“第六产业”发展及其化工技术支撑

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2017.04.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 当前传统的小农经济已经无法担负起保证农业增产、农民增收的重任，也不利于食品安全和环境保护，发展集约化经营的现代农业是大势所趋。“第六产业”正是发展现代农业的一剂对症良方。其中，在我国农业的发展过程中，以化肥、农药、农膜等为代表的化工产品对于提高粮食单产、保障粮食自给自足方面作出了重要的贡献。然而，资源的紧缺、环境的变化以及农业现代化的发展，对支农化工产品及农化服务提出了新的要求。本文简要回顾了我国农业革命的发展历程，剖析“第六产业”的内涵，阐述在“第六产业”视角下，化学工程及农化产业对农业革命发展的重要支撑作用。特别地，农化产业转型的重点在于开发节能、环保、高效、绿色的新型支农化工产品，包括新型化肥、新型低毒农药、高性能可降解农膜等。与此同时，需要改革传统的化肥施用形式，推广配套的水肥药一体化灌溉技术。此外，“治标治本”的新型土壤修复技术、良种培育技术、作物抗逆性能改良技术、农产品高值化技术、农业废弃物资源化利用技术等其他涉农领域的技术创新也应大力推进，农业组织形式改造与农化服务升级也是必不可少的。在“第六产业”发展的背景下，农化产业将迎来新的发展机会，随着新型化工产品及先进技术的应用，可望取得重大的社会经济效益。

关键词: 第六产业, 化学工程, 农化产业, 化肥, 农药, 农膜

Abstract: At present,the traditional small-scale peasant economy has been unable to take on the responsibility of guaranteeing agricultural production and farmers' income increase. It is not conducive to food safety and environmental protection. The development of intensive agriculture is the general trend. The "Sixth Industry" is the development of modern agriculture as an excellent remedy for this situation. Among them,chemical products,such as chemical fertilizers,pesticides and agricultural plastic films,have made important contributions to the improvement of grain yields and the self-sufficiency of grain in China's agricultural development process. However,for the shortage of resources,changes in the environment and the development of agricultural modernization,it has put forward new demands of the agricultural chemical products and agrochemical services. This paper briefly reviews the development course of China's agricultural revolution,analyzes the connotation of the "Sixth Industry",and expounds the important supporting role of chemical engineering and agrochemical dustry to the development of agricultural revolution under the perspective of "Sixth Industry". In particular,the transformation of the agrochemical industry should focus on the development of new agricultural chemical products including new chemical fertilizers,new low-toxicity pesticides and high-performance degradable plastic film. The traditional form of fertilizer application is also need to reform,which can promote the integration of water and fertilizer integrated irrigation technology. In addition,other agricultural-related technology innovation,such as new soil remediation technology,seed cultivation technology,crop resistance technology,high-value agricultural technology and agricultural waste utilization technology should be vigorously promoted. The transformation of agricultural organization form and upgrade of agrochemical service are also indispensable. In the development of "Sixth Industry",agrochemical industry will usher in new development opportunities. With the application of new chemical products and advanced technology,the resulting social and economic benefits will be very considerable.

Key words: Sixth Industry, chemical engineering, agricultural chemical industry, fertilizer, pesticide, agricultural plastic film

中图分类号:

金涌, 罗志波, 胡山鹰, 陈定江, 朱兵. “第六产业”发展及其化工技术支撑[J]. 化工进展, 2017, 36(04): 1155-1164.

JIN Yong, LUO Zhibo, HU Shanyin, CHEN Dingjiang, ZHU Bing. Development of the “Sixth Industry” and its support by chemical technology[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2017, 36(04): 1155-1164.

参考文献

[1] 张卫峰,马林,黄高强,等. 中国氮肥发展,贡献和挑战[J]. 中国农业科学,2013,46(15):3161-3171. ZHANG W F,MA L,HUANG G Q,et al. The development and contribution of nitrogenous fertilizer in China and challenges faced by the country[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(15):3161-3171.
[2] 刘建廷. WTO农业补贴规则演变对中国的启示[J]. 农业展望,2013,9(10):33-35. LIU J T. Evolution of the WTO agricultural subsidy rules implications for China[J].Agricultural Outlook,2013,9(10):33-35.
[3] 高玉强,林光祺. 国外农业补贴:研究述评与未来展望[J]. 经济体制改革,2015(4):167-172. GAO Y Q,LIN G Q.Literature review on foreign agricultural subsidy systems[J].Reform of Economic System,2015(4):167-172.
[4] 陈锡文. 中国农业发展形势及面临的挑战[J]. 农村经济,2015(1):3-7. CHEN X W. China's agricultural development and challenges[J]. Rural Economy,2015(1):3-7.
[5] ALLEN R C. Tracking the agricultural revolution in England[J]. Economic History Review,1999,52(2):209-235.
[6] THOMPSON F M L. The second agricultural revolution,1815-1880[J]. The Economic History Review,1968,21(1):62-77.
[7] BARKER G. The agricultural revolution in prehistory:why did foragers become farmers?[M]. Demand:Oxford University Press, 2009.
[8] FEDER G,UMALI D L. The adoption of agricultural innovations:a review[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change,1993,43(3):215-239.
[9] MAGDOFF F. Ecological agriculture:principles,practices,and constraints[J]. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,2007,22(02):109-117.
[10] SANDERS R. A market road to sustainable agriculture? Ecological agriculture,green food and organic agriculture in China[J]. Development and Change,2006,37(1):201-226.
[11] KHATOUNIAN C A. Ecological reconstruction of agriculture[M]. Instituto Agronômico do Paraná,2002.
[12] 路征. 第六产业:日本实践及其借鉴意义[J]. 现代日本经济,2016(4):16-25. LU Z. The sixth industry:Japan's experience and enlightenment for China[J].Contemporary Economy of Japan,2016(4):16-25.
[13] 今村奈良臣. Agricultual policy reform:new legislation to chance the face of Japanese farming[J]. 家政経済学論叢,2000,36:35-45. Imamura Naranchen. Agricultual policy reform:new legislation to chance the face of Japanese farming[J]. Journal of Economics of Family Economics,2000,36:35-45.
[14] 芦千文.农村一二三产业融合发展研究述评[J].农业经济与管理,2016(4):27-34. LU Q W.Research review on convergence among primary,secondary and tertiary industries in rural China[J]. Agricultural Economics and Management,2016(4):27-34.
[15] KIM T G,HEO J N. Creation of value-added farming in line with the sixth industry[R]. Seoul:Korea Rural Economic Institute,2011.
[16] ZHU Z L,CHEN D L. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-Contributions to food production,impacts on the environment and best management strategies[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2002,63(2-3):117-127.
[17] 盛来运.中国统计年鉴2015[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:432-461. SHENG L Y. China statistical yearbook 2015[M].Beiing:China Statistics Press,2015:432-461.
[18] 张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等. 中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J]. 土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924. ZHANG F S,WANG J Q,ZHANG W F,et al.Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2008,45(5):915-924.
[19] 胡山鹰,陈定江,金涌,等. 化学工业绿色发展战略研究:基于化肥和煤化工行业的分析[J]. 化工学报,2014,65(7):2704-2709. HU S Y,CHEN D J,JIN Y,et al. Green development strategies for chemical industry in China:based on analysis of fertilizer industry and coal chemical industry[J]. CIESC Journal,2014,65(7):2704-2709.
[20] BANFUL A B. Old problems in the new solutions? Politically motivated allocation of program benefits and the "new" fertilizer subsidies[J]. World Development,2011,39(7):1166-1176.
[21] ERRO J,URRUTIA O,SAN FRANCISCO S,et al. Development and agronomical validation of new fertilizer compositions of high bioavailability and reduced potential nutrient losses[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2007,55(19):7831-7839.
[22] XU X,HE P,QIU S,et al. Estimating a new approach of fertilizer recommendation across small-holder farms in China[J]. Field Crops Research,2014,163:10-17.
[23] 郭志刚,刘轶群,岑俊娟. "含氨基酸水溶肥料"在小麦上的肥效试验报告[J]. 中国农业信息,2015(4):100-101. GUO Z G,LIU Z Q,QIN J J. Report on fertilizer effect of "water-soluble fertilizer containing amino acid" on wheat[J].China Agriculture Information,2015(4):100-101.
[24] 段颖琳,刘峰,赵帅,等. 三峡库区蓄水前后农田生态系统服务与环境压力分析[J]. 生态学报,2016,36(9):2750-2763. DUAN Y L,LIU F,ZHAO S,et al. Analysis of farmland ecosystem services and environmental pressures in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,before and after impoundment[J].Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(9):2750-2763.
[25] 孔亮,宋毅. 中国畜牧业年鉴[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社,2014:205-211. KONG L,SONG Y. China animal husbandry yearbook[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2014:205-211.
[26] ERFANI A A,MEHRABAN A,GHANBARI A. Effect of biological fertilizer on yield and yield components of sesame under drought stress[J]. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences,2016,5(4):176-179.
[27] TAO R,LIANG Y,WAKELIN S A,et al. Supplementing chemical fertilizer with an organic component increases soil biological function and quality[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2015,96:42-51.
[28] DING W,CAO Q,ZHAO L,et al. Effects of biological fertilizer applications on banana wilt disease and soil microorganisms[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,8:017.
[29] LIU Z,ZHANG C,LU Y,et al. States and challenges for high-value biohythane production from waste biomass by dark fermentation technology[J]. Bioresource Technology,2013,135:292-303.
[30] LIU Z,LI Q,ZHANG C,et al. Effects of operating parameters on hydrogen production from raw wet steam-exploded cornstalk and two-stage fermentation potential for biohythane production[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal,2014,90:234-238.
[31] LIU Z,ZHANG C,WANG L,et al. Effects of furan derivatives on biohydrogen fermentation from wet steam-exploded cornstalk and its microbial community[J]. Bioresource Technology,2015,175:152-159.
[32] SI B,LIU Z,ZHANG Y,et al. Towards biohythane production from biomass:influence of operational stage on anaerobic fermentation and microbial community[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2016,41(7):4429-4438.
[33] MATSON P A,NAYLOR R,ORTIZ-MONASTERIO I. Integration of environmental,agronomic,and economic aspects of fertilizer management[J]. Science,1998,280(5360):112-115.
[34] YUAN H,LI L,WANF J,et al. Design and test of regulation and control equipment for nutrient solution of water and fertilizer integration in greenhouse[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(8):27-32.
[35] 安迪,王亭杰,金涌. 采用水肥一体化技术统筹工农业协调发展[J]. 中国工程科学,2015,17(5):120-125. AN D,WANG T J,JIN Y.Using drip irrigation of water and fertilizer for synergic development of industry and agriculture[J].Engineering Sciences,2015,17(5):120-125.
[36] 崔海涛. 水肥一体化技术示范推广在全国启动——全国水肥一体化技术示范推广会议在山东临沂召开[J]. 中国农资,2014(27):3-3. CUI H T. Water and fertilizer integration technology demonstration and promotion in China-National water and fertilizer integration technology demonstration and extension conference held in Linyi,Shandong Province[J]. China Agricultural Means of Production,2014(27):3-3.
[37] LUBICK N. Endosulfan's exit:US EPA pesticide review leads to a ban[J]. Science,2010,328(5985):1466-1466.
[38] HASSAN S A. The mass rearing and utilization of Trichogramma to control lepidopterous pests:achievements and outlook[J]. Pesticide Science,1993,37(4):387-391.
[39] MOSTAFALOU S,ABDOLLAHI M. Pesticides and human chronic diseases:evidences,mechanisms,and perspectives[J]. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,2013,268(2):157-177.
[40] ZWEIG G.(ed.). Principles,methods,and general applications:analytical methods for pesticides,plant growth regulators,and food additives[M]. Amsterdam:Elsevier,2013.
[41] RODRIGO M A,OTURAN N,OTURAN M A. Electrochemically assisted remediation of pesticides in soils and water:a review[J]. Chemical Reviews,2014,114(17):8720-8745.
[42] YU D,WANG Z,LIU J,et al. Screening anti-southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus drugs based on S7-1 gene expression in rice suspension cells[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(34):8049-8055.
[43] WANG Z,LI X,WANG W,et al. Interaction research on the antiviral molecule dufulin targeting on southern rice black streaked dwarf virus P9-1 nonstructural protein[J]. Viruses,2015,7(3):1454-1473.
[44] 徐晓勇,张一宾,钱旭红. 翩翩起舞的蝴蝶——农药,是天使还是魔鬼[J]. 世界农药,2014(5):1-4. XU X Y,ZHANG Y B,QIAN X H. Dancing butterfly:pesiticides,the angel or the devil[J].World Pesticides,2014(5):1-4.
[45] NEAL A E,MOORE P A. Mimicking natural systems:changes in behavior as a result of dynamic exposure to naproxen[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2017,135:347-357.
[46] XU S,WU J M,HUANG X,et al. Effects of different plastic films mulching on soil temperature and moisture,the growth and yield of sugarcane[J]. Agricultural Science & Technology,2015,16(9):41-46.
[47] BRAUNACK M V,JOHNSTON D B,PRICE J,et al. Soil temperature and soil water potential under thin oxodegradable plastic film impact on cotton crop establishment and yield[J]. Field Crops Research,2015,184:91-103.
[48] SEO J S,JEON J H,HWANG Y H,et al. Solution-processed flexible fluorine-doped indium zinc oxide thin-film transistors fabricated on plastic film at low temperature[J]. Scientific Reports,2013. DOI:10.1038/serp02085.
[49] LIU D,QI Z,ZHANG Y,et al. Poly(butylene succinate)(PBS)/ionic liquid plasticized starch blends:preparation,characterization,and properties[J]. Starch-Stärke,2015,67(9-10):802-809.
[50] WANG C,MING W,YAN D,et al. Novel membrane-based biotechnological alternative process for succinic acid production and chemical synthesis of bio-based poly(butylene succinate)[J]. Bioresource Technology,2014,156:6-13.
[51] ZHANG B,GUO F,YANG L,et al. Tunable synthesis of multi-shaped PbS via L-cysteine assisted solvothermal method[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,2014,405:142-149.
[52] 周健民. 浅谈我国土壤质量变化与耕地资源可持续利用[J]. 中国科学院院刊,2015,30(4):459-467. ZHOU J M. Evolution of soil quality and sustainable use of soil resources in China[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015,30(4):459-467.
[53] MAO X,JIANG R,XIAO W,et al. Use of surfactants for the remediation of contaminated soils:a review[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2015,285:419-435.
[54] SIZMUR T,QUILLIAM R,PUGA A P,et al. Agricultural and environmental applications of biochar:advances and barriers[M]. Madison:Soil Science Society of America,2015:295-324.
[55] TRUJILLO-REYES J,PERALTA-VIDEA J R,GARDEA-TORRESDEY J L. Supported and unsupported nanomaterials for water and soil remediation:are they a useful solution for worldwide pollution?[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,280:487-503.
[56] MENA E,VILLASENOR J,CANIZARES P,et al. Effect of a direct electric current on the activity of a hydrocarbon-degrading microorganism culture used as the flushing liquid in soil remediation processes[J]. Separation and Purification Technology,2014,124:217-223.
[57] 徐正进,陈温福. 中国北方粳型超级稻研究进展[J]. 中国农业科学,2016,49(2):239-250. XU Z J,CHEN W F. Research progress and related problems on japonica super rice in northern China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(2):239-250.
[58] 黄大昉. 我国转基因作物育种发展回顾与思考[J]. 生物工程学报,2015,31(6):892-900. HUANG D F. Review of transgenic crop breeding in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Biotechnology,2015,31(6):892-900.
[59] ARAUS J L,CAIRNS J E. Field high-throughput phenotyping:the new crop breeding frontier[J]. Trends in Plant Science,2014,19(1):52-61.
[60] VARSHNEY R K,TERAUCHI R,MCCOUCH S R. Harvesting the promising fruits of genomics:applying genome sequencing technologies to crop breeding[J]. PLoS Biol.,2014,12(6):e1001883.
[61] YANG F,KERNS D L,BROWN S,et al. Performance and cross-crop resistance of Cry1F-maize selected Spodoptera frugiperda on transgenic Bt cotton:implications for resistance management[J]. Scientific Reports,2016. DOI:10.1038/srep28059.
[62] KOCHIAN L V,PINEROS M A,LIU J,et al. Plant adaptation to acid soils:the molecular basis for crop aluminum resistance[J]. Annual Review of Plant Biology,2015,66:571-598.
[63] JONES J D G,WITEK K,VERWEIL W,et al. Elevating crop disease resistance with cloned genes[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B:Biological Sciences,2014,369(1639):20130087.
[64] SAN-SEGUNDO B,LOPEZ-GARCIA B,COCA M. Plant pathogen resistance biotechnology[M]. New York:John Wiley & Sons Inc.,2016:245-272.
[65] 贾琪,吴名耀,梁康迳,等. 基因组学在作物抗逆性研究中的新进展[J]. 中国生态农业学报,2014,22(4):375-385. JIA Q,WU M Y,LIANG K J,et al. Advances in applications of genomics in stress resistance studies of crops[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(4):375-385.
[66] TEMU A E,TEMU A A. High value agricultural products for smallholder markets in sub-Saharan Africa:trends,opportunities and research priorities[C]//Prepared for an International Workshop,"How Can the Poor Benefit from the Growing Markets for High Value Agricultural Products,2005:3-5.
[67] SVIHUS B,UHLEN A K,HARSTAD O M. Effect of starch granule structure,associated components and processing on nutritive value of cereal starch:a review[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology,2005,122(3):303-320.
[68] BROWN R C,BROWN T R. Biorenewable resources:engineering new products from agriculture[M]. New York:John Wiley & Sons,2013:4-15.
[69] 朱会义,孙明慧. 土地利用集约化研究的回顾与未来工作重点[J]. 地理学报,2014,69(9):1346-1357. ZHU H Y,SUN M H. Main progress in the research on land use intensification[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(9):1346-1357.
[70] 王向东,龚健. 土地集约化利用评价及其实证研究[J]. 经济地理,2016(5):17-25. WANG X D,GONG J. The empirical research on process evaluation of land intensive use in China[J]. Economic Geography,2016(5):17-25.
[71] 付秋芳,杨炳尧,忻莉燕,等. 我国农化行业升级之路:打造一流农化服务供应链[J]. 战略决策研究,2010(5):52-63. FU Q F,YANG B R,XIN L Y,et al. Strategies for upgrading China's agricultural chemical industry:creating high-class service supply chain[J]. Journal of Strategy and Decision-Making,2010(5):52-63.
[72] 马淑杰.区域磷资源产业演化与可持续发展研究[D]. 北京:清华大学,2016. MA S J.Study on evolution and sustainable development of regional phosphorus resources industry[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2016.