强化超薄均热板传热性能的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0563

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

超薄均热板具有热导率高、均温性优良、结构紧凑和可靠性高等优点，已成为应对受限空间高热流密度散热的有效手段。然而，超薄均热板内部狭窄的液体回流通道和蒸汽流动通道，削弱了超薄均热板的传热能力。为了改善超薄均热板的传热性能，研究人员进行了大量研究，主要包括吸液芯的结构优化设计、内部结构的表面处理和新型工质的研发。本文对上述三种改善超薄均热板传热性能途径的研究现状和发展动态进行了全面系统的总结，并针对当前研究存在的不足提供了解决方案，指出研发同时具有高毛细力和低流动阻力的新型吸液芯结构依然是今后的研究重点，而对于表面处理，可进一步扩展对超薄均热板冷凝表面疏水处理的研究，此外需研发适用于超薄均热板的新型工质。

关键词: 超薄均热板, 强化传热, 吸液芯结构优化, 表面处理, 新型工质

Abstract:

With the advantages of high thermal conductivity, excellent temperature uniformity, compact structure, and high reliability, the ultrathin vapor chamber (UTVC) has become an effective way to deal with high heat flux heat dissipation in restricted space. However, the narrow liquid reflux channel and vapor flow channel of the UTVCs weaken the heat transfer capability of the UTVCs. To improve the heat transfer performance of UTVCs, researchers have conducted a number of studies, mainly including the wick structure optimization design, the surface modification of the internal structure, and the development of novel working fluids. In this paper, the research status and development tendency of the above three ways to improve the heat transfer performance of UTVCs were summarized comprehensively and systematically, and the solutions to the shortcomings of current studies were prospected. The development of novel wick structures with both high capillary pressure and low flow resistance will continue to be a focus of future research. Moreover, in terms of the surface treatment, studies of the hydrophobic treatment of condensing surfaces of UTVC can be further conducted. In addition, the development of new working fluids suitable for UTVC is also required.

Key words: ultrathin vapor chamber, enhanced heat transfer, wick structure optimization, surface treatment, novel working fluid

中图分类号:

TK124

刘腾庆, 张尧康, 汪双凤. 强化超薄均热板传热性能的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(12): 6592-6607.

LIU Tengqing, ZHANG Yaokang, WANG Shuangfeng. Research progress of enhanced heat transfer performance of ultrathin vapor chamber[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(12): 6592-6607.

图/表 9

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参考文献	均热板尺寸/mm	吸液芯结构优化设计	热源加热面积/mm	冷凝方式及冷凝面积	均热板传热性能
Li等^[20]	200×ϕ6× (1.5/1.2/1.0)	位于中央处的弓形烧结铜粉	30×30	水冷，50mm×30mm，水温45℃	R_cond≤0.05K/W，0.1K/W<R_evap<0.55K/W，Q_max=25W
Li等^[21-22]	100×50×2	烧结铜粉等间隔开槽，30%的300目和70%的150目铜粉混合	12×10^[21]； 10×10^[22]	水冷，50mm×50mm，水温25~40℃，水流量240L/h^[21]；自然风冷，无翅片，室温24℃±1℃^[22]	水温35℃，R_min=0.196K/W，Q_max=120W^[21]；最佳充液率27%~37%，ΔT<0.5℃，Q_max=9.73W^[22]
朱明汉等^[23]	149×20×0.85	烧结铜粉粒径优化（120~180μm、75~120μm、58~75μm）	25×20	水冷，40mm×20mm，水温30℃，水流量60L/h	120~180μm：R_min=0.18K/W，Q_max=15W；58~75μm：R_min=0.11K/W，Q_max=11W
Zhou等^[24]	ϕ80×2	太阳花形状吸液芯，中央300目、外围150目铜粉	15×15	强制风冷，85mm×85mm，室温20℃±1℃，流量58cfm	R_min=0.052K/W，Q_max=200W
Zhou等^[25]	110×ϕ6×0.75	吸液芯位于中央，液-汽流动通道比	15×15	水冷，40mm×15mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	当液-汽通道比为67.28%，最佳充液率120%，Q_max=8.5W，ΔT>5℃
Tang等^[26]	150×ϕ6×1	丝网目数的优化	10×10	水冷，40mm×15mm，水温30℃	180目最优，R=1.5K/W，Q_max=11W
Chen等^[27]	104×14×0.4	化学蚀刻腔体与支撑柱	15×15	水冷，30mm×15mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	k_eff=12000W/(m·K)，Q_max=4.50W，ΔT= 4.75℃
Oshman等^[28]	130×70×1.31	三层200目（大目数）丝网为吸液芯，50目（小目数）丝网为蒸汽通道	25×25	水冷，25mm×25mm，水温10℃	R=1.2~3.0K/W，Q_max=30W
Liu等^[29]	70×70×1.5	小目数丝网（100目）堆叠在大目数丝网上（350目）	20×20	水冷，80mm×80mm，水温30℃，水流量30L/h	R_min=0.127K/W，Q_max=230W
Zhou等^[30]	ϕ80×2	太阳花形状吸液芯，150-300-150目丝网堆叠，厚度上形成拉伐尔喷管结构	15×15	自然风冷，无翅片，室温25℃；强制风冷，85mm×85mm，室温25℃，流量20.6~72.8cfm	自然风冷：ΔT_max=2.1℃，Q_max=50W；强制风冷：风量72.8cfm，R_min=0.48K/W，Q_max=180W
Zhou等^[31]	ϕ80×2	太阳花形状吸液芯，中央300目、外围150目丝网	15×15	水冷，80mm×80mm，水温15~35℃，水流量20~60L/h	水温25℃，水流量40L/h时，R_min=0.0531K/W，Q_max=420W
Zhou等^[32]	120×ϕ6×1.1	两种丝径复合螺旋编织网，优化两种丝径的比例	15×15	水冷，40mm×15mm，水温55℃，水流量20L/h	FOW：R=0.136K/W，Q_max=18W；FIW：R=0.101K/W，Q_max=24W；SIW：R=0.092K/W，Q_max=26W；最佳充液率均为120%
Zhou等^[33]	115×ϕ5×0.4	单种丝径螺旋编织网，优化每股包含丝的数量	15×15	水冷，40mm×15mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	9丝NS：R=0.515K/W，Q_max=4.25W；10丝TS：R=0.628K/W，Q_max=5W；11丝ES：R=0.630K/W，Q_max=5.25W
Yu等^[34]	100×15×0.4	螺旋编织网根数，液-汽通道比优化	15×15	水冷，30mm×15mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	重力辅助：1根，Q_max=3W；2根，Q_max=4.25W；3根，Q_max=6W；4根，Q_max=4.75W

参考文献	均热板尺寸/mm	吸液芯结构优化设计	热源加热面积/mm	冷凝方式及冷凝面积	均热板传热性能
Li等^[20]	200×ϕ6× (1.5/1.2/1.0)	位于中央处的弓形烧结铜粉	30×30	水冷，50mm×30mm，水温45℃	R_cond≤0.05K/W，0.1K/W<R_evap<0.55K/W，Q_max=25W
Li等^[21-22]	100×50×2	烧结铜粉等间隔开槽，30%的300目和70%的150目铜粉混合	12×10^[21]； 10×10^[22]	水冷，50mm×50mm，水温25~40℃，水流量240L/h^[21]；自然风冷，无翅片，室温24℃±1℃^[22]	水温35℃，R_min=0.196K/W，Q_max=120W^[21]；最佳充液率27%~37%，ΔT<0.5℃，Q_max=9.73W^[22]
朱明汉等^[23]	149×20×0.85	烧结铜粉粒径优化（120~180μm、75~120μm、58~75μm）	25×20	水冷，40mm×20mm，水温30℃，水流量60L/h	120~180μm：R_min=0.18K/W，Q_max=15W；58~75μm：R_min=0.11K/W，Q_max=11W
Zhou等^[24]	ϕ80×2	太阳花形状吸液芯，中央300目、外围150目铜粉	15×15	强制风冷，85mm×85mm，室温20℃±1℃，流量58cfm	R_min=0.052K/W，Q_max=200W
Zhou等^[25]	110×ϕ6×0.75	吸液芯位于中央，液-汽流动通道比	15×15	水冷，40mm×15mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	当液-汽通道比为67.28%，最佳充液率120%，Q_max=8.5W，ΔT>5℃
Tang等^[26]	150×ϕ6×1	丝网目数的优化	10×10	水冷，40mm×15mm，水温30℃	180目最优，R=1.5K/W，Q_max=11W
Chen等^[27]	104×14×0.4	化学蚀刻腔体与支撑柱	15×15	水冷，30mm×15mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	k_eff=12000W/(m·K)，Q_max=4.50W，ΔT= 4.75℃
Oshman等^[28]	130×70×1.31	三层200目（大目数）丝网为吸液芯，50目（小目数）丝网为蒸汽通道	25×25	水冷，25mm×25mm，水温10℃	R=1.2~3.0K/W，Q_max=30W
Liu等^[29]	70×70×1.5	小目数丝网（100目）堆叠在大目数丝网上（350目）	20×20	水冷，80mm×80mm，水温30℃，水流量30L/h	R_min=0.127K/W，Q_max=230W
Zhou等^[30]	ϕ80×2	太阳花形状吸液芯，150-300-150目丝网堆叠，厚度上形成拉伐尔喷管结构	15×15	自然风冷，无翅片，室温25℃；强制风冷，85mm×85mm，室温25℃，流量20.6~72.8cfm	自然风冷：ΔT_max=2.1℃，Q_max=50W；强制风冷：风量72.8cfm，R_min=0.48K/W，Q_max=180W
Zhou等^[31]	ϕ80×2	太阳花形状吸液芯，中央300目、外围150目丝网	15×15	水冷，80mm×80mm，水温15~35℃，水流量20~60L/h	水温25℃，水流量40L/h时，R_min=0.0531K/W，Q_max=420W
Zhou等^[32]	120×ϕ6×1.1	两种丝径复合螺旋编织网，优化两种丝径的比例	15×15	水冷，40mm×15mm，水温55℃，水流量20L/h	FOW：R=0.136K/W，Q_max=18W；FIW：R=0.101K/W，Q_max=24W；SIW：R=0.092K/W，Q_max=26W；最佳充液率均为120%
Zhou等^[33]	115×ϕ5×0.4	单种丝径螺旋编织网，优化每股包含丝的数量	15×15	水冷，40mm×15mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	9丝NS：R=0.515K/W，Q_max=4.25W；10丝TS：R=0.628K/W，Q_max=5W；11丝ES：R=0.630K/W，Q_max=5.25W
Yu等^[34]	100×15×0.4	螺旋编织网根数，液-汽通道比优化	15×15	水冷，30mm×15mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	重力辅助：1根，Q_max=3W；2根，Q_max=4.25W；3根，Q_max=6W；4根，Q_max=4.75W

参考文献	均热板尺寸 /mm	吸液芯结构优化设计	热源加热面积/mm	冷却方式及冷凝面积	均热板传热性能
Li等^[35]	200×ϕ6×1	烧结铜粉-沟槽；丝网-沟槽	30×30	水冷，50mm×30mm，水温55℃	单弓形烧结铜粉-沟槽：最佳充液率70%，Q_max=12W；双弓形烧结铜粉-沟槽：最佳充液率70%，Q_max=13W；丝网-沟槽：最佳充液率80%，Q_max=14W
Zhou等^[36]	100×ϕ2×0.8	丝网-泡沫铜	30×20	水冷，30mm×10mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	R_cond=0.45K/W，R_evap=0.29K/W，Q_max=5W
Oshman等^[37]	40×40×1.2	丝网-沟槽	8×8	水冷，20mm×20mm，水温20℃	k_eff=1653W/(m·K)，Q_max=40W
Xu等^[38]	100×50×0.28	丝网-沟槽	50×8	水冷，50mm×25mm，水温12℃和22℃	水温22℃，k_eff=1398W/(m·K)，R_min=4.38K/W，Q_max=7.9W
Yan等^[39]	100×18×0.3	蒸发端丝网-冷凝端沟槽	15×15	自然冷却，无翅片，室温25℃	连续沟槽结构：Q_max=5.5W，ΔT=1.3℃；不连续沟槽结构：Q_max=5.5W，ΔT=3.5℃
Huang等^[40-41]	100×15×0.5	螺旋编织网-丝网	15×15	水冷，30mm×15mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	4根螺旋编织网-丝网：最佳充液率100%，k_eff=20900W/(m·K)，Q_max=7.58W^[40]；6根螺旋编织网-丝网：k_eff=17000W/(m·K)，Q_max=10W^[41]
Yu^[42]	100×18×0.4	螺旋编织网-丝网	15×15	水冷，30mm×15mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	1根螺旋螺旋编织网-丝网：最优充液率100%，R=0.503K/W，Q_max=6W；丝网：最优充液率100%，R=0.583K/W，Q_max=55W
Yan等^[43]	100×50×0.5	螺旋编织网-丝网	50×15	水冷，50mm×40mm，水温50℃，水流量40L/h	丝网：R=0.26K/W，k_eff=9976.6W/(m·K)，Q_max=55W；1根螺旋编织网+丝网：R=0.14K/W，k_eff=18640.8W/(m·K)，Q_max=55W；3根螺旋编织网+丝网：R=0.16K/W，k_eff=15979.8W/(m·K)，Q_max=55W
Yi等^[44-45]	200×8.8×1.5^[44]; 200×8.8×2.0^[45]	螺旋编织网-烧结铜粉分段串联^[44]；螺旋编织网-烧结铜粉堆叠^[45]	15×15	水冷，40mm×15mm，水温40℃，水流量35L/h	螺旋编织网与烧结铜粉的长度之比为50%，性能最优，R=0.2381K/W，Q_max=30W^[44]；烧结铜粉侧加热：R=0.069K/W，Q_max=50W，螺旋编织网侧加热：R=0.093K/W，Q_max=50W^[45]

参考文献	均热板尺寸 /mm	吸液芯结构优化设计	热源加热面积/mm	冷却方式及冷凝面积	均热板传热性能
Li等^[35]	200×ϕ6×1	烧结铜粉-沟槽；丝网-沟槽	30×30	水冷，50mm×30mm，水温55℃	单弓形烧结铜粉-沟槽：最佳充液率70%，Q_max=12W；双弓形烧结铜粉-沟槽：最佳充液率70%，Q_max=13W；丝网-沟槽：最佳充液率80%，Q_max=14W
Zhou等^[36]	100×ϕ2×0.8	丝网-泡沫铜	30×20	水冷，30mm×10mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	R_cond=0.45K/W，R_evap=0.29K/W，Q_max=5W
Oshman等^[37]	40×40×1.2	丝网-沟槽	8×8	水冷，20mm×20mm，水温20℃	k_eff=1653W/(m·K)，Q_max=40W
Xu等^[38]	100×50×0.28	丝网-沟槽	50×8	水冷，50mm×25mm，水温12℃和22℃	水温22℃，k_eff=1398W/(m·K)，R_min=4.38K/W，Q_max=7.9W
Yan等^[39]	100×18×0.3	蒸发端丝网-冷凝端沟槽	15×15	自然冷却，无翅片，室温25℃	连续沟槽结构：Q_max=5.5W，ΔT=1.3℃；不连续沟槽结构：Q_max=5.5W，ΔT=3.5℃
Huang等^[40-41]	100×15×0.5	螺旋编织网-丝网	15×15	水冷，30mm×15mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	4根螺旋编织网-丝网：最佳充液率100%，k_eff=20900W/(m·K)，Q_max=7.58W^[40]；6根螺旋编织网-丝网：k_eff=17000W/(m·K)，Q_max=10W^[41]
Yu^[42]	100×18×0.4	螺旋编织网-丝网	15×15	水冷，30mm×15mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	1根螺旋螺旋编织网-丝网：最优充液率100%，R=0.503K/W，Q_max=6W；丝网：最优充液率100%，R=0.583K/W，Q_max=55W
Yan等^[43]	100×50×0.5	螺旋编织网-丝网	50×15	水冷，50mm×40mm，水温50℃，水流量40L/h	丝网：R=0.26K/W，k_eff=9976.6W/(m·K)，Q_max=55W；1根螺旋编织网+丝网：R=0.14K/W，k_eff=18640.8W/(m·K)，Q_max=55W；3根螺旋编织网+丝网：R=0.16K/W，k_eff=15979.8W/(m·K)，Q_max=55W
Yi等^[44-45]	200×8.8×1.5^[44]; 200×8.8×2.0^[45]	螺旋编织网-烧结铜粉分段串联^[44]；螺旋编织网-烧结铜粉堆叠^[45]	15×15	水冷，40mm×15mm，水温40℃，水流量35L/h	螺旋编织网与烧结铜粉的长度之比为50%，性能最优，R=0.2381K/W，Q_max=30W^[44]；烧结铜粉侧加热：R=0.069K/W，Q_max=50W，螺旋编织网侧加热：R=0.093K/W，Q_max=50W^[45]

参考文献	均热板尺寸 /mm	表面处理	热源加热面积/mm	冷却方式及冷凝面积	均热板传热性能
刘昌泉等^[46]	200×30×1.3	烧结铜粉丝-烧结铜粉底层，碱性溶液（KOH和K₂S₂O₈）化学改性形成亲水结构	110mm²	强制风冷， 70mm×30mm，室温26℃±0.5℃	充液率25%时，亲水改性：R_min=0.44K/W，Q_max=8.0W；未改性：R_min=0.25K/W，Q_max=28.4W
刘昌泉等^[47]	200×30×1.3	在文献[41]化学改性基础上，采用正十八烷基硫醇在冷凝面上形成超疏水结构	110mm²	强制风冷， 70mm×30mm，室温26℃±0.5℃	充液率30%时，亲-疏水改性：k_eff=7928W/(m·K)，Q_max=39.6W；亲水改性：k_eff=15245W/(m·K)，Q_max=28.2W；未改性：k_eff=15381W/(m·K)，Q_max=24.6W
Wen等^[48-49]	50×30×1； 50×50×1； 80×30×1； 80×50×1； 80×80×1	丝网，碱性溶液（NaClO₂、NaOH、Na₃PO₄·12H₂O）化学改性形成亲水草状结构，化学清洁法清除草状结构后，形成亲水微孔结构	10×10； 8×8；5×5	水冷，25mm×25mm，水温75℃	均热板尺寸：50mm×30mm×1mm，热源尺寸：5mm×5mm，q_max=429W/cm²
Lee等^[50]	106×36×0.67	丝网，化学氧化法（NaClO₂、NaOH、Na₃PO₄·12H₂O）形成亲水结构	—	水冷	k_eff=1000W/(m·K)，Q=5W
Yang等^[51-52]	70×70×0.2^[51]； 70×70×0.246^[52]	丝网，碱性溶液（KOH和K₂S₂O₈）化学改性形成亲水花瓣状结构，蒸发表面上由亲水正交网络间隔围绕疏水区域，疏水区域浸于FAS17溶液中形成	8×8	强制风冷，无翅片，风量6.875cfm，室温22℃	k_eff=11914.9W/(m·K)，q_max=23.91W/cm^2[51]；最优充液率：61.6%，最优疏水面积比率为47.9%，k_eff=13820W/(m·K)，q_max=23.91W/cm^2[52]
杨茂飞等^[53]	100×60×0.6	丝网内间隔加工出蒸汽通道，碱性溶液（KOH和K₂S₂O₈）在管壳和丝网表面形成亲水结构	20×20	自然风冷， 30mm×40mm，室温20℃	去离子水最佳充液率均为1.0，R_min=1.94K/W，Q_max=6W；乙醇最佳充液率均为1.0，R_min=2.10K/W，Q_max=6W
Lyu等^[54-55]	100×50×0.95^[54]； 100×50×0.5^[55]	丝网内间隔加工出蒸汽通道，酸性溶液（HCl）蚀刻-烧结形成亲水结构	5×2（2个）^[54]； 25×25和 15×9^[55]	自然风冷，室温20℃，水冷，30mm×40mm，水温25℃，水流量 84L/h^[54]；自然风冷，室温22℃^[55]	自然风冷：R_min=0.01(K·cm²)/W，q_max=122.5W/cm²；水冷：R_min=0.039(K·cm²)/W，q_max=490W/cm^2[54]；最佳充液率 44.2%~56.8%，k_eff=28800W/(m·K)，Q=7.37W ^[55]
Aoki等^[56]	150×9×1.0， 100×9×0.7	丝网，位于中央处，氧化还原法形成亲水结构	40×10	水冷，85mm×10mm(1.0mm厚)，45mm×10mm(0.7mm厚)，水温50℃	1.0mm厚：R=0.2K/W，Q_max=20W； 0.7mm厚：R=0.4K/W，Q_max=7W
Cui等^[57]	105×50×0.68	丝网内间隔加工出蒸汽通道，热氧化法形成亲水结构	10×10	自然风冷，无翅片，室温25℃，风速0.11m/s	最佳充液率57%，最佳目数200目，最佳蒸汽通道1.5mm，R_min=0.26K/W，Q_max=8W
Liu等^[58]	70×70×1.5	单层丝网，激光蚀刻形成亲水结构	14×14	水冷，80mm×80mm，水温30℃，水流量30L/h	未改性：R_min=0.431K/W，Q_max=100W；改性：R_min=0.328K/W，Q_max=120W
Huang等^[59]	100×65×(1.26~1.77)	丝网，O₂等离子气体改性丝网和蒸发表面形成亲水结构	20×20	水冷，50mm×50mm，水温50℃，水流量10L/h	R_min=0.107K/W，k_eff=5005W/(m·K)，Q_max=50W
Ahamed等^[60]	100×3×0.4	纤维，位于中央处，氧化还原法形成亲水结构	10×10	自然风冷，无翅片，室温25℃	k_eff=3030W/(m·K)，Q_max=6W
Wang等^[61]	吸液芯尺寸 100×10×0.5	纤维，碱性溶液（NaOH和K₂S₂O₈）形成亲水结构	—	—	毛细上升实验，去离子水，纤维长度的影响：L80抽吸系数W=21.677mm/s^0.5，最大上升高度h=95mm，渗透率K=1.927×10^-10m²，毛细因子M=1.254µm； L5抽吸系数W=9.056mm/s^0.5，最大上升高度h=78.5mm，渗透率K=4.087×10^-11m²，毛细因子M=0.221µm
Yang等^[62]	100×9.1×1.0	螺旋编织网，喷灯火焰氧化法形成亲水结构	30×9.1	水冷，40mm×9.1mm	最佳充液率125%，R_min=0.12K/W，Q_max=20W
Tang等^[63-65]	110×8.736×1.2， 110×8.85×1.0， 110×8.964×0.8^[64]； 110×8.85×1.0^[65]	螺旋编织网，化学氧化（碱性溶液NaOH和K₂S₂O₈）-烧结法形成清水结构	25×19	水冷，30mm×19mm，水温47℃，水流量60L/h	厚度=1.2mm时，未改性：R_min=0.2K/W，Q_max=26W；改性后：R_min=0.15K/W，Q_max=32W
Wu等^[66]	吸液芯尺寸，长×丝径×股数 100mm×0.04mm×6	螺旋编织网，化学蚀刻（H₂C₂O₄溶液）-烧结形成亲水结构	—	—	毛细上升实验，化学蚀刻：抽吸系数W=404.457mm/s^0.5，最大上升高度h=91mm；化学蚀刻-烧结：抽吸系数W=117.419mm/s^0.5，最大上升高度h=80.6mm
Yang等^[67]	70×30×(0.53~0.6)	泡沫铜，碱性溶液（KOH和K₂S₂O₈）形成亲水表面	8×8	水冷，35mm×30mm	最佳充液量0.26g，k_eff=2207W/(m·K)，Q_max=22.66W
Huang等^[68]	110×ϕ6×1.2	螺旋编织网-丝网，氧化还原法形成亲水结构	15×15	水冷，30mm×15mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	未改性：R=0.2~0.26K/W，Q_max=29W；改性：R=0.05~0.2K/W，Q_max=38W
Yuan等^[69]	204×143×0.5	螺旋编织网-丝网，化学氧化（碱性溶液NaOH和K₂S₂O₈）形成亲水结构	143×40	水冷，143mm×70mm，水温50℃，水流量50L/h	最佳充液率30%，k_eff=13237.2W/(m·K)，Q_max=90W
Zhang等^[70]	100×16×0.35	螺旋编织网-丝网，化学氧化（碱性溶液NaOH和K₂S₂O₈）-烧结形成亲水结构	15×15	水冷，15mm×35mm，水温50℃，水流量20L/h	k_eff=12454W/(m·K)，Q_max=3.5W
Zhang等^[71]	60×15×2.0	螺旋编织网包裹泡沫铜，HCl-H₂O₂蚀刻形成亲水结构	15×15	水冷，15mm×15mm，水温25℃，水流量250L/h	未改性：最佳充液率150%，R_min=0.38K/W，Q_max=15.7W；改性：最佳充液率140%， R_min=0.34K/W，Q_max=17.8W
Wang等^[72]	90×40×0.6	泡沫铜-丝网，碱性溶液（KOH和K₂S₂O₈）形成亲水结构	10×10	水冷，25mm×25mm，水温25℃，水流量108L/h	最佳充液率111.4% R_min=0.79K/W，Q_max=23.34W