Fluidized bed-chemical vapor deposition (FB-CVD) is widely used in industrial production owing to the combined advantages of both fluidized bed and chemical vapor deposition. Providing good heat and mass transfer, it can obtain a pure product with uniform deposition. Based on its basic principle, the applications of FB-CVD in areas of particle coating, preparation of one-dimensional nano-materials, polycrystalline silicon, powder synthesis and powder surface modification are reviewed. The progress of process simulation and reactor structure design of FB-CVD is introduced. From the discussion, the scientific connotation of FB-CVD shows multi-scale features, namely material preparation at microscopic level, particle fluidization at mesoscopic level and reactor structure design at macroscopic level. Future development of FB-CVD technology depends on coupling analysis of these three scales, and research should be focused on the effect of interaction between different scales, such as coupling between homogeneous nucleation material/non-homogeneous nucleation in materials preparation and particle fluidization in the reactor.

The technology of thermal energy storage can efficiently overcome the mismatch between the sides of energy supply and end-user, which is one of the important means to improve the utilization efficiency of energy. However, the current technologies of thermal energy storage are unsatisfied due to a low storage/charge rate. Considering the limitations of current technological level, an state-of-art of process intensification(PI) technologies, which are applied in the thermal energy storage, is presented in this paper. Firstly, three kinds of thermal storage systems, including sensible heat storage, latent heat storage and thermal-chemical storage, are overviewed and a comparison on various PI technologies is conducted in terms of heat storage density, heat storage/charge rate and technical feasibility for an analysis on advantages and disadvantages. Then, a review on application of typical PI technologies in the field of thermal energy storage is presented with highlighted points on structure optimization, material modification and cascade thermal storage. It is implied that the heat and mass transfer in the heat storage process can be enhanced by PI technology based on literature review and analysis, which would significantly improves the heat storage efficiency of heat storage system. Finally, the development trend of thermal storage technology is discussed. The thermal storage system is developing in a more compact and efficient pathway. In the future, the integration of thermal storage technology into energy internet could be one of the promising directions for PI application of thermal energy storage.

The progress on new types of agitated apparatus for polymer devolatilization was reviewed, while the key issues on the development of new devolatilization devices were analyzed. The characteristics of flow field, mixing, film forming and surface renewal are the key factors to strengthen the mass transfer process. Developing highly efficient and self-cleaning devices for polymer devolatilization is the major prospect in this field. The applications of computational fluid mechanics(CFD) simulations on transfer process in such devices were also discussed. Finite element method combined with mesh superposition technique(MST) and finite volume method combined with dynamic mesh technique have been used to deal with problems such as complex geometric blades and fins, twin-shaft rotating motion, tiny gaps within engaged areas and so on. Gas-liquid interface can be precisely tracked by means of volume of fluid(VOF) multiphase flow model. The film forming and surface renewal characteristics can be investigated, which contributes to learn more about the mass transfer mechanism. CFD numerical simulation offers a new idea for designing highly efficient devices for polymer devolatilization.

The gas-liquid two-phase stratified flow has complex momentum and energy transmission phenomena at interface, although its pattern is simple. There are still no unified conclusions for interfacial shear stress in stratified flow. Current progress of interfacial shear stress in horizontal pipes were elaborated by theoretical models, experimental models and numerical simulations. As for theoretical models, closure models were established by models simplification and empirical correlations. Empirical correlations were corrected with closure relations in experiments. Due to simplifying assumptions and experimental conditions, there are some limitations in predicting the interfacial shear stress with theoretical and experimental ways. The detailed flow fields were studied by numerical simulations, but closure relations have been less obtained so far. Five existing models are compared according to liquid holdup and pressure drop. The future research trends of gas-liquid two-phase stratified flow interfacial shear stress in horizontal pipes were further discussed. More detailed local models are needed to be proposed and engineering practice should be taken into account. It is necessary to develop new methods of gas-liquid interface calculations and closure relations for numerical simulations.

In order to avoid severe corrosion of vessel or freezing in cryogenic exchangers, feed gas from natural gas well heads containing various contaminants and acid gases cannot be sent to the liquefaction unit directly, and must pass through purification units to remove undesirable components such as CO₂, H₂S and H₂O. In this paper, DEA and TEG methods are adopted to remove such components, and these two methods are coupled into a natural gas purification process to reach the purification target. As the project handbook only gives the approximate range of process parameters, an optimal process is not available. This paper first applies software HYSYS 8.4 to simulate the natural gas purification process based on relevant data. Then nine combined cases are listed according to the recommended range of process parameters, and a system assessment method, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), is introduced. Finally, multi-objective comprehensive assessment is made using AHP in Matlab to select the optimal process parameters. This approach can provide reference for optimization of natural gas purification process and other processes.

XIt is important to ascertain the cause of low energy efficiency in copper smelting industry. Based on structural features of oxygen bottom-blown copper smelting furnace, a thermodynamic model was developed in conjunction with the uniform design method. Oxygen-enriched rate, matte temperature, flue gas temperature, slag temperature and concentrate type were selected as the factors of interest. The uniform design was used to quantitatively investigate these factors. There was obviously synergistic effect between oxygen-enriched rate and slag temperature. If chemical reaction between different components was complete, exergy efficiency increased with decreasing oxygen-enriched rate and flue gas temperature, increasing slag temperature and matte temperature, and higher grade of copper ore. It might provide a theoretical basis for energy-saving decision and the integrated intelligent process optimization of oxygen bottom-blown copper smelting furnace.

The decomposition of ammonium chloride(NH₄Cl) in the presence of organic amine under anhydrous conditions was studied, and the effect of reaction conditions on release of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) was investigated. Moreover, the best organic amine for separating ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) from decomposition of ammonium chloride(NH₄Cl) was determined from trihexylamie, tris (2-ethylhexyl) amine, trioctylamine and trilaurylamine. The results show that trihexylamine (THA) has advantages of shorter reaction time and higher yield of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) compared with the other organic amines. The yield of ammonia (NH₃) can reach 97.5% under the reaction conditions of n(THA):n(NH₄CI) =1.4:1, n(Isoamylol):n(NH₄Cl) = 6.84:1, N₂ flow rate 140mL/min, temperature 132℃ and reaction time 3.5h. On the hand, the yield of hydrogen chloride (HCl) can reach 94.65% under the reaction conditions of tetradecane:trihexylamine hydrochloride=11:1, N₂ flow rate 260mL/min, temperature 223℃ and the reaction time 4.5h.

In this article, SiC-H₂O, TiC-H₂O, and Al₂O₃-H₂O (α and γ) nanofluid were prepared through a two-step method, and the photo-thermal properties of the four nanofluids were studied by an insolation experiment. The impacts of the types of the nanoparticle, mass fraction, dispersants, pH value and particle shapes on photo-thermal properties of nanofluid were investigated. This study also compared the photo-thermal properties of nanofluid in ordinary glass tube and water in all-glass vacuum tube. The results show that photo-thermal properties of nanofluid are better than those of deionized water and all-glass vacuum tube. Among the nanofulids, the performance of TiC-H₂O nanofluid is the best, with the peak temperature of 21.76% higher than that of deionized water. Dispersants can enhance the photo-thermal properties of nanofluid, but, each nanofluid has its own suitable dispersants. The optimal mass fraction and pH value are found in this experiment, and those for SiC-H₂O are 0.1%(mass fraction) and 9, respectively. The shape of particle also has a major impact on the photo-thermal properties of nanofluid.Under the 55℃, direct absorption collecting efficiency using SiC-H₂O nanofluid is higher than that of traditional all-glass vacuum tube using water, the maximal efficiency difference between the two collectors can be up to 30%, but the efficiency for nanofulids decreases rapidly at higher temperature.

The objective of this paper is to improve the recovery of soluble potassium chloride flotation by ultrasonic pretreatment. Particles treated by ultrasonic wave had rough surfaces and were ellipsoid shaped, verified by the scanning electron microscope. The flotation results of ultrasonic wave treated potassium chloride particles revealed that the potassium chloride particles recovery increased from 14.32% to 46.66% after treated for 40min. Besides, the ultrasonic wave treated collector, i.e., octadecylamine hydrochloride, had better dispersity in the saturated potassium chloride solutions than the untreated one, resulting in a higher flotation recovery. The potassium chloride particles recovery increased from 20.84% to 94.24% when the octadecylamine hydrochloride was treated for 20min using ultrasonic wave. Therefore, the ultrasonic pretreatment was proven to be one of the effective methods to strengthen the flotation of potassium chloride.

The photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T) collector is a critical component of the photovoltaic thermal system. Performance quality directly decides high or low of comprehensive utilization of solar energy. Therefore, the design of the PV/T collector has an important role on research in the performance of the photovoltaic solar-thermal system. In this paper, the analysis structure and heat resistance of the PV/T collector, simulation of the thermal performance of the PV/T collector in aluminum tube plate under 75 kinds of working conditions, including irradiance types, structure size and flow conditions by using the Fluent software, and optimal design for the PV/T collector, according to the result of design to build the test rig, the collection efficiency and power efficiency of PV/T collector were studied. The results showed that the better cooling water flow rate (Q=0.008kg/s) and area ratio (D/W=0.4) of the collector were obtained. With the increase of the normalized temperature difference, the photoelectric efficiency and the collection efficiency of PV/T collector decreased. The maximum error of the predicted values and experimental values of the photoelectric efficiency was 22.5 percent. The average collection efficiency is 0.63. The county thermal efficiency reaches 0.75.

As to condensation in tube, the technology initiatives of the "short-tube effect" theory to maintain a relatively higher heat transfer coefficient are making intermediate separation of the liquid, and changing the flow regimes of gas-liquid flow, in order to keep the steam in the heat exchange tube at the inlet section at a high-efficient heat transfer state. Combined with the structure of traditional condenser, a horizontal-water cooling shell and tube condenser with liquid separation structure was designed for experimental study in this paper. Heat transfer effect was observed by different diameters and numbers of liquid separation pipes arranged at pass partition plate of condenser. The results were compared to the traditional condenser with respect to the overall heat transfer coefficient, outlet condensate temperature and pressure loss. It was shown that the condensers with different diameters and numbers of liquid separation pipes have similar thermal performance. The overall heat transfer coefficient of condensers with different diameters and numbers of liquid separation pipes is higher than that of the traditional condenser. The outlet condensate temperature is lower than that of the traditional condenser and has lower pressure loss. The condenser with liquid separation pipes with the diameter of 0.5mm and 1mm at right side and the pipes with the diameter of 1mm, 0.5mm at left side has a better comprehensive heat transfer performance under the test conditions.

Compared with parallel flow cooling, the report of impinging jet cooling has rarely be seen. To study the heat dissipation performance of impinging jet cooling, two radiator were designed in this study. Test bench was built. The cooling medium was deionized water. The temperature variations of CPU chip and radiator bottom plate in different condition were measured by changing the heat flux and cooling water flow. The temperature change of CPU chip and radiator bottom plate was analyzed. By monitoring the inner fin structure anf flow direction of cooling water, the average temperature of CPU could drop 5 to 8℃ and 4℃ for the radiator bottom plate. In addition, the variation range of heat resistance was diminished gradually with the increase of cooling flow. Heat resistance of radiator reduced by 7%-8% due to improvement of radiator structure. The results showed that improvement of radiator structure effectively strengths the disturbance of the corner area and increases heat transfer efficiency of radiator. The present study indicates that impinging jet cooling is a high efficiency radiating way.

Chemical process systems are large scale and complex. It was limited to describe the fault only through conventional model. This paper based on the SDG(signed directed graph)fault model which constructed with flow modeling method and made the chemical process system abstract the network topology. We described the network model statistical characteristics and judged the network characteristic of complexity, small world and scale-free. The centrality theory was used to quantitatively calculate the importance of each node in the network. Then, those indexes compared to determine the core node in the network, as well as the community with the Capocci algorithm for network structure quantitatively. Finally, we used the core node of the network to determine the chemical process key variables that easy to cause safety accidents. The result of the community partition maps out the protected path for the chemical fault model. The key monitoring area was identified. Results showed that the proposed method can find the fault nodes of chemical process system and the place that need to be monitored and controlled, which can then be used as a support in fault diagnosis and preventive controls.

There is a problem that the passage number cannot remain the same, when the crossover and the mutation operation are performed to optimize the passage arrangement of multi-stream plate-fin heat exchanger(MS-PFHE) by genetic algorithm(GA) using the real coding. Hence, an improved GA using ordinal number encoding was proposed to optimize the passage arrangement of MS-PFHE. On this basis, the crossover and the mutation operation can be successfully performed between individuals, and an optimization model of passage arrangement was built with the mean square deviation of heat load accumulation in the passage as the objective function. The passage arrangement of MS-PFHE was optimized, which contained 4 streams and 57 passages, and flexibility of the system was analyzed by several operation points. The results showed that, the mean square deviation of heat load accumulation of the optimized design scheme in this study was 3562.9W, which was 2.7% lower than the empirical method in the literature, and it was 15.1% lower than the result obtained by GA using the real coding. In addition, the heat load accumulation fluctuated to the zero line. It indicated that GA using ordinal number encoding can increase population individuals variety in GA and improve searching efficiency, so that the algorithm can have better performance in reaching the global optimum.

Taking two cyclone separators XLPB-5.0 and XCX-5.0 as the prototype, numerical simulations on their flow field and separation efficiency were conducted by computational fluid dynamics(CFD). The influence of inlet volute form and central tube structure on separation efficiency was discussed. Results showed that the flow field in the cyclone separator presented anisotropic distribution characteristics. Tangential velocity was the primary factors influencing the separation efficiency, while the existence of the radial velocity would cause the phenomenon of short circuit flow field and make the axial velocity distribution asymmetrical, hence, reduced the separation efficiency. The combined action of axial and radial velocity promotes particles to make spiral movement inside the cyclone separator. The separation efficiency of XLPB-5.0 and XCX-5.0 were 92.55% and 94.96%, respectively. This was consistent with the experimental results. Separation efficiency of XCX-5.0 was higher than that of XLPB-5.0 under different core pipe parameters. Compared with the spiral once-through entry(XLPB-5.0), the influence of spiral inlet volute(XCX-5.0)on upper flow field of cyclone separator are complex. Besides, for the two cyclone separators, the separation efficiency decreases with the increase of core tube diameter, but separation efficiency turns to increase first then decrease with the increase of depth of the core tube.

Rice husk, is abundantly available in rice-producing countries as an agricultural residue. If rick husk is improperly handled, it will cause environment pollution as well as waste of resources. The main components of rice husk are silica, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The utilization of rick husk as a renewable resource for the production of various products has been a meaningful research topic for decades. Based on the characteristics of rice husk, the utilization methods can be divided into energy, industrial and agricultural utilization. This paper reviews the current research progress of rice husk utilization technologies. From rice husk, a large variety of high value products can be produced, such as bio-gas, bio-oil, adsorbents, catalyst supports, silica, activated carbon, furfural, xylan, xylo-oligosaccharides and animal feeds. The future prospects related to the utilization of rice husk are addressed. The main challenge for rice husk utilization is to reduce the manufacturing cost.

The renewable transportation fuels, such as mixed alcohols, hydrocarbon fuels, bio-diesel, can be produced from biomass resource. Hydrocarbon fuels have become the key items in the development of new generation biofuels, for its excellent utilization property compared with the oxygen-containing fuels. This review focuses on the formation of new generation biofuels with more than 8 carbon atoms, derived from simple sugars through a series of catalytic reactions. Oxygenated compounds with five or six carbon atoms are converted to fuel precursors which have appropriate carbon atoms compared with petrol-based transportation fuels, then the oxygenation-atoms are removed efficiently through different reaction strategies and catalytic technologies. The corresponding catalysts, reaction conditions, chemistries for the selective conversion are summarized in this review. And the advantages and problems of different reaction routes have been evaluated. In the last, the suggestions are given on the industrialization of producing transportation fuels from lignocellulose through chemocatalytic processes.

During the fast pyrolysis of cellulose/biomass, various anhydrosugar derivatives are produced, including levoglucosenone (LGO), 1, 4:3, 6-dianhydro-α-D-glucopyranose (DGP), 1, 5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-1-en-3-ulose (APP) and 1-hydroxy-3, 6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one (LAC). The four anhydrosugar derivatives all have high application values in chemical industry. However, for the conventional pyrolysis process, the yields of them are very low, which makes their separation very difficult. Whereas, under proper catalytic pyrolysis conditions, the yields can be greatly improved, so as to achieve their selective production. This paper firstly summarizes the experimental and theoretical studies on the formation mechanism of the four anhydrosugar derivatives, and then describes the selective production techniques of the LGO and LAC, including the best catalysts and the catalytic pyrolysis reaction conditions. Finally, future researches are proposed to disclose the formation mechanism and optimize the selective production techniques of the anhydrosugar derivatives.

The metal air battery, also known as metal fuel cell, converts chemical energy of metals directly into electricity. Due to the rich reserves of aluminum in the crust and the rather high theoretical volume specific energy, the aluminum air battery has become one hot spot in recent years. However, the hydrogen evolution of aluminum in alkaline electrolyte has been hindering the development of aluminum air battery. This paper reviews the research progress of the key technologies for aluminum air battery, including aluminum alloy anode, aluminum corrosion inhibitor, structure of cathode, electrolyte and catalyst and so on. The use of aluminum alloy anode containing Sn, Ga, In and other elements, the processing of ultrafine grained aluminum, and the addition of aluminum corrosion inhibitor into electrolyte solution can improve the efficiency of aluminum electrode in a certain extent. While aluminum air battery has been utilized in many areas, it will have broader application prospects in the energy industry with the in-depth study.

Liquid fuels are widely used in transportation, logistics, and lives. However the production is heavily dependent on oil. In China oil resources are relatively scarce. Import dependence is as high as 60%. To reduce dependence on oil, the production of liquid fuels from alternative energy resources, especially from oil shale and coal is increasing in China. However, few literatures can be found for analysis and comparison of oil shale-to-liquid (STL) and coal-to-liquid (CTL) processes. This paper models and simulates a STL process and a CTL process. Based on the models, analysis of the two processes is made from energy efficiency, capital investment, and production cost. Energy efficiency of STL process is lower by about 5%, compared to CTL process. This is because STL process has lower utilization rate of raw material and product yield. Total capital investment of STL process is 63.34 CNY/GJ, 70% lower than that of CTL process, because this process has simple flow scheme and lower equipment investment. However, raw material consumption of STL process is much higher. Producing 1t liquid fuels consumes 24.5t oil shale. This makes production cost of STL process only lower by 6% compared to CTL process.

Natural gas hydrate is expected to play an important role in the storage, transportation and peak shaving of natural gas in the future. Rapid while in large amount formation of natural gas hydrate is the key of natural gas hydrate application technology. Therefore, there will be of vital significance to study the natural gas hydrate formation process. The method of how to generate a large number of hydrate, while ensuring adequate storage of natural gas was explored in this paper. In the polyethylene pyrrolidone ([PVP (K90)] solution, the concentration of PVP(K90), stirring speed and stirring type were changed to study the number of hydrate changed and gas storage rate of methane hydrate. The results showed that, when the concentration of PVP(K90) and the stirring speed were increased, the solid seal of hydrate layer was held back and the yield of hydrate increased. The tightness of the hydrate was decreased and the solid seal effect of hydrate was destroyed overwhelmingly with the condition of high shear stress and PVP(K90) concentration over 2%. But the gas storage of hydrate also decreased. Different type of stirrer rods, were used to destroy the solid seal effect of hydrate. When the methane and hydrate nucleation was transferred to the bottom of the solution and near the stirring rod, the number of hydrate increased and the gas storage of hydrate became higher. Hydrate particle showed coalescence several times, which will increased the methane consumption during the formation of hydrate.

In this paper, the changes of the system temperatures and heat loss were investigated during the formation of cyclopentane-methane binary hydrates. The system temperature measurements were carried out under the conditions of initial temperatures of 4℃, 8℃, and12℃, pressures of 2MPa, 4MPa, 6MPa, 8MPa and 10MPa, and different gas injection modes (single, continuous and intermittent). The maximum temperature (T_max) and the maximum temperature increase (ΔT_max) in the system were compared. The experimental results illustrate that the pressures and gas injection modes have significant influence on T_max while the initial temperatures, pressures and gas injection modes all significantly effect ΔT_max. Thus, the conditions of lower initial temperature, higher pressure and injecting intermittently help to increase ΔT_max. Under the condition of 4℃ and 10MPa, intermittent injection with the interval time of 30minute, the maximum value of ΔT_max is 16.5℃. In addition, the heat analysis results indicate that the main heat loss is from the inner reactor to the outside cold environment. Therefore, improving the insulation properties of insulating layer is helpful to enhance the heating efficiency in the process of the cyclopentane-methane binary hydrates formation.

Water electrolysis by anodic oxygen evolving catalysis has drawn extensive attention in hydrogen production. Safe and efficient anodic oxygen catalyst is the key to realize the water splitting technology. Ag based catalysts are novel and promising oxygen evolving catalysts, as they can work under mild conditions and have lower oxygen evolution overpotential and modulated structures. Herein, Ag based oxygen-evolving catalysts in the application of water splitting for hydrogen production are presented. The methods of in situ modification such as matching electrolyte, controlling the concentration, pH, and temperature of electrolyte and modifying working electrode, and post-modification such as compositing metal oxidation, compositing graphene and controlling silver oxide nanocrystals, are reviewed. Besides, combining the two methods will provide some guidance and reference for further design of Ag based water oxidation catalyst.

The research and development advance in the reaction mechanism of methanol to aromatics(MTA), the influence of active components (zeolite, dehydrogenation component), modifiers, the preparation methods and deactivity of the MTA catalyst for both the reaction and regeneration processes, is reviewed in this paper. Methanol is conversed to aromatics by two approaches, hydrogen shift and dehydrogenation-cyclization, and the latter could have high aromatic selectivity. The bi-functional catalysts consisted of ZSM-5 zeolite with low Si/Al ratio and dehydrogenation Zn component, exhibit excellent performance in MTA process. Modification of the MTA catalysts with La, P and Si components could improve their hydrothermal stability and selectivity to aromatics or p-xylene (PX). The deactivation of MTA catalysts during the reaction and regeneration processes mainly results from carbon deposition, aggregation and reduction of the dehydrogenation components and hydrothermal removal Al or Ga from the molecular sieve framework. In future, the research and development of the MTA catalysts should be directed to improving hydrothermal stability, increasing the selectivity for high added-value aromatics and developing green preparation process for the catalysts.

The technology of selective ring opening can make the aromatics into a single naphthene or alkane compounds and greatly enhance the cleanliness and cetane number of diesel fuel, and the core of this technology is to develop the bifunctional catalysts with abilities of both hydrogenation and ring opening performance. Recent advances in aromatic hydrocarbon selective ring opening catalyst for FCC diesel oil have been introduced. The effects of catalyst carrier, active metal and preparation method on hydrogenation ring opening reaction performance are discussed. Analysis indicates that the acid and structure of the carrier, the type of active metal and different preparation methods can all greatly influence the catalytic performance. Finally, we put forward some suggestions on the research of the selective ring opening catalyst. The focus of future research is to develop new carrier with the suitable acidity and pore structure and the active metal components, and strengthen researches of the reaction mechanism.

The conversion of mine gas as the feedstock to produce highly valuable chemicals and liquid fuel(methanol) has become a research hot spot. Catalytic oxidation, an effective technique for activating mine gas, has received considerable attention in recent years. The research on highly efficient and cheap catalysts is critically important for catalytic oxidation of mine gas into methanol.Using ferric nitrate, copper nitrate and ZSM-5 molecular sieve as raw materials, Fe₂O₃/ZSM-5, CuO/ZSM-5 and Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by the ion exchange method, and their selective oxidation of low concentration mine gas to methanol were investigated in acetic acid. Results showed that Fe₂O₃/ZSM-5, CuO/ZSM-5 and Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5 all had catalytic activity for the selective oxidation of mine gas to methanol, and Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5 exhibited the most evident catalytic effect. Meanwhile, the active metal loading had significant effect on the catalytic activity of the catalyst, and theoretically the best loadings of Fe and Cu were 4.21% and 3.22%, respectively. When the addition of Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5 (x_Fe=4.21%, x_Cu=3.22%) was 0.1g and the amount of acetic acid was 30mL, the optimum reaction conditions of oxidation of mine gas (with the volume fraction of methane being 20%) to methanol catalyzed by Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5 were: initial reaction pressure 4.0 MPa, reaction temperature 200℃ and reaction time 3h.

A series of Mo-based catalysts supported over CNTs were successfully prepared by controlling the reduction temperature during the catalyst synthesis. The properties of the obtained catalysts were systematically characterized by XRD, TEM, N₂ adsorption, XPS and NH₃/H₂-TPD techniques, and the catalytic reactivity for the hydrodeoxygenation of stearic acid was evaluated. The results showed that Mo species on the surface of catalysts were reduced with the increase of reduction temperature, and the reduction process was as followed: MoO₃→MoO₂→Mo→Mo₂C. The active phase was MoO₂when reduction temperature was below 550℃. Further elevating the reduction temperature to 600℃, we found a mixed phase of MoO₂/Mo/β-Mo₂C existed. β-Mo₂C was the main active phase when reduction temperature was over 650℃, and it exhibited higher activity of hydrodeoxygenation than the active phase of MoO₂. In addition, the MoO₂/Mo/β-Mo₂C mixed phase catalyst at 600℃ showed the highest catalytic reactivity in hydrodeoxygenation of stearic acid due to its large specific surface area, more acid sites and stronger H₂ adsorption ability.

The catalyst of Sb-SBA-15 was synthesized by the impregnation method, and the samples were characterized by means of XRD, N₂adsorption-desorption and FTIR. The results showed that Sb-SBA-15 catalyst still had hexagonal mesoporous structure. Effects of reaction conditions, namely benzene/benzyl chloride molar ratio, reaction time, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, on benzylation as well as the reaction kinetics were studied. Sb-SBA-15 was very active in the benzylation of benzene with benzyl chloride. Under the optimal conditions: benzene/benzyl chloride molar ratio 8, reaction time 3h, catalyst dosage 0.1g, reaction temperature 120℃, conversion of benzyl chloride was 96.78%, and the selectivity of diphenyl methane was above 99%.

The silver nanoparticles/filter paper (AgNPs/FP) composites were successfully prepared via in-situ reduction by employing filter paper as both reducer and carrier in alkaline conditions based on green chemistry. The morphology, composition, and catalytic properties of the prepared AgNPs/FP composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and UV-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry. SEM images showed the spherical AgNPs evenly distributed on the surface of the filter paper, which was testified further by UV-vis spectroscopy, EDS and TGA. In addition, the obtained AgNPs/FP composite exhibited good catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and could be recycled easily.

Strong-acidic cation exchange resin contained a large number of strong acid groups, which renders it diversed functions of selection, exchange, absorption and catalysis, etc. But the inherent defects of poor high temperature resistance and low acid strength, make it obliged to be modified. Modified cation exchange resins have been widely used in water treatment, organic synthesis, separation and treatment, environmental protection and biological pharmaceutical, etc. The modification methods of strong-acid cation exchange resin were reviewed, mainly including: metal ion modification(Al³⁺、Sn⁴⁺、Zn²⁺、Ti⁴⁺、Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺、Ce⁴⁺ and Ga³⁺、Ni²⁺、Zr⁴⁺、Pd²⁺, etc), sulfonation, thiol and amination modification, and other modifications, etc. The prospect of application of modified cation exchange resins was discussed. The key of the research was to prepare the resin support material with high heat resistance and chemical stability. In addition, the modification of resin was also an important method to improve its comprehensive performance and extend its applications.

Forming a stable solid electrolyte interface film (SEI film) is the key to solve the compatibility between lithium ion battery electrode material and electrolyte. Therefore, the research of high quality anode film-forming additive in electrolyte for lithium ion battery attracts much attention. The principle of film-forming additives for organic electrolyte in Li-ion batteries was reviewed. The research status of a variety of additives was particularly introduced. The recent progress on negative film-forming additives was reviewed in detail, from the perspectives of film formation mechanisms and quantum calculation. The main problem was how to select more suitable and efficient film-forming additives. In addition, the possible trends in this area were proposed:①Understanding the mechanism of additive reacting with the electrolyte, especially for the negative film forming additive which has minimum side effects for lithium ion battery;②Combining two or more additives together to compensate the deficiencies of one additive;③Increasing the solubility of inorganic film-forming additives in the electrolyte.

Titanium dioxide/hydroxyapatite (HAP) composite microspheres were synthesized by dispersing acetylacetone-stabilized tetra-n-butyltitanate in water containing stearic acid, then adding Ca²⁺and H₂PO₄^- sources, and finally employing a hydrothermal process at 150℃. Stearic acid was used as interface intermediary to adsorb Ca²⁺ and ensure the adsorption of subsequently formed hydroxyapatile particles on the surface oftetra-n-butyltitanate "oil droplets". The dispersed droplets transformed into composite microspheres with TiO₂ core and HAP shell after hydrothermal process. The shell consisting of HAP particles suppressed the volume shrinkage of the core induced by the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of tetra-n-butyltitanate under hydrothermal condition, and therefore influenced the microstructure of final TiO₂core. The result of the degradation of methylene blue under UV light irradiation indicated that the photocatalytic property of the composite microspheres was closely related to the equilibrium adsorption capacity for methylene blue, and simultaneously depended on the microstructure of composite microspheres. The composite spheres showed fairly high photocatalytic efficiency for degrading methylene blue when the theoretical hydroxyapatite mass fraction was controlled at 1%-1.5%.

Multiwalled carbon nanotube nano-oil with good stability were prepared by ultrasonic vibration methods. Under different temperatures (20-80℃), density and thermal conductivity of the multiwalled carbon nanotube nano-oil (MWCNTs mass fraction were 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%) were investigated experimentally by using density meter and the thermal conductivity test system. The experimental results show that the density of the multiwalled carbon nanotube nano-oil increases with an increase of nanoparticles mass fractions, and decreases as temperature, while the thermal conductivity increases with nanoparticles mass fractions and temperature. Among them, the effect of the thermal conductivity increasing with mass fraction is more apparent than that with temperature. When the mass fraction of multi-walled carbon nanotubes is 2% and temperature is 80℃, the thermal conductivity of MWCNTs nano-oil could reach 0.1637W/(m·K), increased by 9.13% compared with that of pure RL68H under the same temperature.

The use of pectinases causes less environmental pollution in tobacco stem fiber processing for the production of lactic acid, etc. The effective way to improve pectinase production and reduce cost is to use a new combined fermentation mode and optimize its conditions. Mycelia of Rhizopus oryzaewere immobilized on the cotton matrix by immobilized cells technology developed in our laboratory. Conditions of pectinase production were optimized in culture medium of pectin or tobacco stem and the treatments of tobacco stem pectin were also optimized. The optimal fermentation conditions in pectin medium were rotary speed of 190r/min, liquid volume of 50mL/250mL, temperature of 30℃, pH value of 5, and spore concentration of 0.75×10⁶/mL. The optimal fermentation conditions in tobacco stem medium were, pH value of 4.6, spore concentration of 0.5×10⁶/mL, etc. Under the optimal treatment conditions of tobacco stem pectin, immobilized Rhizopus oryzaecontinuous processing method showed a better pectin degradation performance than the free pectinases processing method with the pectin degradation rate increased by 18.5%, up to 74.1%. Pectinase production with Rhizopus oryzae mycelium immobilized on the cotton matrix showed a higher pectinase production in pectin medium and better tobacco stem fiber degumming in tobacco stem fermentation.

Degraded starch was obtained by two different degradation methods of oxidative degradation (take H₂O₂as oxidant) and acid degradation(HCl). Under the same experimental conditions, three types of starch coal-water slurry dispersants were prepared by radical polymerization with acrylic acid(AA) and sodium p-styrene sulfonate(SSS) as monomers, and H₂O₂-Fe²⁺asinitiation. Their structures, molecular weights and distributions were characterized and analyzed by FTIR, ¹H-NMR and GPC. The three types of dispersants were applied to Binchang coal, and the apparent viscosity, the optimum dosage, the maximum slurry concentration, rheological behavior, Zeta potential, adsorption, static stability of the slurries were investigated and contrasted. The results showed that when the dosage of dispersant was 0.4%, the highest of concentration of CWS can reach 67%, and the apparent viscosity was 906 mPa·s, and the Zeta potential changed from –12.1 to –47.3mV. The starch coal-water slurry dispersant prepared by oxidative degradation, show better performance on viscosity reduction, dispersal, stabilization for Bingchang coal than those prepared by acidified starch or corn starch.

Sweet water is the primary product of glycerol produced from oil and fat hydrolysis. The purification operation of sweet water is one of the key steps in glycerin refining. A new method of coagulation/flocculation for purification of sweet water was proposed, and the effects of various operation factors was investigated. The results showed that the best operation conditions were pH value of 11.4, time of 60min, and stirring speed over 300r/min during pH adjustment phase and coagulant dosage of 75mg/L, flocculent dosage of 20mg/L, stirring speed of 100r/min and flocculation time of 30min during flocculation phase. Compared with the traditional process, the new purification method can achieve lower saponification equivalent and turbidity of the supernant from the treated sweet water. The flocs sediment could be separated easily and recycled thoroughly. Therefore, this purification method is much valuable for practical impurities removal from sweet water.

Emission of chlorobenzenes (CBs) substance has caused serious pollutions to our environment. This paper reviewed the approaches of treating chlorobenzene volatile organic compounds in recent years, and also summarized the research status of catalysts as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different types of methods. The results showed that catalytic combustion treatment method was one of the most promising and effective treatment techniques for CBs, because the contaminants of low concentrations could be disposed effectively with the help of catalysts at low operating temperature with no nitrogen oxides generated during the process. Many types of catalysts can be applied to the catalytic combustion. While the noble metal catalysts have high activity but sensitive to temperature, and the transition metal oxide catalysts have strong ability to resist chlorine poisoning, the perovskite-based catalysts have wider applications. Perovskite-based catalysts are inexpensive and easy to obtain, and the A and B atoms in the molecular have a good adjustability. By means of loading and modifying the catalysts, the disadvantages of high reaction temperature and easy inactivation can be overcome successfully.

Phenol is a toxic organic pollutants and difficult to treat. Using TiOSO₄ as titanium source, urea as the precipitator, and zeolite as the carrier, we had prepared the nano-TiO₂/zeolite material by homogeneous precipitation method. The effect of TiO₂ loading amount, calcination temperature and the reusabiity on photocatalytic degradation of phenol were investigated by taking phenol as the degradation target. The results showed that the nano-TiO₂/zeolite material with 30% TiO₂ loaded, and calcined at 650℃ exhibited the best photocatalytic performance. The degradation efficiency of nano-TiO₂/zeolite material towards phenol (20mg/L) was 91.6% when irradiated for 3.5h under 300W high pressure mercury lamp and the catalyst after five cycles still demonstrated excellent photocatalytic performance of 85 % of the photocatalytic degradation rate of phenol.

In order to improve the denitrification efficiency of the bioreactor of refinery wastewater treatment plant, an aerobic denitrifier AD10 was isolated from the activated sludge of a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant in wuhan city. It was identified as a member of the genus Pseudomonas sp. according to its morphyological and physiological properties and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Through the single factor experiment investigations, the optimum denitrification conditions were: sodium succinate as carbon source, C/N 14, temperature 30℃, initial pH 6.0, rotation speed 200 r/min. Under these conditions, the nitrate remove efficiency of AD10 was 97.2% when it was cultivated in 556.81 mg/L nitrate for 72h, and it could tolerate at least 654 mg/L of nitrate nitrogen. Culturing after 11.5h, AD10 show the NO₃^–-N and TN removal rate of 95.8% and 93.9%, when the concentration of NO₃^--N and TN were 140.31mg/L and 141.62mg/L, respectively. AD10's denitrification rate is higher than most of the aerobic denitrifying bacteria have been found. During this process, only a very small amount of NO₂^–-N (≤2.30mg/L) was detected, indicating a complete denitrification.

The experimental analysis of polluting emission characteristics of waste lithium-cobalt and lithium iron battery under different heat treatment conditions, which including the different temperature, time, gas, and inputs, was conducted in this paper. The experiment process contains from samples collection, discharge processing, dismantling and composition analysis, until heat treatment and sampling analysis. The experimental results showed that the optimum temperature for heat treatment of waste lithium iron battery is 600℃, at which the metal recycling rate is the highest. The recycling rate of lithium, cobalt, copper, aluminum in lithium-cobalt battery is 95.38%, 93.99%, 96.24%, and 85.28%, respectively. The recycling rate of lithium, iron, copper, aluminum in lithium iron battery is 90.01%, 85.49%, 83.72%, 73.75%, respectively. Different composition of gas-intake will affect the heat treatment and metal recycling rate, but the gap is small. Taking the operating costs and metal recycling rate into consideration, air is the best among the three different heat treatment gases. In waste gas, the concentration of HCl and HF is about two to sixteen per million, so a special attention is needed to pay to get rid of acidic gas in the recycling process. Metal gas-solid phase distribution although the content of gas phase metal has a rising trend with the operation temperature increase, but the proportion is extremely low.

Recycling of the lead-acid battery is an important section for lead-acid battery industry, and green technologies with low energy consumption and pollutants emission are in urgent demand. At present, the traditional process of paste pre-desulfurization rate is unstable and standard, resulting in low temperature melting cannot be carried out. To solve the problem, this paper presents a new pre-desulphurization process of the damped lead paste based on "Surface Update" mode "Surface update" mode is to add particles as grinding media, which grinds reaction particles in the reactor in high speed rotation and instantly damage the product of the lead carbonate layer in order to achieve the surface of the reaction particles update. Thus, we constructed the experiment system and studied the desulfurization performance of the sodium carbonate. Results showed that the process can maintain the sulfur content of lead paste under 0.3% at the optimum reaction conditions, i.e., stirring rate 60r/min, temperature 50℃, the slurry concentration 30%-60%, the molar ratio n(Na₂CO₃):n(PbSO₄)=1.1:1, and reaction time 40 min.

Extraction and adsorption was adopted in sequence to remove the large amount of organics in the aldolisation spent caustic, wherein 2-ethyl hexanol was used as extractant which was then recovered by rectification, and HYA-106 macroporous resin was used for adsorption which showed stable adsorption-desorption performance. The results showed that under the conditions of pH=3, the volume ratio of 2-ethyl hexanol to spent caustic was 0.5 and the extraction stages was 2, ρ(COD) of the spent caustic could be decreased from 104651mg/L to 6453mg/L, while the ρ(COD) removal rate reached over 93.8%. At 40℃, the adsorption rate of HYA-106 macroporous adsorption resin was 1BV/h, ρ(COD) of the extraction effluent was decreased to 155-183mg/L, while ρ(COD) removal rate was 97.1%-97.4%. The total ρ(COD) removal rate of the combined extraction and adsorption process reached more than 99.8%, showing the organics in the spent caustic was removed to a maximal extent.

Microbial fuel cell(MFC)is an innovative wastewater treatment technique for pollution remove and energy generation. Nitrogen removal using MFC is of great interest owing to the potential benefits of bioenergy production. In this study, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the cathode of MFC was investigated. The performance of MFC was influenced by operating methods. The experimental results demonstrated that maximum ammonia nitrogen removal rate was 95.17% under the condition of open circuit, which indicated that the open circuit is beneficial to nitrification while the closed circuit is more advantageous to COD and nitrogen removal, which showed that nitrogen removal depended mainly on accepting electron at cathode. The influence and mechanism of dissolved oxygen(DO) on the performance of nitrogen removal and electricity generation were investigated. The aeration-unaeration process was operated. The aeration lasted 8.5h at the beginning of the whole 20h experiment. The DO was gradually reduced from 4.0mg/L(aeration) to 2.0mg/L(unaeration). The results demonstrated that compared with the operation without aeration, the output voltage significantly increased from 31mV to 120mV and total nitrogen removal rate increased from 0.064g/(L·d) to 0.46g/(L·d). The ammonia nitrogen removal rate was 86.42%. This suggested that the aeration-unaeration process was an effective way to remove nitrogen, produce electricity and reduce the energy input to maintain high DO concentration.

The chilling process of traditional ethylene process has several disadvantages, including low condensation temperature, which requires significant amount of energy. To recover hydrogen from an ethylene plant of 800 kt/a, a hybrid process combining two-stage hydrogen separation membrane and cryogenics was proposed. Based on simulation and optimization with the UniSim Design software, the optimal conditions of this membrane system were identified, i.e, membrane areas in two stages were 28000m² and 10110m², respectively. In conclusion, refrigeration compressor power and ethylene loss were significantly decreased because part of hydrogen was recovered by the first-stage membrane system. The compressor power in the chilling process was 39496kW, 8996kW lower than that in the traditional process. The ethylene loss of demethanizer overhead decreased from 1.29% to 0.46%. H₂ product with high concentration (99%) and high recovery (98.52%) was achieved through the second-stage membrane system, which could merge into hydrogen network directly or be used for hydrocracking with higher demand for hydrogen concentration.

With the Dalian liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal as the example, the boil off gas (BOG) treatment process was analyzed using Aspen software. The combined operations of BOG re-condensation liquefaction and direct compression was proposed, as well as adding pre-cooling device in the re-condensing process . The analysis results show that if the receiving station can supply sufficient amount of LNG stably, the re-condensation process route will be chosen in priority, otherwise the system will be switched to the high-pressure compression process line automatically, and transported LNG to the pipe network directly. In this way, it can resolve the energy waste problem caused by the BOG release due to excess pressure in the tanks and pipelines. In the re-condensation process with the pre-cooling device, 37.4% energy consumption can be saved compared with the one without.

This paper presents a low-rank coal (LRC) upgrading process by the external-heating multi-tube rotary equipment. In order to verify and optimize the operation conditions and process parameters, LRC from Heilongjiang was used for materials in the experiments. The results showed that: with the increase of process temperature, the volatiles in semi-coke decreased and the yields of tar increased in parabolic way, while the volatiles in semi-coke decreased and the yields of tar increased with time extension. The optimal process parameters based on the coal and test conditions were 535℃ and 30min for upgrading, with which the tar yield reached 12.54%, toluene-insoluble content in the tar was 1.65%, and gas calorific value was as high as 5044kcal/m³. The industrial equipment was testified by 72h continuous experiment which proved the industrialization feasibility.