Research progress of ZSM-5 zeolite for hydrocarbon fuel catalytic cracking against carbon deposition

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2017-0520

Abstract

Abstract: Carbon deposition is easily generated on conventional ZSM-5 zeolite during the catalytic reactions due to its single microporous structure and long diffusion length. The carbon deposition can block the pore or cover the acid sites,resulting in deactivation of the zeolites and decrease of the reaction efficiency. This review has analyzed the formation mechanism of carbon deposition,the influence factors on carbon generation and the deactivation mechanism of ZSM-5 zeolites. Then,common methods against carbon deposition of ZSM-5 zeolite are summarized from the aspects of synthesis of hierarchical zeolite,hollow zeolite and complex zeolite,acid treatment of zeolite,synthesis of nano ZSM-5 zeolite and nanosheet MFI zeolites. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are also compared and analyzed. Synthesis of nano ZSM-5 zeolite and nanosheet MFI zeolites are chosen particularly to discuss the effect on their anti-carbon deposition. Finally,some promising research directions on reducing the carbon deposition are prospected. Developing effective and cheap methods to prepare nano ZSM-5 zeolite or nanosheet MFI zeolites to decrease the amount of carbon deposition is still highly demanded. Besides,modification of these zeolites could decrease the amount of carbon deposition further.

Key words: ZSM-5, catalysis, nanomaterials, hydrocarbons, carbon deposition

摘要： 传统的ZSM-5分子筛仅具有单一的微孔结构以及较长的扩散路径，使其在催化碳氢化合物过程中非常容易产生积炭，进而会堵塞分子筛孔道或覆盖孔道内的酸性位点，致使分子筛失活，降低催化反应效率。本文对积炭的形成机理、影响积炭形成的因素以及ZSM-5分子筛失活机理进行了简要分析。对多级孔道分子筛的合成、中空分子筛的合成、复合分子筛的合成、分子筛的酸处理、纳米级分子筛的合成、纳米片型MFI分子筛的合成以及分子筛改性等常用的抑制ZSM-5分子筛积炭的方法进行总结，并对各种方法的优势和缺陷进行了对比和分析。着重对纳米分子筛的合成以及纳米片型MFI分子筛的合成两种抑制积炭形成的方法进行讨论。最后针对降低积炭的研究方向进行了展望：如何高效、低廉地合成出具有优良抗积炭性能的纳米或纳米片型分子筛是研究的重点，并在此基础上对其改性，以进一步降低积炭的产生。

关键词: ZSM-5, 催化, 纳米材料, 碳氢化合物, 积炭

CLC Number:

O643.32

JI Yajun, LIU Yunpeng, YANG Honghui, YAN Wei, LIU Zhaohui. Research progress of ZSM-5 zeolite for hydrocarbon fuel catalytic cracking against carbon deposition[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2017, 36(12): 4445-4452.

姬亚军, 刘云鹏, 杨鸿辉, 延卫, 刘朝晖. ZSM-5分子筛碳氢燃料裂解催化剂抗积炭的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2017, 36(12): 4445-4452.

References

[1] MALOLA S,SVELLE S,BLEKEN F L,et al. Detailed reaction paths for zeolite dealumination and desilication from density functional calculations[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2012,51:652-655.
[2] ARAMBURO L R,SMIT E D,ARSTAD B,et al. X-ray imaging of zeolite particles at the nanoscale:influence of steaming on the state of aluminum and the methanol-to-olefin reaction[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2012,51:3616-3619.
[3] JAVAID R,URATA K,FURUKAWA S,et al. Factors affecting coke formation on H-ZSM-5 in naphtha cracking[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2015,491:100-105.
[4] JI Y J,YANG H H,ZHANG Q,et al. Phosphorus modification increases catalytic activity and stability of ZSM-5 zeolite on supercritical catalytic cracking of n-dodecane[J]. Journal of Solid State Chemistry,2017,251:7-13.
[5] JI Y J,SHI B F,YANG H H,et al. Synthesis of isomorphous MFI nanosheet zeolites for supercritical catalytic cracking of n-dodecane[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2017,533:90-98.
[6] FURUMOTO Y,HARADA Y,TSUNOJI N,et al. Effect of acidity of ZSM-5 zeolite on conversion of ethanol to propylene[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2011,399(1/2):262-267.
[7] MINTOVA S,JABER M,VALTCHEV V. Nanosized microporous crystals:emerging applications[J]. Chem. Soc. Rev.,2015,44(20):7207-7233.
[8] NAKASAKA Y,NISHIMURA J I,TAGO T,et al. Deactivation mechanism of MFI-type zeolites by coke formation during n-hexane cracking[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,278:159-165.
[9] HARTMANN M. Hierarchical zeolites:a proven strategy to combine shape selectivity with efficient mass transport[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2004,43:5880-5882.
[10] 崔生航,张君涛,申志兵. 多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛的合成及其催化应用[J]. 化工进展,2015,34(9):3311-3336. CUI S H,ZHANG J T,SHEN Z B. Hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite:synthesis and catalytic applications[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2015,34(9):3311-3336.
[11] 严丽霞,虞贤波,王靖岱,等. 多级孔道沸石用于甲醇制丙烯反应研究进展[J]. 化工进展,2011,30(9):1873-1877. YAN L X,YU X B,WANG J D,et al. Research progress of hierarchical zeolites for methanol to propylene reaction[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2011,30(9):1873-1877.
[12] 成尚元,刘有智,祁贵生. 超重力技术制备多级孔ZSM-5分子筛[J]. 化工进展,2017,36(2):588-594. CHENG S Y,LIU Y Z,QI G S. Synthesis of hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite by high gravity technology[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2017,36(2):588-594.
[13] YIN C,FENG L,NI R,et al. One-pot synthesis of hierarchically nanoporous ZSM-5 for catalytic cracking[J]. Powder Technology,2014,253:10-13.
[14] KARLSSON A,STÖCKER M,SCHMIDT R. Composites of micro-and mesoporous materials:simultaneous syntheses of MFI/MCM-41 like phases by a mixed template approach[J]. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials,1999,27:181-192.
[15] EMDADI L,OH S C,WU Y,et al. The role of external acidity of meso-/microporous zeolites in determining selectivity for acid-catalyzed reactions of benzyl alcohol[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2016,335:165-174.
[16] ZHOU J,HUA Z,LIU Z,et al. Direct synthetic strategy of mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites by using conventional block copolymer templates and the improved catalytic properties[J]. ACS Catalysis,2011,1(4):287-291.
[17] JACOBSEN C J H,MADSEN C,HOUZVICKA J,et al. Mesoporous zeolite single crystals[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2000,122:7116-7117.
[18] CHAL R,RARDIN C G,BULUT M,et al. Overview and industrial assessment of synthesis strategies towards zeolites with mesopores[J]. Chemical Catalyst and Chemistry,2011,3:67-81.
[19] WANG J,YUE W,ZHOU W,et al. TUD-C:a tunable,hierarchically structured mesoporous zeolite composite[J]. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials,2009,120(1/2):19-28.
[20] WANG J,GROEN J C,YUE W B,et al. Single-template synthesis of zeolite ZSM-5 composites with tunable mesoporosity[J]. Chemical Communications,2007,44:4653-4655.
[21] NANDAN D,SAXENA S K,VISWANADHAM N. Synthesis of hierarchical ZSM-5 using glucose as a templating precursor[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2013,2(4):1054-1059.
[22] LI J,LI X,ZHOU G,et al. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass with mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites prepared by desilication with NaOH solutions[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2014,470:115-122.
[23] BLEKEN F L,BARBERA K,BONINO F,et al. Catalyst deactivation by coke formation in microporous and desilicated zeolite H-ZSM-5 during the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2013,307:62-73.
[24] GROEN J C,MOULIJN J A,PEREZ-RAMIREZ J. Desilication:on the controlled generation of mesoporosity in MFI zeolites[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry,2006,16(22):2121-2131.
[25] ABELLÓ S,BONILLA A,PÉREZ-RAMÍREZ J. Mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts prepared by desilication with organic hydroxides and comparison with NaOH leaching[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2009,364(1/2):191-198.
[26] PÉREZ-RAMIREZ J,CHRISTENSEN C H,EGEBLAD K,et al. Hierarchical zeolites:enhanced utilisation of microporous crystals in catalysis by advances in materials design[J]. Chemical Society Reviews,2008,37(11):2530-2542.
[27] QIN Z,LAKISS L,GILSON J P,et al. Chemical equilibrium controlled etching of MFI-type zeolite and its influence on zeolite structure,acidity,and catalytic activity[J]. Chemistry of Materials,2013,25(14):2759-2766.
[28] FODOR D,KRUMEICH F,HAUERT R,et al. Differences between individual ZSM-5 crystals in forming hollow single crystals and mesopores during base leaching[J]. Chemistry,2015,21(16):6272-6277.
[29] DAI C,ZHANG A,LIU M,et al. Hollow ZSM-5 with silicon-rich surface,double shells,and functionalized interior with metallic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2015,25(48):7479-7487.
[30] DIAO Z,WANG L,ZHANG X,et al. Catalytic cracking of supercritical n-dodecane over meso-HZSM-5@Al-MCM-41 zeolites[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2015,135:452-460.
[31] VU X H,NGUYEN S,DANG T T,et al. Catalytic cracking of triglyceride-rich biomass toward lower olefins over a nano-ZSM-5/SBA-15 analog composite[J]. Catalysts,2015,5(4):1692-1703.
[32] INAGAKI S,SHINODA S,KANEKO Y,et al. Facile fabrication of ZSM?5 zeolite catalyst with high durability to coke formation during catalytic cracking of paraffins[J]. ACS Catalysis,2012,3:74-78.
[33] MOCHIZUKI H,YOKOI T,IMAI H,et al. Effect of desilication of H-ZSM-5 by alkali treatment on catalytic performance in hexane cracking[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2012,449:188-197.
[34] 刘芝平,张嫱嫱,赵贺,等. C₇碳氢化合物在纳米级介孔ZSM-5沸石中的扩散性能[J]. 化工进展,2014,33(10):2711-2721. LIU Z P,ZHANG Q Q,ZHAO H,et al. Diffusion of C₇ hydrocarbons in nanoporous ZSM-5 materials[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2014,33(10):2711-2721.
[35] 姜健准,张明森,柯丽,等. 超细ZSM-5分子筛的制备及其形貌表征[J]. 化工进展,2012,31(9):1980-1984. JIANG J Z,ZHANG M S,KE L,et al. Synthesis and characterization of ultra-fine ZSM-5 zeolite[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2012,31(9):1980-1984.
[36] MINTOVA S,GILSON J P,VALTCHEV V. Advances in nanosized zeolites[J]. Nanoscale,2013,5(15):6693-6703.
[37] MOCHIZUKI H,YOKOI T,IMAI H,et al. Facile control of crystallite size of ZSM-5 catalyst for cracking of hexane[J]. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials,2011,145(1/2/3):165-171.
[38] URATA K,FURUKAWA S,KOMATSU T. Location of coke on H-ZSM-5 zeolite formed in the cracking of n-hexane[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2014,475:335-340.
[39] XUE H,HUANG X,DITZEL E,et al. Coking on micrometer-and nanometer-sized mordenite during dimethyl ether carbonylation to methyl acetate[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis,2013,34(8):1496-1503.
[40] LAKISS L,NGOYE F,CANAFF C,et al. On the remarkable resistance to coke formation of nanometer-sized and hierarchical MFI zeolites during ethanol to hydrocarbons transformation[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2015,328:165-172.
[41] ROSILDA S,CHIANG A S T. Some observations on the synthesis of fully-dispersible nanocrystalline zeolite ZSM-5[J]. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,2014,14(9):7351-7359.
[42] SHI L,WANG J,LI N,et al. Direct synthesis of monolithic nano-sized ZSM-5 aggregates possessing ordered mesoporosity by controlling arrangement of nanoparticles[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2017,695:2488-2498.
[43] INAGAKI S,SHINODA S,HAYASHI S,et al. Improvement in the catalytic properties of ZSM-5 zeolite nanoparticles via mechanochemical and chemical modifications[J]. Catalysis Science & Technology,2016,6(8):2598-2604.
[44] WAKIHARA T,SATO K,INAGAKI S,et al. Fabrication of fine zeolite with improved catalytic properties by bead milling and alkali treatment[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2010,2(10):2715-2718.
[45] CHOI M,NA K,KIM J,et al. Stable single-unit-cell nanosheets of zeolite MFI as active and long-lived catalysts[J]. Nature,2009,461(7261):246-249.
[46] NA K,JO C,KIM J,et al. Directing zeolite structures into hierarchically nanoporous architectures[J]. Science,2011,333:328-332.
[47] ZHU X,WU L,MAGUSIN P C M M,et al. On the synthesis of highly acidic nanolayered ZSM-5[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2015,327:10-21.
[48] XU D,MA Y,JING Z,et al. π-π interaction of aromatic groups in amphiphilic molecules directing for single-crystalline mesostructured zeolite nanosheets[J]. Nature Communication,2014,5:4262.
[49] RANI P,SRIVASTAVA R,SATPATI B. One-step dual template mediated synthesis of nanocrystalline zeolites of different framework structures[J]. Crystal Growth & Design,2016,16(6):3323-3333.
[50] ZHANG X,LIU D,XU D,et al. Synthesis of self-pillared zeolite nanosheets by repetitive branching[J]. Science,2012,336(6089):1684-1687.
[51] XU D,SWINDLEHURST G R,WU H,et al. On the synthesis and adsorption properties of single-unit-cell hierarchical zeolites made by rotational Intergrowths[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2014,24(2):201-208.
[52] LIU B,ZHENG L,ZHU Z,et al. Effect of synthesis conditions on the structural and catalytic properties of hierarchically structured ZSM-5 zeolites[J]. RSC Advances,2014,4(27):13831.
[53] BLASCO T,CORMA A,MARTINEZTRIGUERO J. Hydrothermal stabilization of ZSM-5 catalytic-cracking additives by phosphorus addition[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2006,237(2):267-277.
[54] HODALA J L,HALGERI A B,SHANBHAG G V. Phosphate modified ZSM-5 for the shape-selective synthesis of para-diethylbenzene:role of crystal size and acidity[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2014,484:8-16.
[55] LI J,LI T,MA H,et al. Effect of impregnating Fe into P-modified HZSM-5 in the coupling cracking of butene and pentene[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,2015,54(6):1796-1805.
[56] DING J,WANG M,PENG L,et al. Combined desilication and phosphorus modification for high-silica ZSM-5 zeolite with related study of hydrocarbon cracking performance[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2015,503:147-155.
[57] SONG Z,TAKAHASHI A,NAKAMURA I,et al. Phosphorus-modified ZSM-5 for conversion of ethanol to propylene[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2010,384(1/2):201-205.
[58] ZHAO G,TENG J,XIE Z,et al. Effect of phosphorus on HZSM-5 catalyst for C4-olefin cracking reactions to produce propylene[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2007,248(1):29-37.
[59] LEE J,HONG U G,HWANG S,et al. Catalytic cracking of C₅ raffinate to light olefins over lanthanum-containing phosphorous-modified porous ZSM-5:effect of lanthanum content[J]. Fuel Processing Technology,2013,109:189-195.
[60] KIM S,SASMAZ E,LAUTERBACH J. Effect of Pt and Gd on coke formation and regeneration during JP-8 cracking over ZSM-5 catalysts[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2015,168/169:212-219.