Abstract:

Radioactive pollution can cause serious ecological and environmental issues, and thus the appropriate treatment of the radioactive wastewater is in urgent demand for the environmental safety in China. The development of efficient technologies and materials is of great significance for the radioactive wastewater treatment. In recent decades, the nanomaterials, which has drawn more and more attention due to their unique physical-chemical properties, have been gradually used in the treatment of the radioactive wastewater and shown a good potential. This paper reviewed the research progress of the nanomaterial usage in the treatment of the radioactive wastewater, and summarized the properties and the application of nanomaterials as absorbent and membrane materials to remove the radioactive ions from wastewater. On one hand, nanomaterials with high specific surface area, which were fresh new adsorbents bearing numerous active sites and nanopores, can efficiently treat radioactive wastewater by adsorption. On the other hand, a variety of nanomaterials can be used as raw materials or additives in the membrane fabrication to increase the variety of raw materials and the regulatory dimensions and thus to improve traditional membranes by enhancing the removal efficiency of radionuclides from the wastewater. Finally, the screen criteria of appropriate nanomaterials for radioactive wastewater treatment was concluded, and several problems related to the application of nanomaterials in radioactive wastewater treatment were discussed.

Key words: nanomaterial, radioactive wastewater, absorbent, membrane material

摘要：

放射性污染会引起生态环境问题，安全高效地处理放射性废水是我国应对环境安全的迫切需求，因此，研发高效的放射性处理技术和材料具有重要意义。近年来，纳米材料因其独特的物化性质受到广泛关注，被尝试用于放射性废水处理，并表现出良好的应用潜力。本文综述了国内外研究者利用纳米材料处理放射性废水的研究进展，总结了纳米材料作为吸附剂和膜材料对水体放射性核素的处理性能和应用情况：一方面，高比表面积的纳米材料作为新型吸附剂，经适当化学处理后具有大量活性位点和纳米孔，可高效吸附处理放射性废水；另一方面，种类丰富的纳米材料可作为制膜材料和添加剂，增加膜材料种类和制备调控维度，改善传统膜对水体放射性核素的去除效果。最后，总结了处理放射性废水的纳米材料选择依据，并讨论了纳米材料在放射性废水处理中需要引起重视的几个问题。

关键词: 纳米材料, 放射性废水, 吸附, 膜分离