基于微米级颗粒临界沉积/剥离标准的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0084

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于气固两相流动的微颗粒沉积一直是一个棘手的问题，作为一种常见的物理现象，带来的影响更多是负面的，如砂粒导致涡轮叶片的磨损，飞灰颗粒引起锅炉换热面结垢腐蚀等一系列问题。尽管吹灰方案的不断优化已经很大程度减少了飞灰沉积带来的负面影响，但仍有一些不可控或意外的问题存在。因此，归纳分析颗粒黏附行为规律对工程颗粒沉积的抑制具有重要意义。本文以锅炉飞灰沉积为主要背景，阐述了以惯性撞击为主导机制的颗粒黏附机理与特性，回顾了近年来对临界沉积标准的研究工作，重点剖析了沉积因素对颗粒黏附/反弹判据标准的影响，总结了颗粒剥离的主要判断准则，通过横向对比相关判据存在的问题与联系，说明了颗粒黏附判据标准的研究现状与存在的问题，为实现锅炉沉积的有效抑制及颗粒剥离理论的推广提供技术理论支撑。

关键词: 微米颗粒, 沉积模型, 临界捕集速度, 恢复系数, 临界剪切速度

Abstract:

It is a thorny problem for micro-particle deposition based on gas-solid flow. Particle deposition is a common physical phenomenon but with more negative impact, such as the wear of turbine blades caused by sand particles, scale corrosion caused by fly ash particles on boiler heat exchange surface and so on. Although the continuous optimization of soot blowing scheme has greatly reduced the negative impact of fly ash deposition, there are still some uncontrollable problems. Therefore, it is of great significance to summarize and analyze the law of particle adhesion behavior to suppress particle deposition in engineering. Based on the main background of boiler fly ash deposition, this paper expounded the mechanism and characteristics of particle adhesion dominated by inertial impact, reviewed the research work on critical deposition criteria in recent years, focused on the analysis of the influence of deposition factors on the criteria of particle adhesion/rebound, and summarized the main criteria of particle detachment. By comparing the problems and connections of relevant criteria horizontally, the research status and existing problems of particle adhesion criteria was explained, which provided technical and theoretical support for the effective suppression of boiler deposition and the promotion of particle detachment theory.

Key words: micro-particles, deposition model, critical capture velocity, restitution coefficient, critical shear velocity

中图分类号:

TK-9

邵宏勋, 谢俊, 桂玉双, 李润东. 基于微米级颗粒临界沉积/剥离标准的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(12): 6141-6156.

SHAO Hongxun, XIE Jun, GUI Yushuang, LI Rundong. Research progress of critical deposition/stripping standards based on micron-sized particles[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(12): 6141-6156.

图/表 23

图1 沉积机制示意图[13]

表1 飞灰颗粒全元素分析[16]

成分	SiO₂	Fe₂O₃	Al₂O₃	CaO	SO₃	其他
质量分数/%	62.5712	8.9279	8.3777	7.7296	1.1075	11.2861

图2 固体颗粒撞击壁面：可能的现象[3]

图3 颗粒动力学示意图

图4 法向恢复系数与法向入射速度的数据[38]

图5 恢复系数与入射速度的预测数据[41]

图6 3种半径的弹性颗粒的恢复系数[43]

图7 3种半径的弹塑性颗粒的恢复系数[43]

图8 基于恢复系数的数据误差分析[43]

表2 临界捕集速度和恢复系数的经典解析式

文献作者	接触模型	颗粒作用类型	沉积判据表达式
Feng等^[43]	Hertz	弹性碰撞 (忽略黏附)	$V c r = 1 ρ 5 π 3 K 1 / 3 3 w 2 2 R 5 / 6$ ， $e = 1 - 5 π 3 K 2 / 5 3 w 2 2 R V i 6 / 5 ρ 3 / 5$
Wu等^[42]	Hertz	弹性碰撞塑性变形	$e ∝ V i / V y / E * / Y - 1 / 2$
Brach和Dunn^[44] Jassim^[45]、Dong^[46]	Hertz 经典碰撞动力学	弹性碰撞表面黏附力	$V c r = 0.51 5 π 2 K 1 + K 2 / 4 ρ 3 / 2 2 / 5 1 + η 2 d p R s 2 10 / 7 ∼ 2 E d p 10 / 7$
Thornton和 Ning^[40] 韩健^[16] 、孙奇^[47]	JKR	弹性碰撞表面黏附力	$V c r = 14.18 / m p 1 / 2 (γ 5 R 4 E - 2) 1 / 6$
Kim和Dunn^[38]	JKR	弹性碰撞表面黏附力	$V c r = 2 C R f 0 4 / 3 π 5 / 4 K 3 / 5 R / m 2 1 / 5 5 / 4$
Chen等^[4]	JKR	黏弹性滑动阻力、滚动阻力	$V C N = f b ̂ ⋅ φ r p, β ⋅ V C 0 = f b ̂ ⋅ r P 0 r P ⋅ 1 + β 3 1 + β 2 ⋅ β V C 0$

表2 临界捕集速度和恢复系数的经典解析式

文献作者	接触模型	颗粒作用类型	沉积判据表达式
Feng等^[43]	Hertz	弹性碰撞 (忽略黏附)	$V c r = 1 ρ 5 π 3 K 1 / 3 3 w 2 2 R 5 / 6$ ， $e = 1 - 5 π 3 K 2 / 5 3 w 2 2 R V i 6 / 5 ρ 3 / 5$
Wu等^[42]	Hertz	弹性碰撞塑性变形	$e ∝ V i / V y / E * / Y - 1 / 2$
Brach和Dunn^[44] Jassim^[45]、Dong^[46]	Hertz 经典碰撞动力学	弹性碰撞表面黏附力	$V c r = 0.51 5 π 2 K 1 + K 2 / 4 ρ 3 / 2 2 / 5 1 + η 2 d p R s 2 10 / 7 ∼ 2 E d p 10 / 7$
Thornton和 Ning^[40] 韩健^[16] 、孙奇^[47]	JKR	弹性碰撞表面黏附力	$V c r = 14.18 / m p 1 / 2 (γ 5 R 4 E - 2) 1 / 6$
Kim和Dunn^[38]	JKR	弹性碰撞表面黏附力	$V c r = 2 C R f 0 4 / 3 π 5 / 4 K 3 / 5 R / m 2 1 / 5 5 / 4$
Chen等^[4]	JKR	黏弹性滑动阻力、滚动阻力	$V C N = f b ̂ ⋅ φ r p, β ⋅ V C 0 = f b ̂ ⋅ r P 0 r P ⋅ 1 + β 3 1 + β 2 ⋅ β V C 0$

图9 颗粒速度恢复比的比较[49]

表3 不同入射角下颗粒对应的恢复系数标准差[49]

入射角度	SD（e_n）	SD（e_t）
15°	0.45	0.248
30°	0.34	0.195
45°	0.355	0.19
60°	0.21	0.33
75°	0.21	0.34

图10 临界捕集速度VC及法向临界捕集速度VCN与入射角θ的函数关系[4]

图11 VC0-VC2和HVin4/5作为入射速度Vin的函数关系[4]（插图表示VC0作为耗散系数α的函数的变化）VC0-VC2=HVC04/5 (11)

图12 不同速度下归一化能量损失随入射角的变化[52]

图13 临界速度与颗粒大小的可用数据的比较[46]

图14 不同入射颗粒直径与平均恢复系数作为粒子入射速度的函数[60]

图15 不同填料颗粒粒径的平均恢复系数与粒子入射速度的函数[60]

图16 不同直径颗粒碰撞的法向恢复系数曲线[65]（粗糙因子为1.0）

图17 沉积浓度云图[73]

图18 黏附颗粒受力分析[83]

图19 作用在附着粒子上的力和力矩[85]

表4 颗粒去除行为研究归纳

文献作者	年份	颗粒去除依据	颗粒去除模型
Abd-Elhady等^[80]	2011	临界力矩理论	$R M = F D 1.399 R - δ F a + F g - F l - F b d δ / 2$
Tong等^[85]	2017	能量守恒定律临界力矩理论（滚动、滑动脱离）	临界剪切速度： $u * = τ w / ρ = V n ⋅ ∇ u ⋅ t$
Tang等^[83]	2017	能量守恒定律，临界力矩理论	临界剪切速度： $u * = 0.51 C 3 / 2 ω 2 / ρ g 3 / 2 d p 2 (E *) 1 / 2 1 / 3$
Zheng等^[87-88]	2021	能量守恒定律，临界力矩理论（滚动、滑动脱离）	临界剪切速度（经验式）： $u * = τ w / ρ g ~ u ¯ 0.0365 / R e 0.25$

表4 颗粒去除行为研究归纳

文献作者	年份	颗粒去除依据	颗粒去除模型
Abd-Elhady等^[80]	2011	临界力矩理论	$R M = F D 1.399 R - δ F a + F g - F l - F b d δ / 2$
Tong等^[85]	2017	能量守恒定律临界力矩理论（滚动、滑动脱离）	临界剪切速度： $u * = τ w / ρ = V n ⋅ ∇ u ⋅ t$
Tang等^[83]	2017	能量守恒定律，临界力矩理论	临界剪切速度： $u * = 0.51 C 3 / 2 ω 2 / ρ g 3 / 2 d p 2 (E *) 1 / 2 1 / 3$
Zheng等^[87-88]	2021	能量守恒定律，临界力矩理论（滚动、滑动脱离）	临界剪切速度（经验式）： $u * = τ w / ρ g ~ u ¯ 0.0365 / R e 0.25$

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