硫化沉淀法处理铜砷多金属酸性废水研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1061

化工进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (9): 5301-5314.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1061

• 资源与环境化工 • 上一篇

硫化沉淀法处理铜砷多金属酸性废水研究进展

洪凯¹(), 樊欢², 田佳³^,⁴, 张荥斐⁵()

^1.湖北轻工职业技术学院，湖北武汉 430070
^2.湖南省交通规划勘察设计院有限公司水利与环保事业部，湖南长沙 410219
^3.西南科技大学环境与资源工程学院，四川绵阳 621000
^4.中南大学资源加工与生物工程学院，湖南长沙 410083
^5.西安建筑科技大学资源工程学院，陕西西安 710055

收稿日期:2024-07-01 修回日期:2024-08-01 出版日期:2025-09-25 发布日期:2025-09-30
通讯作者: 张荥斐
作者简介:洪凯（1966—），男，硕士，副教授。E-mail：408769310@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金青年项目(52304315);湖南省重大科技攻关项目(2023ZJ1110)

Treatment of copper-arsenic polymetallic acidic wastewater by sulfide precipitation: A review

HONG Kai¹(), FAN Huan², TIAN Jia³^,⁴, ZHANG Xingfei⁵()

^1.Hubei Light Industry Technology Institute, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
^2.Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Division, Hunan Provincial Communications Planning, Survey & Design Institute Co. , Ltd. , Changsha 410219, Hunan, China
^3.School of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan, China
^4.School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
^5.School of Resources Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, Shaanxi, China

Received:2024-07-01 Revised:2024-08-01 Online:2025-09-25 Published:2025-09-30
Contact: ZHANG Xingfei

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

有色冶炼和二次资源回收中会产生大量铜砷多金属酸性废水，其中有价金属与砷之间难以高效分离是制约其资源化利用的关键。本文从废水来源、操作因素以及硫源类型等方面对金属离子的选择性硫化沉淀进行了全面的综述。首先介绍铜砷多金属酸性废水的来源，阐明了不同工艺下废水的产生方式；围绕硫化沉淀法在铜砷多金属分离中的运用现状，着重介绍和分析了硫化沉淀法的原理及影响硫化分离效果的主要因素，揭示了选择性硫化分离中的内在规律；最后讨论并梳理了不同硫化药剂的开发及应用情况，重点讨论了铁硫化物在铜砷多金属硫化沉淀过程中的应用及其机理研究的现状，并对不同废水体系下药剂开发和硫化过程的调控手段提出了建议和展望。本文初步建立了硫化沉淀与金属离子选择性分离间的内在联系，为处理铜砷多金属酸性废水提供了更精准的参数指导和策略优化。

关键词: 铜砷多金属酸性废水, 硫化沉淀法, 硫化剂, 铜砷分离, 资源利用

Abstract:

In the smelting of non-ferrous metals and the recycling of secondary resources, a significant amount of copper-arsenic polymetallic acidic wastewater is produced. The inefficient separation of valuable metals from arsenic is the key factor restricting its resource utilization. The sulfide precipitation method has been widely studied due to its excellent selectivity. However, the sulfide separation behavior among different metal ions still lacks systematic research. This paper provided a comprehensive review of the selective sulfide precipitation of metal ions, focusing on aspects such as wastewater sources, operational factors, and types of sulfur sources. Firstly, the sources of copper-arsenic polymetallic acidic wastewater were introduced, and the methods of wastewater generation under different processes were elucidated. The current application status of the sulfide precipitation method in the separation of copper-arsenic polymetallic systems was analyzed, with an emphasis on the principles of sulfide precipitation and the main factors affecting sulfide separation efficiency, revealing the intrinsic rules of selective sulfide separation. Finally, the development and application of various sulfide agents were reviewed and discussed, with a particular focus on the application and mechanism research status of inorganic insoluble iron sulfides in the copper-arsenic polymetallic sulfide precipitation process. Additionally, suggestions and prospects for the development of agents and control methods for the sulfide process in different wastewater systems were proposed. This paper preliminarily established the intrinsic relationship between sulfide precipitation and the selective separation of metal ions, providing more precise parameter guidance and strategy optimization for treating copper-arsenic polymetallic acidic wastewater.

Key words: copper-arsenic polymetallic acid wastewater, sulfide precipitation method, sulfurizing reagent, copper-arsenic separation, resource utilization

中图分类号:

TD982

洪凯, 樊欢, 田佳, 张荥斐. 硫化沉淀法处理铜砷多金属酸性废水研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(9): 5301-5314.

HONG Kai, FAN Huan, TIAN Jia, ZHANG Xingfei. Treatment of copper-arsenic polymetallic acidic wastewater by sulfide precipitation: A review[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(9): 5301-5314.

图/表 12

参考文献 71

[1]	ZHANG Xingfei, FAN Huan, YUAN Jia, et al. The application and mechanism of iron sulfides in arsenic removal from water and wastewater: A critical review[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2022, 10(6): 108856.
[2]	VIJAYARAGHAVAN K, YUN Yeoung-Sang. Bacterial biosorbents and biosorption[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2008, 26(3): 266-291.
[3]	SALEH Tawfik A, GUPTA Vinod K. Synthesis and characterization of alumina nano-particles polyamide membrane with enhanced flux rejection performance[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2012, 89: 245-251.
[4]	Imran ALI, JAIN Chakresh Kumar. Advances in arsenic speciation techniques[J]. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2004, 84(12): 947-964.
[5]	赵洪兴. 碱性溶液中砷萃取分离研究[D]. 赣州: 江西理工大学, 2015.
	ZHAO Hongxing. Study on extraction and separation of arsenic from alkaline solution[D]. Ganzhou: Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 2015.
[6]	BARAKAT M A. New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater[J]. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2011, 4(4): 361-377.
[7]	TIAN Jia, ZHANG Xingfei, WANG Yufeng, et al. Alkali circulating leaching of arsenic from copper smelter dust based on arsenic-alkali efficient separation[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2021, 287: 112348.
[8]	潘国强, 李红. 纳滤膜法与化学沉淀耦合法处理实际矿山废水工艺研究[J]. 广东化工, 2023, 50(3): 150-152.
	PAN Guoqiang, LI Hong. Study on the treatment of actual mine wastewater by nanofiltration membrane coupled with chemical precipitation[J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry, 2023, 50(3): 150-152.
[9]	张候文, 杨大锦, 代龙果, 等. 从酸性高浓度含砷溶液中脱砷研究进展[J]. 湿法冶金, 2024, 43(4): 370-379.
	ZHANG Houwen, YANG Dajin, DAI Longguo, et al. Research progress on removal of arsenic from acidic high-concentration arsenic solution [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2024, 43(4): 370-379.
[10]	LEWIS A. Precipitation of heavy metals[M]//RENE Eldon R, SAHINKAYA Erkan, LEWIS Alison, et al. Sustainable Heavy Metal Remediation: Volume 1: Principles and Processes. Springer, 2017: 101-120.
[11]	ESTAY Humberto, BARROS Lorena, TRONCOSO Elizabeth. Metal sulfide precipitation: Recent breakthroughs and future outlooks[J]. Minerals, 2021, 11(12): 1385.
[12]	LIANG Qian, JIANG Linhua, DUAN Ning, et al. Exploration of the arsenic removal performance fluctuation using H₂S from highly acidic wastewater in copper smelting[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 376: 134311.
[13]	李栋, 袁乐乐, 张勇兵, 等. 有色冶金污酸废水资源化研究进展[J]. 有色金属科学与工程, 2024, 15(6): 822-830.
	LI Dong, YUAN Lele, ZHANG Yongbing, et al. Research progress on recycling of acid wastewater from nonferrous metallurgy [J]. Nonferrous Metals Science and Engineering, 2024, 15(6): 822-830.
[14]	李玉虎. 有色冶金含砷烟尘中砷的脱除与固化[D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2012.
	LI Yuhu. Removal and solidification of arsenic from arsenic-containing dust in nonferrous metallurgy[D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2012.
[15]	CALDERON April Rose Malagum, ALORRO Richard Diaz, TADESSE Bogale, et al. Repurposing of nickeliferous pyrrhotite from mine tailings as magnetic adsorbent for the recovery of gold from chloride solution[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2020, 161: 104971.
[16]	Gülay BULUT, Ünzile YENIAL, Emrecan EMIROĞLU, et al. Arsenic removal from aqueous solution using pyrite[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2014, 84: 526-532.
[17]	GARG Srinath, JUDD Kurtis, MAHADEVAN Radhakrishnan, et al. Leaching characteristics of nickeliferous pyrrhotite tailings from the Sudbury, Ontario area[J]. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2017, 56(4): 372-381.
[18]	范帅. 电镀废水中铜的电沉积回收及其工艺设计[D]. 衡阳: 南华大学, 2015.
	FAN Shuai. Recovery of copper from electroplating wastewater by electrodeposition and its process design[D]. Hengyang: University of South China, 2015.
[19]	SONG Shaole, SUN Wei, WANG Li, et al. Recovery of cobalt and zinc from the leaching solution of zinc smelting slag[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2019, 7(1): 102777.
[20]	ETTEL V A, MOSOIU M A, DEVUYST E A. A novel oxidant for nickel hydrometallurgy[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 1979, 4(3): 247-257.
[21]	TOKUDA H, KUCHAR D, MIHARA N, et al. Study on reaction kinetics and selective precipitation of Cu, Zn, Ni and Sn with H₂S in single-metal and multi-metal systems[J]. Chemosphere, 2008, 73(9): 1448-1452.
[22]	BIJMANS Martijn F M, VAN HELVOORT Pieter-Jan, Shabir A DAR, et al. Selective recovery of nickel over iron from a nickel-iron solution using microbial sulfate reduction in a gas-lift bioreactor[J]. Water Research, 2009, 43(3): 853-861.
[23]	SAMPAIO R M M, TIMMERS R A, KOCKS N, et al. Zn-Ni sulfide selective precipitation: The role of supersaturation[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2010, 74(1): 108-118.
[24]	SETHURAJAN Manivannan, HUGUENOT David, LENS Piet N L, et al. Leaching and selective copper recovery from acidic leachates of Três Marias zinc plant (MG, Brazil) metallurgical purification residues[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2016, 177: 26-35.
[25]	POTT Britt-Marie, MATTIASSON Bo. Separation of heavy metals from water solutions at the laboratory scale[J]. Biotechnology Letters, 2004, 26(5): 451-456.
[26]	LIU Weifeng, SUN Baiqi, ZHANG Duchao, et al. Selective separation of similar metals in chloride solution by sulfide precipitation under controlled potential[J]. JOM, 2017, 69(11): 2358-2363.
[27]	YANG Tianzu, HU Bin, LIU Weifeng, et al. Selective separation of copper from copper-smelting waste acid by potential control[J]. Metallurgical Research & Technology, 2019, 116(4): 409.
[28]	LEWIS Alison Emslie. Review of metal sulphide precipitation[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2010, 104(2): 222-234.
[29]	MOKONE T P, VAN HILLE R P, LEWIS A E. Metal sulphides from wastewater: Assessing the impact of supersaturation control strategies[J]. Water Research, 2012, 46(7): 2088-2100.
[30]	Jakub ZIELIŃSKI, Marta HUCULAK-MĄCZKA, KANIEWSKI Maciej, et al. Kinetic modelling of cadmium removal from wet phosphoric acid by precipitation method[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2019, 190: 105157.
[31]	VEEKEN Adrie H M, AKOTO Lawrence, HULSHOFF POL Look W, et al. Control of the sulfide (S^2-) concentration for optimal zinc removal by sulfide precipitation in a continuously stirred tank reactor[J]. Water Research, 2003, 37(15): 3709-3717.
[32]	VEEKEN A H M, DE VRIES S, VAN DER MARK A, et al. Selective precipitation of heavy metals as controlled by a sulfide-selective electrode[J]. Separation Science and Technology, 2003, 38(1): 1-19.
[33]	SAMPAIO R M M, TIMMERS R A, XU Y, et al. Selective precipitation of Cu from Zn in a pS controlled continuously stirred tank reactor[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 165(1/2/3): 256-265.
[34]	TAKANO Masatoshi, ASANO Satoshi, GOTO Masahiro. Recovery of nickel, cobalt and rare-earth elements from spent nickel-metal-hydride battery: Laboratory tests and pilot trials[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2022, 209: 105826.
[35]	HU Shaohua, XIE Minyan, HSIEH Ya-Min, et al. Resource recycling of gallium arsenide scrap using leaching-selective precipitation[J]. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2015, 34(2): 471-475.
[36]	GUO Li, DU Yaguang, YI Qiushi, et al. Efficient removal of arsenic from “dirty acid” wastewater by using a novel immersed multi-start distributor for sulphide feeding[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2015, 142: 209-214.
[37]	ZHANG Erjun, ZHOU Kanggen, ZHANG Xuekai, et al. Selective separation of copper and zinc from high acid leaching solution of copper dust using a sulfide precipitation-pickling approach[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2021, 156: 100-108.
[38]	ZHANG Xingfei, ZENG Liqiang, WANG Yufeng, et al. Selective separation of metals from wastewater using sulfide precipitation: A critical review in agents, operational factors and particle aggregation[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2023, 344: 118462.
[39]	CAO Junya, ZHANG Guangji, MAO Zaisha, et al. Precipitation of valuable metals from bioleaching solution by biogenic sulfides[J]. Minerals Engineering, 2009, 22(3): 289-295.
[40]	ZHANG Yuhui, FENG Xiaoyan, JIN Bingjie. An effective separation process of arsenic, lead, and zinc from high arsenic-containing copper smelting ashes by alkali leaching followed by sulfide precipitation[J]. Waste Management & Research, 2020, 38(11): 1214-1221.
[41]	GHARABAGHI Mahdi, IRANNAJAD Mehdi, AZADMEHR Amir Reza. Selective sulphide precipitation of heavy metals from acidic polymetallic aqueous solution by thioacetamide[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2012, 51(2): 954-963.
[42]	SHI Meiqing, MIN Xiaobo, SHEN Chen, et al. Separation and recovery of copper in Cu-As-bearing copper electrorefining black slime by oxidation acid leaching and sulfide precipitation[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2021, 31(4): 1103-1112.
[43]	KOUZBOUR Sanaa, GOURICH Bouchaib, GROS Fabrice, et al. Purification of industrial wet phosphoric acid solution by sulfide precipitation in batch and continuous modes: Performance analysis, kinetic modeling, and precipitate characterization[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 380: 135072.
[44]	VEEKEN A H M, RULKENS W H. Innovative developments in the selective removal and reuse of heavy metals from wastewaters[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 47(10): 9-16.
[45]	MISHRA K K, KAPOOR M L. Kinetics of liquid-gas reactions through bubbles[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 1978, 3(1): 75-83.
[46]	TANG Lei, TANG Chaobo, XIAO Jin, et al. A cleaner process for valuable metals recovery from hydrometallurgical zinc residue[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 201: 764-773.
[47]	ROCHETTE Elizabeth A, BOSTICK Benjamin C, LI Guangchao, et al. Kinetics of arsenate reduction by dissolved sulfide[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2000, 34(22): 4714-4720.
[48]	ZHAO Youcai, STANFORTH Robert. Selective separation of lead from alkaline zinc solution by sulfide precipitation[J]. Separation Science and Technology, 2001, 36(11): 2561-2570.
[49]	REIS Flávia D, SILVA Adarlene M, CUNHA Emanoelle C, et al. Application of sodium-and biogenic sulfide to the precipitation of nickel in a continuous reactor[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2013, 120: 346-353.
[50]	WANG Li Pang, PONOU Josiane, MATSUO Seiji, et al. Integrating sulfidization with neutralization treatment for selective recovery of copper and zinc over iron from acid mine drainage[J]. Minerals Engineering, 2013, 45: 100-107.
[51]	WANG Li Pang, CHEN Yan Jhang. Sequential precipitation of iron, copper, and zinc from wastewater for metal recovery[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2019, 145(1): 04018130.
[52]	KOUZBOUR Sanaa, GOURICH Bouchaib, GROS Fabrice, et al. A novel approach for removing cadmium from synthetic wet phosphoric acid using sulfide precipitation process operating in batch and continuous modes[J]. Minerals Engineering, 2022, 187: 107809.
[53]	LIU Ruiping, YANG Zhongchao, HE Ziliang, et al. Treatment of strongly acidic wastewater with high arsenic concentrations by ferrous sulfide (FeS): Inhibitive effects of S(0)-enriched surfaces[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 304: 986-992.
[54]	LI Yongkui, QI Xianjin, LI Guohua, et al. Double-pathway arsenic removal and immobilization from high arsenic-bearing wastewater by using nature pyrite as in situ Fe and S donator[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 410: 128303.
[55]	ZHANG Xingfei, TIAN Jia, HU Yuehua, et al. Selective sulfide precipitation of copper ions from arsenic wastewater using monoclinic pyrrhotite[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 705: 135816.
[56]	WANG Zhao, LIU Chao, SHI Gaofeng, et al. Preparation and electrochemical properties of electrospun FeS/carbon nanofiber composites[J]. Ionics, 2020, 26(6): 3051-3060.
[57]	LI Lin, CHEN Xingyu, LIU Xuheng, et al. Removal of Cu from the nickel electrolysis anolyte using amorphous MnS[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2014, 146: 149-153.
[58]	ZHANG Yu, JIA Yun, HUANG Yaoguo, et al. Selective separation of heavy metal ions in sequence by TAA[J]. Separation Science and Technology, 2022, 57(13): 2116-2126.
[59]	YANG Yue, LIU Fanhan, SONG Shaole, et al. Recovering valuable metals from the leaching liquor of blended cathode material of spent lithium-ion battery[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2020, 8(5): 104358.
[60]	YANG Xin, PENG Xianjia, KONG Linghao, et al. Removal of Ni(Ⅱ) from strongly acidic wastewater by chelating precipitation and recovery of NiO from the precipitates[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2021, 104: 365-375.
[61]	YANG Xin, HU Xingyun, KONG Linghao, et al. Selective recovery of Cu(Ⅱ) from strongly acidic wastewater by zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate: Affecting factors, efficiency and mechanism[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2023, 129: 115-127.
[62]	POHL Alina. Removal of heavy metal ions from water and wastewaters by sulfur-containing precipitation agents[J]. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2020, 231(10): 503.
[63]	KONDO Hideyuki, FUJITA Takafumi, KUCHAR Dalibor, et al. Separation of metal sulfides from plating wastewater containing Cu, Zn and Ni by selective sulfuration with hydrogen sulfide[J]. Journal of The Surface Finishing Society of Japan, 2006, 57(12): 901.
[64]	LEWIS A, SWARTBOOI A. Factors affecting metal removal in mixed sulfide precipitation[J]. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 2006, 29(2): 277-280.
[65]	ZHANG Mingliang, WANG Haixia. Preparation of immobilized sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) granules for effective bioremediation of acid mine drainage and bacterial community analysis[J]. Minerals Engineering, 2016, 92: 63-71.
[66]	FOUCHER S, BATTAGLIA-BRUNET F, IGNATIADIS I, et al. Treatment by sulfate-reducing bacteria of Chessy acid-mine drainage and metals recovery[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2001, 56(4): 1639-1645.
[67]	LIU Yun, SERRANO Antonio, WYMAN Valentina, et al. Nickel complexation as an innovative approach for nickel-cobalt selective recovery using sulfate-reducing bacteria[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 402: 123506.
[68]	ZOUBOULIS A I, KYDROS K A, MATIS K A. Arsenic(Ⅲ) and arsenic(Ⅴ) removal from solutions by pyrite fines[J]. Separation Science and Technology, 1993, 28(15/16): 2449-2463.
[69]	WANG Ying, WU Xi, WANG Shaofeng, et al. The adsorption behavior of thioarsenite on magnetite and ferrous sulfide[J]. Chemical Geology, 2018, 492: 1-11.
[70]	DU Meimei, ZHANG Yongqing, HUSSAIN Imtyaz, et al. Effect of pyrite on enhancement of zero-valent iron corrosion for arsenic removal in water: A mechanistic study[J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 233: 744-753.
[71]	AN Xueliang, HUANG Fugen, REN Haitao, et al. Oxidative dissolution of amorphous FeS and speciation of secondary Fe minerals: Effects of pH and As(Ⅲ) concentration[J]. Chemical Geology, 2017, 462: 44-54.

反应式	活度积
反应式	298K	323K	373K
Ag₂S ⇌ 2Ag⁺+S^2-	49.14	45.37	39.70
Bi₂S₃ ⇌ 2Bi³⁺+3S^2-	104.05	98.37	90.58
CdS ⇌ Cd²⁺+S^2-	27.19	25.70	23.73
CoS ⇌ Co²⁺+S^2-	19.74	18.94	18.1
CuS ⇌ Cu²⁺+S^2-	35.85	33.76	30.85
Cu₂S ⇌ 2Cu⁺+S^2-	47.64	44.13	38.89
FeS ⇌ Fe²⁺+S^2-	16.47	15.75	15.17
HgS ⇌ Hg²⁺+S^2-	52.7	49.1	43.9
NiS ⇌ Ni²⁺+S^2-	21.03	20.19	19.26
MnS ⇌ Mn²⁺+S^2-	12.95	12.59	12.4
PbS ⇌ Pb²⁺+S^2-	28.06	26.28	23.89
SnS ⇌ Sn²⁺+S^2-	27.53	26.04	24.08
ZnS ⇌ Zn²⁺+S^2-	23.10	22.07	20.83

反应式	活度积
反应式	298K	323K	373K
Ag₂S ⇌ 2Ag⁺+S^2-	49.14	45.37	39.70
Bi₂S₃ ⇌ 2Bi³⁺+3S^2-	104.05	98.37	90.58
CdS ⇌ Cd²⁺+S^2-	27.19	25.70	23.73
CoS ⇌ Co²⁺+S^2-	19.74	18.94	18.1
CuS ⇌ Cu²⁺+S^2-	35.85	33.76	30.85
Cu₂S ⇌ 2Cu⁺+S^2-	47.64	44.13	38.89
FeS ⇌ Fe²⁺+S^2-	16.47	15.75	15.17
HgS ⇌ Hg²⁺+S^2-	52.7	49.1	43.9
NiS ⇌ Ni²⁺+S^2-	21.03	20.19	19.26
MnS ⇌ Mn²⁺+S^2-	12.95	12.59	12.4
PbS ⇌ Pb²⁺+S^2-	28.06	26.28	23.89
SnS ⇌ Sn²⁺+S^2-	27.53	26.04	24.08
ZnS ⇌ Zn²⁺+S^2-	23.10	22.07	20.83

硫源类型	描述	优点	缺点
无机可溶	采用Na₂S、NaHS、(NH₄)₂S和Na₂S₂O₃等化学可溶剂作为水溶沉淀剂连续或间歇进行	1.成本低，原料来源广； 2.反应速度快； 3.易于操作	1.硫离子局部浓度过高； 2.反应效率低，需要过量使用； 3.形成胶状产物，难以过滤； 4.H₂S的二次污染
无机难溶	CaS、FeS、ZnS、MnS和P₂S₅化学难溶性材料以固体或悬浮液的形式引入	1.降低溶液的过饱和水平； 2.提高产物颗粒大小； 3.有效控制H₂S逸出	1.反应速度慢，适用性有限； 2.表面易被涂覆，反应效率低； 3.反应效率靠外场和环境影响； 4.引入其他金属阳离子
有机可溶	有机硫源中含有有机基团中的硫原子，在溶液中可水解或发生氧化反应，释放出硫离子	1.与无机难溶剂相比，具有更好的溶解度； 2.不同的官能团提高选择性； 3.反应条件温和，用量低	1.成本高，合成工艺复杂； 2.可能会残留危险或有毒的有机物，如CS₂； 3.金属-有机配合物在环境中容易分解，金属被重新释放
气体	指能提供硫离子的气体化合物。最常用的是H₂S，它能溶解于溶液中，与金属离子形成硫化物沉淀	1.高纯度和高效率； 2.不引入其他金属阳离子	1.剧毒气体，易造成安全事故； 2.需要特殊的硫化设备； 3.严格的管理制度和储存、运输和使用的限制
生物硫化	通过硫酸盐还原菌利用废水中的单质硫、废硫酸或硫酸盐生产H₂S	1.工艺环保，适应性广； 2.具有高稳定性和可持续性	1.需要较长的反应时间； 2.对环境温度、水质、微生物种类的选择要求高； 3.操作难度高

硫源类型	描述	优点	缺点
无机可溶	采用Na₂S、NaHS、(NH₄)₂S和Na₂S₂O₃等化学可溶剂作为水溶沉淀剂连续或间歇进行	1.成本低，原料来源广； 2.反应速度快； 3.易于操作	1.硫离子局部浓度过高； 2.反应效率低，需要过量使用； 3.形成胶状产物，难以过滤； 4.H₂S的二次污染
无机难溶	CaS、FeS、ZnS、MnS和P₂S₅化学难溶性材料以固体或悬浮液的形式引入	1.降低溶液的过饱和水平； 2.提高产物颗粒大小； 3.有效控制H₂S逸出	1.反应速度慢，适用性有限； 2.表面易被涂覆，反应效率低； 3.反应效率靠外场和环境影响； 4.引入其他金属阳离子
有机可溶	有机硫源中含有有机基团中的硫原子，在溶液中可水解或发生氧化反应，释放出硫离子	1.与无机难溶剂相比，具有更好的溶解度； 2.不同的官能团提高选择性； 3.反应条件温和，用量低	1.成本高，合成工艺复杂； 2.可能会残留危险或有毒的有机物，如CS₂； 3.金属-有机配合物在环境中容易分解，金属被重新释放
气体	指能提供硫离子的气体化合物。最常用的是H₂S，它能溶解于溶液中，与金属离子形成硫化物沉淀	1.高纯度和高效率； 2.不引入其他金属阳离子	1.剧毒气体，易造成安全事故； 2.需要特殊的硫化设备； 3.严格的管理制度和储存、运输和使用的限制
生物硫化	通过硫酸盐还原菌利用废水中的单质硫、废硫酸或硫酸盐生产H₂S	1.工艺环保，适应性广； 2.具有高稳定性和可持续性	1.需要较长的反应时间； 2.对环境温度、水质、微生物种类的选择要求高； 3.操作难度高

硫化沉淀法处理铜砷多金属酸性废水研究进展

Treatment of copper-arsenic polymetallic acidic wastewater by sulfide precipitation: A review

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 12

参考文献 71

相关文章 2

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	任春晓1，吴培1，李振昊1，贺兆伟2,阎立军1，李文乐1. 加氢催化剂预硫化技术现状[J]. 化工进展, 2013, 32(05): 1060-1064.
[2]	张喜文，凌凤香，孙万付，方向晨，李瑞丰. 加氢催化剂器外预硫化技术现状 [J]. 化工进展, 2006, 25(4): 397-.