生物炭对几类常见新兴污染物去除的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-1244

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来药物和个人洗护用品（PPCPs）以及内分泌干扰物（EDCs）等新兴污染物频频检出，引起人们高度关注。众多研究表明，这些新兴污染物已经广泛分布在河流、湖泊、海洋、土壤、沉积物和地下水等环境介质中，而这些物质具有不易降解特性，加之不断排入水体环境，在水体环境中呈现“假持续存在”状态，对生态环境和人体健康造成诸多的不良影响。本文首先简述了以PPCPs和EDCs为代表的新兴污染物在环境中的来源、传播、分布和去除技术，并以表格形式综述了PPCPs和EDCs在各地区的污染现状。最后介绍了生物炭在去除PPCPs和EDCs上的研究现状和进展，分别通过生物炭制备原料、热解温度、改性或活化方式、溶液pH、离子强度和干扰物等因素综述了其对生物炭吸附PPCPs和EDCs的影响，并在最后做出总结和展望，以期能给今后生物炭在去除PPCPs和EDCs等新兴污染物上的相关研究和实际应用提供更多思路。

关键词: 生物炭, 吸附, 药物和个人洗护用品, 内分泌干扰物, 新兴污染物

Abstract:

In recent years, emerging contaminants such as PPCPs (pharmaceuticals and personal care products) and EDCs (endocrine disrupting chemicals) have been frequently detected in the environment, which has risen high concern. Many researches have shown that these emerging contaminants are ubiquitous in environmental media such as rivers, lakes, oceans, soil, sediments, and groundwater. Due to continuously discharged into the environment and hardly degradable characteristics, these emerging contaminants show a “pseudo-persistent” state in the water environment. These emerging contaminants cloud cause plenty of adverse effects on the ecological environment and human health. In this paper, the occurrence, fate distribution, and removal technologies of emerging contaminants represented by PPCPs and EDCs in the environment are briefly discussed. The distribution of PPCPs and EDCs in various countries and regions are summarized. At last, the present research situation of the removal of PPCPs and EDCs by biochar was introduced. The impact factors such as feedstock for biochar preparation, pyrolysis temperature, modification or activation methods, initial solution pH, ionic strength, and interferents were discussed. Finally, a summary and prospect were made to provide more ideas for the related research and application of biochar for emerging contaminants removal such as PPCPs and EDCs.

Key words: biochar, adsorption, pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs), endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs), emerging contaminants

中图分类号:

X703.1

吴阳, 刘振中, 江文, 王金鑫. 生物炭对几类常见新兴污染物去除的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(5): 2839-2851.

WU Yang, LIU Zhenzhong, JIANG Wen, WANG Jinxin. Research progress on removal of several common emerging pollutants by biochar[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(5): 2839-2851.

图/表 2

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污染物	地点或地区和时间	污染物分布介质	取样点位置	检出污染物	检出浓度范围	样本数量	检出率 /%	检出平均值	参考文献
EDCs（内分泌干扰物）
国内	太湖流域（2011）	河流	宜溧河	4-壬基酚（NP）	156.2~434.0ng·L^-1	10	—	264.3ng·L^-1	[27]
	上海市（2017）	河流	黄浦江上游	双酚A（BPA）	26.0~64.32ng·L^-1	8	100	41.56ng·L^-1	[28]
	上海市（2017）	河流	黄浦江上游	双酚S（BPS）	4.83~25.57ng·L^-1	8	100	13.26ng·L^-1	[28]
国外	南非（2013—2014）	饮用水	开普敦	邻苯二甲酸（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）	60.78~3415.19ng·L^-1	10	—	574.62ng·L^-1	[29]
国外	新加坡（2011）	海洋	沿海地区	双酚A（BPA）	96.0~694.0ng·L^-1	27	48	—	[30]
PPCPs（药物和个人洗护用品）
国内	重庆市（2019）	土壤	蔬菜基地土壤	四环素（TC）	0~507.2μg·kg^-1	104	77.8~100	39.1μg·kg^-1	[31]
	太湖流域（2015）	沉积物	太湖周边河流入库口	咖啡因（CFE）	25.4~482ng·g^-1	15	100	129.0ng·g^-1	[32]
	厦门市（2018）	饮用水	莲花水库	四环素（TC）	ND~155.05ng·L^-1	5	65	24.53ng·L^-1	[33]
	贵州省（2018）	湿地	咸宁县草海湿地内	罗红霉素（ROX）	0.97~195ng·L^-1	26	100	17.2ng·L^-1	[34]
国外	美国（2010）	湖泊	密歇根湖	磺胺甲唑（SMX）	1.5~200ng·L^-1	64	100	26.0ng·L^-1	[11]
	韩国（2008）	河流	汉江	碘普罗胺（IOP）	33~1800ng·L^-1	6	100	1013ng·L^-1	[10]
	新加坡（2011）	海洋	沿海地区	咖啡因（CFE）	59~655ng·L^-1	27	11	—	[30]

污染物	地点或地区和时间	污染物分布介质	取样点位置	检出污染物	检出浓度范围	样本数量	检出率 /%	检出平均值	参考文献
EDCs（内分泌干扰物）
国内	太湖流域（2011）	河流	宜溧河	4-壬基酚（NP）	156.2~434.0ng·L^-1	10	—	264.3ng·L^-1	[27]
	上海市（2017）	河流	黄浦江上游	双酚A（BPA）	26.0~64.32ng·L^-1	8	100	41.56ng·L^-1	[28]
	上海市（2017）	河流	黄浦江上游	双酚S（BPS）	4.83~25.57ng·L^-1	8	100	13.26ng·L^-1	[28]
国外	南非（2013—2014）	饮用水	开普敦	邻苯二甲酸（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）	60.78~3415.19ng·L^-1	10	—	574.62ng·L^-1	[29]
国外	新加坡（2011）	海洋	沿海地区	双酚A（BPA）	96.0~694.0ng·L^-1	27	48	—	[30]
PPCPs（药物和个人洗护用品）
国内	重庆市（2019）	土壤	蔬菜基地土壤	四环素（TC）	0~507.2μg·kg^-1	104	77.8~100	39.1μg·kg^-1	[31]
	太湖流域（2015）	沉积物	太湖周边河流入库口	咖啡因（CFE）	25.4~482ng·g^-1	15	100	129.0ng·g^-1	[32]
	厦门市（2018）	饮用水	莲花水库	四环素（TC）	ND~155.05ng·L^-1	5	65	24.53ng·L^-1	[33]
	贵州省（2018）	湿地	咸宁县草海湿地内	罗红霉素（ROX）	0.97~195ng·L^-1	26	100	17.2ng·L^-1	[34]
国外	美国（2010）	湖泊	密歇根湖	磺胺甲唑（SMX）	1.5~200ng·L^-1	64	100	26.0ng·L^-1	[11]
	韩国（2008）	河流	汉江	碘普罗胺（IOP）	33~1800ng·L^-1	6	100	1013ng·L^-1	[10]
	新加坡（2011）	海洋	沿海地区	咖啡因（CFE）	59~655ng·L^-1	27	11	—	[30]

类型	生物炭原料	改性方式	热解温度 /℃	热解时间	目标污染物	比表面积 /m²	孔容积 /cm³·g^-1	最佳反应pH	吸附等温线模型		动力学模型		参考文献
类型	生物炭原料	改性方式	热解温度 /℃	热解时间	目标污染物	比表面积 /m²	孔容积 /cm³·g^-1	最佳反应pH	最符合等温线模型	最大吸附容量或模型常数	最符合动力学模型	相关系数（R²）	参考文献
农业废料	松木	FeCl₂磁化	650	—	磺胺甲唑	125.8	0.14	4.5	Redlich-Peterson	q_m,L=19.9mg·g^-1	—	—	[52]
	松木	NaOH活化	800	2h	金霉素	852.95	—	1	Langmuir	q_m,L=434.783mg·g^-1	—	—	[53]
	松木	—	—	—	金霉素	14.68	—	1	Langmuir	q_m,L=2.383mg·g^-1	—	—	[53]
	木片	—	550	8h	IBP （RO浓缩液中）	369.1	0.094	4	Langmuir和Freunlich	q_m,L=12.5mg·g^-1	PSO	0.949	[54]
					磺胺甲唑（RO浓缩液中）			4	—	—	PSO	0.981
					IBP （去离子水中）			4	Langmuir和Freunlich	q_m,L=21.7mg·g^-1	PSO	0.986
					磺胺甲唑（去离子水中）			4	—	—	PSO	0.964
	软木	—	500	—	萘普生（新鲜尿液）	313	0.028	—	Langmuir	q_m,L=17.53mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9968	[55]
					萘普生（水解尿液）			—	Langmuir	q_m,L=29.03mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9954
					扑热痛息（新鲜尿液）			—	Dubinin-Radushkevich	q_m,DR=24.30mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9995
					扑热痛息（水解尿液）			—	Dubinin-Radushkevich	q_m,DR=25.27mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9960
	竹子	—	315	—	萘普生（新鲜尿液）	68.7	0.017	—	Langmuir	q_m,L=10.07mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9964
					萘普生（水解尿液）			—	Langmuir	q_m,L=6.94mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9995
					扑热痛息（新鲜尿液）			—	Dubinin-Radushkevich	q_m,DR=18.44mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9996
					扑热痛息（水解尿液）			—	Dubinin-Radushkevich	q_m,DR=16.03mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9992
	竹子	负载磁性CuZnFe₂O₄	550	1h	双酚A	61.48	0.157	3	Freunlich	q_m,L=263.2mg·g^-1	PSO	0.975	[56]
		负载磁性CuZnFe₂O₄	550	1h	磺胺甲唑	61.48	0.157	3	Freunlich	q_m,L=212.8mg·g^-1	PSO	0.972
		—	550	1h	双酚A	24.56	0.048	3	Freunlich	q_m,L=185.2mg·g^-1	PSO	0.989
		—	550	1h	磺胺甲唑	24.56	0.048	3	Freunlich	q_m,L=128.2mg·g^-1	PSO	0.952
	椰壳	研磨，负载磁性氧化铁	500	1.5h	卡马西平	365	0.042	4	Freunlich	q_m,L=62.7mg·g^-1	—	—	[57]
	椰壳	研磨，负载磁性氧化铁	500	1.5h	四环素	365	0.042	4	Freunlich	q_m,L=94.2mg·g^-1	—	—	[57]
	柚子皮	—	700	3h	扑热息痛	1033±20	1.074	—	Redlich-Peterson	q_m,L=147mg·g^-1	Elovich	>0.987	[58]
	甘蔗渣	蒸汽活化	500	1h	IBP	—	—	2	Langmuir和Freunlich	q_m,L=11.9mg·g^-1	PSO	0.997	[59]
	甘蔗渣	磷酸活化（浸泡24h）	400	1h	IBP	—	—	2	Langmuir和Freunlich	q_m,L=13.51mg·g^-1	PSO	0.998	[59]
	茶叶	蒸汽活化	700	2h	咖啡因	576	0.1091	3	Temkin	A_T=2.399L·mg^-1	Elovich	0.972	[60]
	棉花桔梗	—	350	—	磺胺类药物（磷酸盐溶液）	68.4	0.074	—	Langmuir	q_m=10μmol·g^-1	—	—	[61]
	棉花桔梗	—	350	—	磺胺类药物（尿液）	68.4	0.074	—	Langmuir	q_m=10μmol·g^-1	—	—	[61]
污泥	造纸厂初级污泥	—	800	2.5h	西酞普兰	209.12	0.13	—	Langmuir	q_m,L=（19.6±0.5）mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9968	[49]
	造纸厂生物污泥	—	800	10min	西酞普兰	10.82	0.02	—	Freunlich	K_F=（0.165±0.008） mg·g^-1(mg·L^-1)^-^N	PSO	0.9559	[49]
	含铁纺织厂污泥	—	400	4h	氧氟沙星	—	—	—	Langmuir	q_m,L=19.74mg·g^-1	PSO	>0.982	[60]
	造纸厂初级污泥	—	800	2.5h	甲磺酸三卡因	414	0.95	—	Langmuir-Freunlich	q_m,LF=（92±4）mg·g^-1	DEM	0.9998	[62]
					恩佐卡因			—	Langmuir-Freunlich	q_m,LF=（107±30）mg·g^-1	DEM	0.9991
					2-苯氧乙醇			—	Langmuir-Freunlich	q_m,LF=（63±7）mg·g^-1	DEM	0.9995
	造纸厂生物污泥	—	800	2.5h	甲磺酸三卡因	258	0.39	—	Langmuir-Freunlich	q_m,LF=（109±29）mg·g^-1	DEM	0.9970
					恩佐卡因			—	Langmuir-Freunlich	q_m,LF=（53±3）mg·g^-1	DEM	0.9993
					2-苯氧乙醇			—	Langmuir-Freunlich	q_m,LF=（83±6）mg·g^-1	DEM	0.9995
其他固废	城市垃圾	掺杂蒙脱石	450	4h	环丙沙星	6.51	—	5	Hills	q_m,L=167.36mg·g^-1	PSO	0.98	[25]
	城市垃圾	—	450	4h	环丙沙星	4.33	—	5	Hills	q_m,L=122.16mg·g^-1	Elovich	0.95	[25]
	葡萄糖	—	900	3h	扑热息痛	1292±31	0.704	—	Redlich-Peterson	q_m,L=286mg·g^-1	Elovich	>0.993	[58]
	城市垃圾	负载膨润土（混合2h）	450	30min	环丙沙星	—	—	6.5~7	Hills	q_m,L=286.604mg·g^-1	Elovich	0.937	[63]
		—	450	30min	环丙沙星	—	—	6.5~7	Hills	q_m,L=167.61mg·g^-1	PSO	0.989	[63]
	鳕鱼骨	—	1000	1h	双氯芬酸	80.0	—	—	Langmuir和Freunlich	q_m,L=43.29mg·g^-1	Crank 方程	0.942	[64]
	鳕鱼骨	—	1000	1h	氟西汀	80.0	—	—	Langmuir和Freunlich	q_m,L=55.87mg·g^-1	Crank 方程	0.780	[64]

类型	生物炭原料	改性方式	热解温度 /℃	热解时间	目标污染物	比表面积 /m²	孔容积 /cm³·g^-1	最佳反应pH	吸附等温线模型		动力学模型		参考文献
类型	生物炭原料	改性方式	热解温度 /℃	热解时间	目标污染物	比表面积 /m²	孔容积 /cm³·g^-1	最佳反应pH	最符合等温线模型	最大吸附容量或模型常数	最符合动力学模型	相关系数（R²）	参考文献
农业废料	松木	FeCl₂磁化	650	—	磺胺甲唑	125.8	0.14	4.5	Redlich-Peterson	q_m,L=19.9mg·g^-1	—	—	[52]
	松木	NaOH活化	800	2h	金霉素	852.95	—	1	Langmuir	q_m,L=434.783mg·g^-1	—	—	[53]
	松木	—	—	—	金霉素	14.68	—	1	Langmuir	q_m,L=2.383mg·g^-1	—	—	[53]
	木片	—	550	8h	IBP （RO浓缩液中）	369.1	0.094	4	Langmuir和Freunlich	q_m,L=12.5mg·g^-1	PSO	0.949	[54]
					磺胺甲唑（RO浓缩液中）			4	—	—	PSO	0.981
					IBP （去离子水中）			4	Langmuir和Freunlich	q_m,L=21.7mg·g^-1	PSO	0.986
					磺胺甲唑（去离子水中）			4	—	—	PSO	0.964
	软木	—	500	—	萘普生（新鲜尿液）	313	0.028	—	Langmuir	q_m,L=17.53mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9968	[55]
					萘普生（水解尿液）			—	Langmuir	q_m,L=29.03mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9954
					扑热痛息（新鲜尿液）			—	Dubinin-Radushkevich	q_m,DR=24.30mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9995
					扑热痛息（水解尿液）			—	Dubinin-Radushkevich	q_m,DR=25.27mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9960
	竹子	—	315	—	萘普生（新鲜尿液）	68.7	0.017	—	Langmuir	q_m,L=10.07mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9964
					萘普生（水解尿液）			—	Langmuir	q_m,L=6.94mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9995
					扑热痛息（新鲜尿液）			—	Dubinin-Radushkevich	q_m,DR=18.44mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9996
					扑热痛息（水解尿液）			—	Dubinin-Radushkevich	q_m,DR=16.03mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9992
	竹子	负载磁性CuZnFe₂O₄	550	1h	双酚A	61.48	0.157	3	Freunlich	q_m,L=263.2mg·g^-1	PSO	0.975	[56]
		负载磁性CuZnFe₂O₄	550	1h	磺胺甲唑	61.48	0.157	3	Freunlich	q_m,L=212.8mg·g^-1	PSO	0.972
		—	550	1h	双酚A	24.56	0.048	3	Freunlich	q_m,L=185.2mg·g^-1	PSO	0.989
		—	550	1h	磺胺甲唑	24.56	0.048	3	Freunlich	q_m,L=128.2mg·g^-1	PSO	0.952
	椰壳	研磨，负载磁性氧化铁	500	1.5h	卡马西平	365	0.042	4	Freunlich	q_m,L=62.7mg·g^-1	—	—	[57]
	椰壳	研磨，负载磁性氧化铁	500	1.5h	四环素	365	0.042	4	Freunlich	q_m,L=94.2mg·g^-1	—	—	[57]
	柚子皮	—	700	3h	扑热息痛	1033±20	1.074	—	Redlich-Peterson	q_m,L=147mg·g^-1	Elovich	>0.987	[58]
	甘蔗渣	蒸汽活化	500	1h	IBP	—	—	2	Langmuir和Freunlich	q_m,L=11.9mg·g^-1	PSO	0.997	[59]
	甘蔗渣	磷酸活化（浸泡24h）	400	1h	IBP	—	—	2	Langmuir和Freunlich	q_m,L=13.51mg·g^-1	PSO	0.998	[59]
	茶叶	蒸汽活化	700	2h	咖啡因	576	0.1091	3	Temkin	A_T=2.399L·mg^-1	Elovich	0.972	[60]
	棉花桔梗	—	350	—	磺胺类药物（磷酸盐溶液）	68.4	0.074	—	Langmuir	q_m=10μmol·g^-1	—	—	[61]
	棉花桔梗	—	350	—	磺胺类药物（尿液）	68.4	0.074	—	Langmuir	q_m=10μmol·g^-1	—	—	[61]
污泥	造纸厂初级污泥	—	800	2.5h	西酞普兰	209.12	0.13	—	Langmuir	q_m,L=（19.6±0.5）mg·g^-1	PSO	0.9968	[49]
	造纸厂生物污泥	—	800	10min	西酞普兰	10.82	0.02	—	Freunlich	K_F=（0.165±0.008） mg·g^-1(mg·L^-1)^-^N	PSO	0.9559	[49]
	含铁纺织厂污泥	—	400	4h	氧氟沙星	—	—	—	Langmuir	q_m,L=19.74mg·g^-1	PSO	>0.982	[60]
	造纸厂初级污泥	—	800	2.5h	甲磺酸三卡因	414	0.95	—	Langmuir-Freunlich	q_m,LF=（92±4）mg·g^-1	DEM	0.9998	[62]
					恩佐卡因			—	Langmuir-Freunlich	q_m,LF=（107±30）mg·g^-1	DEM	0.9991
					2-苯氧乙醇			—	Langmuir-Freunlich	q_m,LF=（63±7）mg·g^-1	DEM	0.9995
	造纸厂生物污泥	—	800	2.5h	甲磺酸三卡因	258	0.39	—	Langmuir-Freunlich	q_m,LF=（109±29）mg·g^-1	DEM	0.9970
					恩佐卡因			—	Langmuir-Freunlich	q_m,LF=（53±3）mg·g^-1	DEM	0.9993
					2-苯氧乙醇			—	Langmuir-Freunlich	q_m,LF=（83±6）mg·g^-1	DEM	0.9995
其他固废	城市垃圾	掺杂蒙脱石	450	4h	环丙沙星	6.51	—	5	Hills	q_m,L=167.36mg·g^-1	PSO	0.98	[25]
	城市垃圾	—	450	4h	环丙沙星	4.33	—	5	Hills	q_m,L=122.16mg·g^-1	Elovich	0.95	[25]
	葡萄糖	—	900	3h	扑热息痛	1292±31	0.704	—	Redlich-Peterson	q_m,L=286mg·g^-1	Elovich	>0.993	[58]
	城市垃圾	负载膨润土（混合2h）	450	30min	环丙沙星	—	—	6.5~7	Hills	q_m,L=286.604mg·g^-1	Elovich	0.937	[63]
		—	450	30min	环丙沙星	—	—	6.5~7	Hills	q_m,L=167.61mg·g^-1	PSO	0.989	[63]
	鳕鱼骨	—	1000	1h	双氯芬酸	80.0	—	—	Langmuir和Freunlich	q_m,L=43.29mg·g^-1	Crank 方程	0.942	[64]
	鳕鱼骨	—	1000	1h	氟西汀	80.0	—	—	Langmuir和Freunlich	q_m,L=55.87mg·g^-1	Crank 方程	0.780	[64]

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