Preparation and properties of wood-plastic composites based on extract of cotton spinning black liquor

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0481

Abstract

Abstract:

To efficiently utilize cottonseed black liquor, this study employed extracts of cottonseed black liquor as fillers, which were blended with high-density polyethylene and then molded using compression molding techniques to prepare wood-plastic composite (WPC) materials. The morphology, water absorption properties, thermal stability and mechanical performance of the materials were characterized using techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water absorption tests, water contact angle measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), flexural testing and tensile testing. A comparison was made with traditional materials such as corn stalks and lignin-based wood-plastic composites. The results revealed that the density of the cottonseed black liquor-based wood-plastic composite was 1.057g/m³ with a water contact angle of 97.75° and a water absorption rate of 0.95%, all meeting national standards. The onset decomposition temperature was 213℃ with a residual char yield of 12.04% at 500℃. The flexural strength was significantly higher than that of corn stalks and lignin-based wood-plastic composites, while the tensile properties fell between the two, indicating excellent mechanical performance.

Key words: cottonseed black liquor extract, blending, wood-plastic composite, mechanical properties

摘要：

为高效利用棉浆黑液，本研究以棉浆黑液提取物为填料，与高密度聚乙烯共混后采用模压成型工艺制备木塑复合材料（WPC），采用红外（FTIR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、吸水率、水接触角、热重量分析（TGA）、弯曲性能测试、拉伸性能测试等表征手段分析材料的形貌、吸水性能、热稳定性和力学性能等，并与传统的玉米秸秆、木质素基木塑复合材料进行对比。结果表明，棉浆黑液提取物基木塑复合材料表面光滑，密度为1.057g/m³，水接触角为97.75°，吸水率为0.95%，均符合国家标准；起始分解温度为213℃，500℃下的残炭量达12.04%，耐热性提高；弯曲强度显著优于玉米秆和木质素基木塑复合材料，拉伸性能介于二者之间，具有优异的力学性能。

关键词: 棉浆黑液提取物, 共混, 木塑复合材料, 力学性能

CLC Number:

TQ322.4

FENG Wanqi, YANG Cuiping, HAO Junyao, NI Hongmei, ZHAO Jianbo. Preparation and properties of wood-plastic composites based on extract of cotton spinning black liquor[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(3): 1768-1775.

冯琬淇, 杨翠平, 郝俊尧, 倪红梅, 赵俭波. 棉浆黑液提取物基木塑复合材料的制备及性能[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(3): 1768-1775.

Figures/Tables 12

References 26

1	XU Kaimeng, DU Guanben, WANG Siqun. Wood plastic composites: Their properties and applications[J]. Engineered Wood Products for Construction, 2021: 197-221.
2	ELSHEIKH Ammar H, PANCHAL Hitesh, SHANMUGAN Sheila, et al. Recent progresses in wood-plastic composites: Pre-processing treatments, manufacturing techniques, recyclability and eco-friendly assessment[J]. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 2022, 8: 100450.
3	JIAN Bingyu, MOHRMANN Sarah, LI Haitao, et al. A review on flexural properties of wood-plastic composites[J]. Polymers, 2022, 14(19): 3942.
4	RATNA Aditi Sarker, GHOSH Anik, MUKHOPADHYAY Samrat. Advances and prospects of corn husk as a sustainable material in composites and other technical applications[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 371:133563.
5	JIANG Bo, CHEN Chaoji, LIANG Zhiqiang, et al. Lignin as a wood‐inspired binder enabled strong, water stable, and biodegradable paper for plastic replacement[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 30(4): 1906307.
6	KELLERSZTEIN Israel, SHANI Uri, ZILBER Inbar, et al. Sustainable composites from agricultural waste: The use of steam explosion and surface modification to potentialize the use of wheat straw fibers for wood plastic composite industry[J]. Polymer Composites, 2019, 40(S1): E53-E61.
7	GE Jifei, LI Fushi, GAO Yunbao, et al. A high-performance structural material based on maize straws and its biodegradable composites of poly (propylene carbonate)[J]. Cellulose, 2021, 28(18): 11381-11395.
8	CHUN Koay, FAHAMY Nur M Y, YENG Chan Y, et al. Wood plastic composites made from corn husk fiber and recycled polystyrene foam[J]. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2018, 13(11): 3445-3456.
9	YOUSSEF A M, HASANIN M S, EL-AZIZ M E ABD, et al. Green, economic, and partially biodegradable wood plastic composites via enzymatic surface modification of lignocellulosic fibers[J]. Heliyon, 2019, 5(3): e01332.
10	CHEN Bo, CAI Di, LUO Zhangfeng, et al. Corncob residual reinforced polyethylene composites considering the biorefinery process and the enhancement of performance[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 198: 452-462.
11	LUO Zhangfeng, LI Ping, CAI Di, et al. Comparison of performances of corn fiber plastic composites made from different parts of corn stalk[J]. Industrial Crops and Products, 2017, 95: 521-527.
12	LIU Xiaochen, LU Jun, FU Minghao, et al. Activated carbon induced hydrothermal carbonization for the treatment of cotton pulp black liquor[J]. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2022, 47: 102733.
13	ZHOU Yonghui, STANCHEV Peyo, KATSOU Evina, et al. A circular economy use of recovered sludge cellulose in wood plastic composite production: Recycling and eco-efficiency assessment[J]. Waste Management, 2019, 99: 42-48.
14	李珍明, 李春祺, 李征光, 等. 棉纺黑液提取物基聚氨酯泡沫的制备及性能[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(10): 5704-5711.
	LI Zhenming, LI Chunqi, LI Zhengguang, et al. Preparation and properties of polyurethane foam based on extract of cotton spinning black liquor[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(10): 5704-5711.
15	国家市场监督管理总局, 国家标准化管理委员会. 木塑地板: [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2020.
	State Administration for Market Supervision and Administration, Standardization Administration of China. Wood-plastic composite flooring: [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2020.
16	LI Jile, HUO Ruili, LIU Wenyi, et al. Mechanical properties of PVC-based wood-plastic composites effected by temperature[J]. Frontiers in Materials, 2022, 9: 1018902.
17	CHEN Bo, LUO Zhangfeng, CHEN Huidong, et al. Wood plastic composites from the waste lignocellulosic biomass fibers of bio-fuels processes: A comparative study on mechanical properties and weathering effects[J]. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2020, 11(5): 1701-1710.
18	WANG Xiao, FU Cheng, ZHANG Chunlai, et al. A comprehensive review of wetting transition mechanism on the surfaces of microstructures from theory and testing methods[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(14): 4747.
19	Nasharudin NAM, Sulaiman NF, NA Mohammad, et al. The effect of heat treatment and chemical treatment on natural fibre to the durability of wood plastic composites—A review[J]. Journal of Materials Exploration and Findings, 2023, 2(2): 43-55.
20	孟洵, 李利芬, 余丽萍, 等. 木质纤维结构对木塑复合材料力学性能的影响[J]. 塑料科技, 2022, 50(5): 103-107.
	MENG Xun, LI Lifen, YU Liping, et al. Influence of wood fiber structure on mechanical properties of wood plastic composite[J]. Plastics Science and Technology, 2022, 50(5): 103-107.
21	孙剑平, 张志军, 王清文, 等. 木塑复合材料热解特性[J]. 化工进展, 2015, 34(S1): 156-161.
	SUN Jianping, ZHANG Zhijun, WANG Qingwen, et al. Pyrolysis characteristics of wood-plastic composites[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2015, 34(S1): 156-161.
22	杨飞文, 龙海波, 董倩倩, 等. 松木粉/ABS木塑复合材料的制备与性能研究[J]. 塑料工业, 2019, 47(S1): 78-81, 86.
	YANG Feiwen, LONG Haibo, DONG Qianqian, et al. Preparation and properties of pine powder/ABS wood-plastic composites[J]. China Plastics Industry, 2019, 47(S1): 78-81, 86.
23	周吓星, 吴栋琳, 黄六莲, 等. 木塑复合材料热稳定性的测试方法[J]. 塑料工业, 2018, 46(4): 111-115.
	ZHOU Xiaxing, WU Donglin, HUANG Liulian, et al. Determination methods of wood plastic composites thermal stability[J]. China Plastics Industry, 2018, 46(4): 111-115.
24	KALLAKAS Heikko, AYANSOLA Gbenga S, TUMANOV Tanel, et al. Influence of birch false heartwood on the physical and mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites[J]. BioResources, 2019, 14(2): 3554-3566.
25	刘翔宇, 杨逸飞, 徐道春, 等. 高填充油茶果壳基木塑复合材料的制备及力学性能[J]. 工程塑料应用, 2024, 52(1): 1-7.
	LIU Xiangyu, YANG Yifei, XU Daochun, et al. Preparation and mechanical properties of wood-plastic composite materials of high-filled camellia oleifera shells[J]. Engineering Plastics Application, 2024, 52(1): 1-7.
26	LAURICHESSE Stéphanie, Luc AVÉROUS. Chemical modification of lignins: Towards biobased polymers[J]. Progress in Polymer Science, 2014, 39(7): 1266-1290.

参数	玉米秆	木质素	棉纺黑液提取物
R_q/nm	376	228	204
R_a/nm	304	183	158
R_max/nm	1837	1747	1481

参数	玉米秆	木质素	棉纺黑液提取物
R_q/nm	376	228	204
R_a/nm	304	183	158
R_max/nm	1837	1747	1481

[1]	SHAN Xueying, LI Lingyu, ZHANG Meng, ZHANG Jiafu, LI Jinchun. Preparation and properties of flame retardant epoxy resin/low molecular weight polyphenylene ether materials [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(3): 1533-1541.
[2]	XUE Bingfeng, ZHANG Ye, ZHANG Shiyuan, FU Peng, CUI Zhe, ZHANG Yuancheng, LI Xin, PANG Xinchang, ZHAO Wei, ZHANG Xiaomeng, LIU Minying. Preparation and characterization of polyamide PA12T by direct solid state polymerization [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(3): 1559-1569.
[3]	WANG Xiangpeng, ZHENG Yunxiang, ZHANG Chunxiao, CHEN Chunmao. Preparation and application of carbon dots hybrid hydrogels [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(1): 305-318.
[4]	WAN Lixiang, CUI Jinfeng, GUO Junhong, BAO Xuemei, YANG Baoping. Preparation and properties of polyamic acid-polyurethane block copolymers and thermoimide elastomers [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(1): 398-406.
[5]	GAO Jixing, DING Yumei, ZHANG Chao, TAN Jing, DING Xi, LI Haoyi, YANG Weimin. Preparation and properties of PLA/PCL micro-nano fiber membrane by melt differential electrospinning [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(S1): 457-468.
[6]	LOU Gaobo, YAO Xiaoling, NI Jingwen, FU Shenyuan, LIU Lina. Preparation and properties of two-dimensional mica epoxy resin composite modified by ion complex [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(9): 5142-5156.
[7]	HE Ruiqiang, FANG Min, ZHOU Jianduo, FEI Hua, YANG Kai. Research progress of TPE-based flexible composite phase change materials for thermal management of lithium batteries [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(6): 3159-3173.
[8]	WANG Yuzhou, CHEN Zeng, CAO Dongxin, ZHOU Jiehui, AN Xu, MA Tianqi. Effect of nano-CaCO₃ on structure and properties of nano-CaCO₃/PES composite membrane [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(11): 6310-6316.
[9]	WANG Jiaqing, SONG Guangwei, LI Qiang, GUO Shuaicheng, DAI Qingli. Rubber-concrete interface modification method and performance enhancement path [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 328-343.
[10]	TAN Lipeng, SHEN Jun, WANG Yugao, LIU Gang, XU Qingbai. Research progress on blending modification of coal tar pitch and petroleum asphalt [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(7): 3749-3759.
[11]	ZHAO Jiaqi, HUANG Yaji, LI Zhiyuan, DING Xueyu, QI Shuaijie, ZHANG Yuyao, LIU Jun, GAO Jiawei. Characteristics of three-phase products from co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and PVC [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(4): 2122-2129.
[12]	FAN Baotian, YAN Zhenrong, SU Houde, LIU Cenfan, SONG Yujuan. Synergistic reduction of NO _x and CO₂ emissions by coupling pulverized coal with biomass gas [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(10): 5501-5508.
[13]	YIN Shuang, LIANG Weijie, CHEN Peijia, ZHANG Zhicong, GE Jianfang. Research progress on modification of PBAT-base biodegradable plastics [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(S1): 307-317.
[14]	LIU Dachen, DU Minghui, WANG Heng. Bromination modification of phenolic hydroxyl sites of crosslinked teroctyl phenolic resin [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(S1): 382-388.
[15]	TIAN Yazhou, HU Yujing, LI Jiyou, REN Jiangyan, WANG Liwei, WANG Xiuli, DING Ying, CHENG Jue, ZHANG Junying. Synthesis, curing kinetics and properties of vanilla alcohol-based epoxy resin [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(S1): 477-484.