Research progress and challenges in recycling of typical alloys

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-0806

Abstract

Abstract:

As one kind of critical basic materials, high-performance alloys play a vital role in high-end equipment manufacturing, new energy and other strategic emerging industries. With the development and growth of strategic emerging industries in China, demands for alloy materials with high performance will increase substantially. However, preparation of alloy materials needs to consume a large amount of metal mineral resources, which includes various scare metals. At the same time, the social accumulation of scrap alloys will increase year by year, resulting in ecological problems. Therefore, how to achieve coordinated development among resource, development and environment has become an international research hotspot. Circular economy has been considered to be an important way to achieve sustainable development. Cemented carbides, lightweight alloys and high temperature alloys have a wide range of important applications in national economy and defense construction. In this paper, three typical alloys including tungsten carbide cemented carbide, lightweight aluminum alloys and high temperature nickel-based alloys were selected, and their resource reserves, scrap characteristics and recycling technologies were systematically analyzed. Finally, the prospective of alloying recycling in the future was given.

Key words: resource recycling, scare metal, cemented carbide, aluminum alloy, nickel-based alloy

摘要：

作为关键基础材料，高性能合金在高端装备制造、新能源等战略性新兴产业中发挥着至关重要的作用。随着我国战略性新兴产业的发展壮大，对合金材料的需求将大幅增加。合金材料的制备需要消耗大量金属矿产资源，特别是涉及多种稀缺金属。与此同时，废旧合金的社会累积量逐年增加，影响生态环境。因此，如何协调资源、发展和环境之间的关系成为国际研究热点，发展循环经济被认为是实现可持续发展的重要出路。硬质合金、轻质合金和高温合金在国民经济和国防领域具有广泛且重要的应用，本文以碳化钨硬质合金、轻质铝合金和高温镍基合金三类典型合金为研究对象，系统分析了其资源储备、废料特点和回收再利用现状，并对典型合金循环利用未来发展方向进行了展望。

关键词: 资源循环, 稀缺金属, 硬质合金, 铝合金, 镍基合金

CLC Number:

TD98

WANG Man, XI Xiaoli, WANG Yanan, TANG Kangyao. Research progress and challenges in recycling of typical alloys[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(10): 5270-5280.

王曼, 席晓丽, 王亚楠, 唐康尧. 典型合金循环利用研究进展及挑战[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(10): 5270-5280.

Figures/Tables 6

References 60

1	翟明国, 吴福元, 胡瑞忠. 战略性关键金属矿产资源: 现状与问题[J]. 中国科学基金, 2019, 33(2): 106-111.
	ZHAI Mingguo, WU Fuyuan, HU Ruizhong. Strategic key metal mineral resources: status and problems[J]. Science Foundation of China, 2019, 33(2): 106-111.
2	GEISSDOERFER M, SAVAGET P, BOCKEN N M P, et al. The circular economy—A new sustainability paradigm?[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016(143): 757-768.
3	余泽全. 中国钨行业现状分析及建议[J]. 国土资源情报, 2020(10): 55-60.
	YU Z Q. Current situation analysis and suggestions of tungsten industry in China[J]. Land and Resources Information, 2020(10): 55-60.
4	KATIYAR P K. A comprehensive review on synergy effect between corrosion and wear of cemented tungsten carbide tool bits: a mechanistic approach[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2020(92): 105315.
5	周新华, 王力民, 彭英健. 我国硬质合金再生产业现状与发展[J]. 硬质合金, 2016, 33(5): 356-364.
	ZHOU X H, WANG L M, PENG Y J. Status and development of cemented carbide recycling industry in China[J]. Cemented Carbide, 2016, 33(5): 356-364.
6	赵秦生. 硬质合金回收简便方法——机械破碎法的新进展[J]. 稀有金属与硬质合金, 2002, 30(3): 58-59.
	ZHAO Q S. Latest development of the mechanical grinding as the simplest method for recovering hard metal scrap[J]. Rare Metals and Cemented Carbides, 2002, 30(3): 58-59.
7	PEE J H, KIM Y J, KIM J Y, et al. Decomposition mechanism and decomposition promoting factors of waste hard metal for zinc decomposition process (ZDP)[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2011, 18(20): 202028.
8	PEE J H, KIM G H, LEE H Y, et al. Extraction factor of tungsten sources from tungsten scraps by zinc decomposition process[J]. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 2015, 60(2): 1311-1314.
9	ALTUNCU E, USTEL F, TURK A, et al. Cutting-tool recycling process with the zinc-melt method for obtaining thermal-spray feedstock powder (WC-Co)[J]. Materiali in Tehnologije, 2013, 47: 115-118.
10	KATIYAR P K, RANDHAWA N S, HAIT J, et al. An overview on different processes for recovery of valuable metals from tungsten carbide scrap[C]// International Conference on Nonferrous Minerals and Metals (ICNFMM), 2014.
11	杨斌, 陈广军, 石安红, 等. 废旧硬质合金短流程回收技术的研究现状[J]. 材料导报, 2015, 29(3): 68-74.
	YANG B, CHEN G J, SHI A H, et al. Review on technologies of short recycle process for scrap cemented carbide[J]. Materials Review, 2015, 29(3): 68-74.
12	陈破, 李海坤. 硬质合金高温处理回收工艺研究[J]. 硬质合金, 2001, 18(4): 201-203.
	CHEN P, LI H K. Study on the technique of reclaiming cemented carbide by high-temperature treatment[J]. Cemented Carbide, 2001, 18(4): 201-203.
13	KATIYAR P K, RANDHAWA N S. A comprehensive review on recycling methods for cemented tungsten carbide scraps highlighting the electrochemical techniques[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2020, 90: 105251.
14	SRINIVASAN G N, VARADHARAJ A, ABDUL KADER J A M. Anodic leaching of tungsten alloy swarf: a statistical approach[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 1994, 24(11): 1191-1193.
15	KATIYAR P K, RANDHAWA N S, HAIT J, et al. Anodic dissolution behaviour of tungsten carbide scraps in ammoniacal media[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2014, 828: 11-20.
16	XI Xiaoli, SI Guanhao, NIE Zuoren, et al. Electrochemical behavior of tungsten ions from WC scrap dissolution in a chloride melt[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2015, 184: 233-238.
17	SI Guanhao, XI Xiaoli, NIE Zuoren, et al. Preparation and characterization of tungsten nanopowders from WC scrap in molten salts[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2016, 54: 422-426.
18	XI Xiaoli, SI Guanhao, NIE Zuoren, et al. Electrochemical preparation of tungsten and cobalt from cemented carbide scrap in NaF-KF molten salts[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2018, 70: 77-83.
19	ZHANG Liwen, NIE Zuoren, XI Xiaoli, et al. Electrochemical separation and extraction of cobalt and tungsten from cemented scrap[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2018, 195: 244-252.
20	ZHANG L W, NIE Z R, XI X L, et al. Electrochemical dissolution of tungsten carbide in NaCl-KCl-Na₂WO₄ molten salt[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2018, 49(1): 334-340.
21	ZHANG Qinghua, XI Xiaoli, NIE Zuoren, et al. Electrochemical dissolution of cemented carbide scrap and electrochemical preparation of tungsten and cobalt metals[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2018, 79: 145-153.
22	张力文. 熔盐电解回收废高钴硬质合金的新工艺及机理研究[D]. 北京: 北京工业大学, 2018.
	ZHANG Liwen. A new process and mechanism for the recovery of waste high cobalt cemented carbide by molten salt electrolysis[D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Technology, 2018.
23	VARSHNEY D, KUMAR K. Application and use of different aluminium alloys with respect to workability, strength and welding parameter optimization[J]. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2021, 12(1): 1143-1152.
24	潘昭帅, 张照志, 张泽南, 等. 中国铝土矿进口来源国国别研究[J]. 中国矿业, 2019, 28(2): 13-17, 24.
	PAN Z S, ZHANG Z Z, ZHANG Z N, et al. Analysis of the import source country of the bauxite in China[J]. China Mining Magazine, 2019, 28(2): 13-17, 24.
25	MEYER F M. Availability of bauxite reserves[J]. Natural Resources Research, 2004, 13(3): 161-172.
26	DING N, GAO F, WANG Z H, et al. Environment impact analysis of primary aluminum and recycled aluminum[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2012, 27: 465-474.
27	中国再生铝行业发展概况、市场供求情况、市场容量及影响行业发展的主要因素分析[J]. 资源再生, 2020(10): 43-47.
	Development of China's recycled aluminum industry, market supply and demand, market capacity and the main factors affecting the development of the industry[J]. Resources Recycling, 2020(10): 43-47.
28	VERMA R P, LILA M K. A short review on aluminium alloys and welding in structural applications[J/OL]. Materials Today: Proceedings. .
29	GEORGANTZIA E, GKANTOU M, KAMARIS G S. Aluminium alloys as structural material: a review of research[J]. Engineering Structures, 2021, 227: 111372.
30	黄正阳. 6061再生铝合金的组织控制与性能研究[D]. 广州: 华南理工大学, 2019.
	HUANG Z Y. Microstructure control and properties of 6061 recyclated aluminum alloy[D]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2019.
31	杨富强. 闭环回收助推再生铝产业跨越式发展[J]. 资源再生, 2020(10): 18-21.
	YANG Fuqiang. Closed-loop recycling to boost the leapfrog development of recycled aluminum industry[J]. Resources Recycling, 2020(10): 18-21.
32	GAUSTAD G, OLIVETTI E, KIRCHAIN R. Improving aluminum recycling: a survey of sorting and impurity removal technologies[J]. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2012, 58: 79-87.
33	范超, 龙思远, 李聪, 等. 废铝分类分离技术的研究进展[J]. 轻金属, 2012(7): 61-64.
	FAN C, LONG S Y, LI C, et al. The status and development of separating and sorting technology on aluminium scrap[J]. Light Metals, 2012(7): 61-64.
34	COTTER-HOWELLS J. The physical separation and recovery of metals from wastes[J]. Mineralogical Magazine, 1995, 59: 363-364.
35	GESING A, WOLANSKI R. Recycling light metals from end-of-life vehicle[J]. JOM, 2001, 53: 21-23.
36	韦漩, 王海娟, 刘春伟, 等. 废旧铝合金回收利用的研究现状[J]. 过程工程学报, 2019, 19(1): 45-54.
	WEI Xuan, WANG Haijuan, LIU Chunwei, et al. Research status of waste aluminum alloy recycling[J]. Journal of Process Engineering, 2019, 19(1): 45-54.
37	HUGGINS R A. Thermodynamics of materials, Volume Ⅱ[J]. Materials Research Bulletin, 1995, 30(9): 1182-1184.
38	UTIGARD T A. The properties and uses of fluxes in molten aluminum processing[J]. JOM, 1998, 50(11): 38-43.
39	王刚, 高安江, 曲信磊, 等. 再生铝的熔炼技术研究[J]. 再生资源与循环经济, 2015, 8(4): 31-34.
	WANG G, GAO A J, QU X L, et al. Research on the recycled aluminum smelting technology[J]. Recycling Research, 2015, 8(4): 31-34.
40	张邦胜, 刘贵清, 刘昱辰, 等.世界镍矿资源与市场分析[J].中国资源综合利用, 2020, 38(7): 94-98.
	ZHANG Bangsheng, LIU Guiqing, LIU Yuchen, et al. Global nickel resources and market analysis[J]. Comprehensive Utilization of Resources in China, 2020, 38(7): 94-98.
41	NAKAJIMA K, DAIGO I, NANSAI K, et al. Global distribution of material consumption: nickel, copper, and iron[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2018, 133: 369-374.
42	ALVIALl-HEIN G, MAHANDRA H, GHAHREMAN A. Separation and recovery of cobalt and nickel from end of life products via solvent extraction technique: a review[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2021, 297: 126592.
43	曾冬铭, 李立波, 毛剑. 含镍废料的回收利用[J]. 中国物资再生, 1997(9):11-13.
	ZENG Dongming, LI Libo, MAO Jian. Recycling of nickel containing waste[J]. Material Recycling in China, 1997(9): 11-13.
44	徐爱东, 顾其德, 范润泽. 我国再生镍钴资源综合利用现状[J]. 中国有色金属, 2013(3): 64-65.
	XU Aidong, GU Qide, FAN Runze. Current situation of comprehensive utilization of recycled nickel and cobalt resources in China[J]. China Nonferrous Metals, 2013(3):64-65.
45	SRIVASTAVA R R, KIM M S, LEE J C, et al. Resource recycling of superalloys and hydrometallurgical challenges[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2014, 49(14): 4671-4686.
46	袁超, 郭建亭, 王铁利, 等. 返回料添加比例对铸造钴基高温合金K640S 组织与性能的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2000, 36(9): 961-965.
	YUAN C, GUO J T, WANG T L, et al. Effect of revert proportion on microstructure and property of a cast cobalt-base superalloy K640S[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2000, 36(9): 961-965.
47	蒲永亮. 高温合金K418和GH4169返回料的净化与成分调控[D]. 兰州: 兰州理工大学, 2018.
	PU Y L. Purification and composition control of superalloy K418 and GH4169 returns[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University of Technology, 2018.
48	PAPP J F. Superalloy recycling 1976-1986[C]// Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium, Champion, PA, 1988: 367-376.
49	谢君, 王道红, 侯桂臣,等. 一种高温合金返回料的分类回收方法: CN111304470A[P]. 2020.
	XIE Jun, WANG Daohong, HOU Guichen, et al. A method for classification and recovery of superalloy returns: CN111304470A[P]. 2020.
50	余乾, 宋尽霞, 王定刚, 等. 返回料比例对镍基高温合金K465组织和性能的影响[J]. 材料工程, 2006, 34(6): 9-12.
	YU Q, SONG J X, WANG D G, et al. Effect of recycled alloy proportion on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni-based superalloy K465[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2006, 34(6): 9-12.
51	曲红霞. 镍基高温合金组织性能与净化工艺的研究[D]. 兰州: 兰州理工大学, 2016.
	QU H X. Microstructure, properties and purification process of nickel base superalloy[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University of Technology, 2016.
52	满延林, 王宇飞, 杨刚, 等. 返回次数对镍基K4169合金组织及性能的影响[J]. 稀有金属, 2012, 36(1): 54-60.
	MAN Y L, WANG Y F, YANG G, et al. Effect of revert recycle times on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni-based superalloy K4169[J]. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 2012, 36(1): 54-60.
53	朱智武. 泡沫陶瓷过滤片的应用[C]//第十三届全国铸造年会暨2016中国铸造活动周, 2016.
	ZHU Zhiwu. Application of foam ceramic filter[C]//The Thirteenth National Foundry Annual Meeting and 2016 China Casting Week, 2016.
54	蒲永亮, 寇生中, 张志栋, 等. 复合盐净化剂对GH4169返回料成分和组织的影响[J]. 有色金属(冶炼部分), 2018(7): 57-61.
	PU Y L, KOU S Z, ZHANG Z D, et al. Effects of compound salt purifiers on composition and microstructure of GH4169 returned alloy[J]. Nonferrous Metals (Extractive Metallurgy), 2018(7): 57-61.
55	陈长军, 陈振斌, 孙元, 等. 高温合金废料回收再利用的研究进展及未来发展方向[J]. 材料导报, 2019, 33(21): 3654-3661.
	CHEN Z J, CHEN Z B, SUN Y, et al. Research progress and future development direction of recycling and reuse of superalloy scraps[J]. Materials Review, 2019, 33(21): 3654-3661.
56	REDDEN L D, GROVES R D, SEIDEL D C. Hydrometallurgical recovery of critical metals from hardface alloy grinding waste : a laboratory study[R]. United States, Bureau of Mines, 1988.
57	KIM M S, LEE J C, PARK H S, et al. A multistep leaching of nickel-based superalloy scrap for selective dissolution of its constituent metals in hydrochloric acid solutions[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2018, 176: 235-242.
58	REED R C. The superalloys fundamentals and applications[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
59	聂祚仁, 刘宇, 孙博学, 等. 材料生命周期工程与材料生态设计的研究进展[J]. 中国材料进展, 2016, 35(3): 161-170.
	NIE Z R, LIU Y, SUN B X, et al. Research progress of life cycle engineering and eco-design in materials industry[J]. Materials China, 2016, 35(3): 161-170.
60	LI X Y, LU K. Improving sustainability with simpler alloys[J]. Science, 2019, 364(6442): 733-734.

[1]	HE Xuefeng, LIU Bo, ZHANG Shengen. Current status of control technology of Fe impurity in recycled aluminum alloy [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(10): 5251-5269.
[2]	HOU Xuejun, ZHANG Xiaoming, CHENG Wenbo, WANG Xin, WANG Chunxia, XU Shengming, HUANG Guoyong. Research on disposal methods of spent vanadium-titanium-based catalysts [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(10): 5313-5324.
[3]	Jie PAN, Yan LI. Research progress of zirconium-based chemical conversion coatings on typical wrought aluminum alloys [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2020, 39(11): 4503-4515.
[4]	Yagang YANG,Xiaohua YU,Lei ZHANG,Chunyang SHI,Xiaodong ZHUANG,Gang XIE. Electrochemical properties of Al-6061 and Al-7075 alloys as anode for aluminum air batteries [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2020, 39(1): 145-151.
[5]	XIE Lixin，TIAN Zhiguo. Removing copper ion from seawater with redox method [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progree, 2012, 31(09): 1899-1902.