so the diversified and clean utilization of carbon materials has been widely concerned. As an important branch of activated carbon, spherical activated carbon (SAC) has a good application prospect in gas capture, sewage purification, energy storage, chemical protection, catalysis and other fields due to its high sphericity, well-developed pore structure, uniform particle distribution, low flow resistance and high mechanical strength. However, some precursors have some problems in the preparation of SAC, such as complicated process, high energy consumption and long time, and easy to produce by-products. In order to optimize the design idea and preparation process of SAC, this paper, guided by the application development of SAC in different fields, summarized the selection of precursor, preparation process, modification measures of SAC and the research achievements and progress in various application fields, and prospected the future application of SAC. It provided reference for realizing the multi-functional, large-scale, green and low-carbon development of SAC and promoting the clean and high value-added utilization of its precursor.

Key words: spherical activated carbon, activated carbon spheres, nano carbon spheres, modification technology, application

摘要：

随着“双碳”目标的深入推进，低碳、低排放的生活方式已被大众普遍认可，因此炭材料的多元化、清洁利用受到广泛关注。球形活性炭（SAC）作为活性炭的一个重要分支，其凭借球形度高、孔隙结构发达、颗粒分布均匀、流动阻力小、机械强度高等优点，在气体捕获、污水净化、能量储存、化学防护、催化等领域具有良好的应用前景。然而，部分前体在制备SAC时存在工艺烦琐、耗能高、耗时长、易产生副产物等问题。为优化SAC的设计思路与制备工艺，本文以SAC在不同领域中的应用发展为导向，综述了SAC的前体选择、制备工艺、改性措施及其在各应用领域的研究成果和进展，并对未来SAC的应用前景进行展望，为实现SAC的多功能、规模化、绿色低碳发展，推动其前体的清洁、高附加值利用提供参考。

关键词: 球形活性炭, 活性炭球, 纳米炭球, 改性技术, 应用

CLC Number:

TQ424.1

HUANG Jiao, ZHU Yaming, YUE Jiaxing, WANG Ying, CHENG Junxia, ZHAO Xuefei. Advances in the preparation, modification and application of spherical activated carbon[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(4): 2081-2101.

黄娇, 朱亚明, 岳佳兴, 王莹, 程俊霞, 赵雪飞. 球形活性炭的制备、改性及应用研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(4): 2081-2101.

Figures/Tables 20

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前体	活化剂	活化条件	比表面积/m²·g^-1	孔容/cm³·g^-1	微孔体积/cm³·g^-1	介孔体积/cm³·g^-1	参考文献
聚苯乙烯	水蒸气	840℃，150min	1749	0.97	0.69	0.28	[55]
聚苯乙烯	CO₂	880℃，150min	2276	1.11	0.85	0.26	[55]
石油沥青	水蒸气	840℃，360min	1880	0.77	—	—	[62]
石油沥青	CO₂	880℃，1440min	2586	0.97	—	—	[62]
石松孢子	CO₂	900℃，360min	3053	1.43	0.83	0.59	[63]
乙基纤维素	空气	900℃，60min	1180	0.62	0.4	0.21	[64]
沥青	KOH	850℃，360min	1738.36	0.91	—	—	[19]
苯乙烯、二乙烯基苯	KOH	800℃，60min	1631	0.771	0.598	—	[57]
二乙烯基苯	ZnCl₂	800℃，120min	891	0.489	0.315	0.174	[58]
马铃薯淀粉	KOH	900℃，60min	1579.4	—	—	—	[59]
风化煤腐殖酸	KOH	800℃，120min	2034	1.24	0.45	0.64	[61]

前体	活化剂	活化条件	比表面积/m²·g^-1	孔容/cm³·g^-1	微孔体积/cm³·g^-1	介孔体积/cm³·g^-1	参考文献
聚苯乙烯	水蒸气	840℃，150min	1749	0.97	0.69	0.28	[55]
聚苯乙烯	CO₂	880℃，150min	2276	1.11	0.85	0.26	[55]
石油沥青	水蒸气	840℃，360min	1880	0.77	—	—	[62]
石油沥青	CO₂	880℃，1440min	2586	0.97	—	—	[62]
石松孢子	CO₂	900℃，360min	3053	1.43	0.83	0.59	[63]
乙基纤维素	空气	900℃，60min	1180	0.62	0.4	0.21	[64]
沥青	KOH	850℃，360min	1738.36	0.91	—	—	[19]
苯乙烯、二乙烯基苯	KOH	800℃，60min	1631	0.771	0.598	—	[57]
二乙烯基苯	ZnCl₂	800℃，120min	891	0.489	0.315	0.174	[58]
马铃薯淀粉	KOH	900℃，60min	1579.4	—	—	—	[59]
风化煤腐殖酸	KOH	800℃，120min	2034	1.24	0.45	0.64	[61]

前体	活化剂	比表面积/m²·g^-1	孔容/cm³·g^-1	吸附质	吸附温度/℃	吸附模型	吸附容量	参考文献
间苯二酚-甲醛树脂	—	1531.29	3.527	苯	25	—	21.363mmol/g	[76]
间苯二酚-甲醛树脂	—	2200.7	1.28	甲苯	25	Langmuir-Freundlich	8.64mmol/g	[77]
竹焦油	CO₂	189	0.10	甲苯	50	Langmuir	29mg/g	[78]
芒果籽壳	KOH	2218	1.7755	丙酮	30	—	472m/g	[79]
聚苯乙烯树脂	KOH	1566	1.05	二苯并噻吩	25	Freundlich	105mg/g	[80]
聚苯乙烯树脂	水蒸气	1555	1.29	二苯并噻吩	25	Freundlich	102mg/g
煤焦油沥青	水蒸气	1573	0.68	二苯并噻吩	25	Freundlich	93mg/g
间甲酚、甲醛	水蒸气	1501	0.72	二苯并噻吩	25	Langmuir-Freundlich	21.83mg/g	[41]
木质素磺酸钠	KOH	3402	2.46	二氯甲烷	25	—	181mg/g	[81]
烟煤	—	415~983	0.22~0.38	CO₂	0	—	3.19~4.97mmol/g	[36]
酚醛树脂	水蒸气	1128	0.45	CO₂	25	Langmuir	0.79mmol/g	[50]
酚醛树脂	KOH	1171	0.50	CO₂	25	Langmuir	1.25mmol/g	[50]
聚磷腈	—	653	0.32	CO₂	0	—	4.3mg/g	[82]
香烟烟蒂	H₃PO₄	1406	—	NH₃	25	—	35.9mg/g	[75]

前体	活化剂	比表面积/m²·g^-1	孔容/cm³·g^-1	吸附质	吸附温度/℃	吸附模型	吸附容量	参考文献
间苯二酚-甲醛树脂	—	1531.29	3.527	苯	25	—	21.363mmol/g	[76]
间苯二酚-甲醛树脂	—	2200.7	1.28	甲苯	25	Langmuir-Freundlich	8.64mmol/g	[77]
竹焦油	CO₂	189	0.10	甲苯	50	Langmuir	29mg/g	[78]
芒果籽壳	KOH	2218	1.7755	丙酮	30	—	472m/g	[79]
聚苯乙烯树脂	KOH	1566	1.05	二苯并噻吩	25	Freundlich	105mg/g	[80]
聚苯乙烯树脂	水蒸气	1555	1.29	二苯并噻吩	25	Freundlich	102mg/g
煤焦油沥青	水蒸气	1573	0.68	二苯并噻吩	25	Freundlich	93mg/g
间甲酚、甲醛	水蒸气	1501	0.72	二苯并噻吩	25	Langmuir-Freundlich	21.83mg/g	[41]
木质素磺酸钠	KOH	3402	2.46	二氯甲烷	25	—	181mg/g	[81]
烟煤	—	415~983	0.22~0.38	CO₂	0	—	3.19~4.97mmol/g	[36]
酚醛树脂	水蒸气	1128	0.45	CO₂	25	Langmuir	0.79mmol/g	[50]
酚醛树脂	KOH	1171	0.50	CO₂	25	Langmuir	1.25mmol/g	[50]
聚磷腈	—	653	0.32	CO₂	0	—	4.3mg/g	[82]
香烟烟蒂	H₃PO₄	1406	—	NH₃	25	—	35.9mg/g	[75]

前体	比表面积/m²·g^-1	孔容/cm³·g^-1	pH	动力学模型	吸附模型	吸附容量	参考文献
PBSAC	1436	—	6~8	准一级	Langmuir	U⁴⁺-96%	[83]
菌丝体	—	—	6	准二级	Langmuir	U⁴⁺-211.35mg/g	[71]
柑橘果胶/AC	344.343	0.389	5~6	准二级	Langmuir	Pb²⁺-279.33mg/g，95.5%	[88]
稻壳/陈皮	287	0.282	高pH	准二级	Jovanovic	Ni²⁺-5.18mg/g	[89]
戊聚糖	13.67	0.026	—	—	Freundlich	Pb²⁺-380.1mg/g	[90]
戊聚糖	13.67	0.026	—	—	Langmuir	Cd²⁺-100.8mg/g	[90]
柳叶	294.32	0.7638（中）	2	准二级	Langmuir	Cu²⁺-12.07mg/g	[91]
柳叶	294.32	0.7638（中）	4	准二级	Langmuir	Zn²⁺-30.48mg/g
柳叶	294.32	0.7638（中）	3	准二级	Langmuir	Cr⁶⁺-372.46mg/g
蔗糖/硫酸铝	449.25	0.57	4~10	准二级	Langmuir	CR-1726.60mg/g	[84]
蔗糖/硫酸铝	449.25	0.57	2~7	准二级	Langmuir	MG-980.55mg/g
蔗糖/硫酸铝	449.25	0.57	3~10	准二级	Langmuir	MB-708.82mg/g
煤焦油	1374	2.54	—	—	Langmuir	直接黑38（DB38）-294mg/g	[92]
间苯二酚/正硅酸乙酯	1481	2.55	—	准二级	Langmuir	甲基橙（MO）-329mg/g	[93]
间苯二酚/正硅酸乙酯	1481	2.55	—	准二级	Langmuir	品红（FB）-489mg/g
间苯二酚/正硅酸乙酯	1481	2.55	—	准二级	Langmuir	MB-791mg/g
间苯二酚甲醛树脂	371	0.56	4~10	准二级	Langmuir	RhB-19.9mg/g	[94]
废弃离子交换树脂	2047	1.56	3~7	准二级	Langmuir	四环素-701mg/g	[95]
葡萄糖	1292	0.704	2~11	Elovich	Langmuir	PRC-286mg/g	[85]
间苯二酚甲醛树脂	—	—	—	准一级	Langmuir	环丙沙星-99.6%	[86]
树脂	904	0.37	3	准二级	Langmuir	乙酸-97.5%	[87]