Helical channel heat exchangers have important applications in heat transfer enhancement field because of its superior heat transfer performance. In recent years, the heat dissipation of equipment under high heat flux has seriously restricted the rapid development of advanced technology. Traditional single-phase heat transfer enhancement technology in helical channel is difficult to meet such high requirements of heat dissipation. Therefore, scholars began to explore the combination of helical channel and flow boiling heat transfer to enhance heat transfer. Boiling heat transfer in helical channel is different from straight channel due to the effect of the centripetal forces that create secondary flows. So boiling heat transfer in helical channel is more complicated than that in straight channel. Moreover, a number of conclusions on boiling heat transfer in helical channel are still not conclusive. In order to summarize the research progress of boiling heat transfer in helical channels, the effect of mass flux, vapor quality, heat flux, system pressure on the heat transfer performance in macro- and mini-scale helical channels were presented. It is pointed out that the experimental conditions and the structures of helical channel may be the main reasons for the divergence of results. Different correlations for straight channel and helical channel were compared in the prediction of helical channel heat transfer coefficient. In addition, the enhancement prospect of helical channels and further research on boiling heat transfer of helical channels were presented.

For the widely used multi-objective genetic algorithms, NSGA-Ⅱ and NSGA-Ⅲ, this paper combines the specific heat exchanger network retrofit problems to compare the performance of the two algorithms. The case study results showed that the NSGA-Ⅱ is more efficient than the NSGA-Ⅲ, especially under the condition of large population, and the running time of NSGA-Ⅲ is above 2 times that of NSGA-Ⅱ. The application of NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm is not strictly limited by the maximum target number of three. NSGA-Ⅱ may also have good performance when solving multi-objective optimization problems with more than 3 targets. The number of targets is not the strict standard of selecting NSGA-Ⅱ or NSGA-Ⅲ algorithm. The NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm is more likely to obtain the extreme value of each target from the single performance index of the heat exchanger network in the 10H×5C heat exchanger network case including four related targets. From the index of the minimum total annual cost, the optimal schemes of the two algorithms are similar. In the 7H×3C heat exchanger network optimization including six targets, the NSGA-Ⅲ algorithm obtains better target extreme values. From the index of the minimum annual cost， the capital cost and annual total cost by the NSGA-Ⅲ algorithm are smaller. Therefore, for multi-objective optimization problems with no more than 3 objective functions or more than 3 related objective functions, it is recommended to use the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm to achieve fast optimization. The NSGA-Ⅲ algorithm is based on the reference point-based selection mechanism, so its calculation efficiency is slower, and it is more suitable for high-dimensional multi-objective optimization problems with difficulty in convergence.

In order to understand the mechanisms of heat and mass transfer enhancement of flow boiling in square-fin based microchannel heat sinks, volume of fluid (VOF) method coupled with the saturated interface volume phase change model were used to simulate the phase change heat transfer from a single bubble traveling past a heated square cylinder in a microchannel. By comparing the bubble volume growth rate and heat transfer from the square cylinder during the evaporation process, the effects of the initial bubble volume and Reynolds number on the heat and mass transfer in the vicinity of the cylinder were analyzed, respectively. The results showed that a thin liquid film trapped between the bubble and the cylinder wall was formed during the bubble transit, which significantly enhanced the heat transfer coefficient on the top face of cylinder by as much as six times higher than the liquid-only value due to the thin-film evaporation. The thermal resistance of liquid film was increased due to a thicker film for sufficiently large Re, which lowered the heat transfer enhancement. Furthermore, the effect of bubble volume on the heat transfer performance in the square fin was investigated. The results showed that the overall enhancement of heat transfer coefficient along the cylinder was found to increase with increasing bubble volume due to a thinner film and more surface area for evaporation, while the small bubble had little effect on the wall temperature.

In this study, a two-dimensional numerical model of a single-looped pulsating heat pipe with hydrogen was established. The flow and heat transfer characteristics of the pulsating heat pipe at different stages were analyzed. The volume of fluid (VOF) method was used to reconstruct the gas-liquid interface. Constant heat flux and constant temperature were used as boundary conditions of the evaporation section and condensation section, respectively. The heat load to the evaporation section increased gradually from 0.27W to 1W. The model was verified by the experiments. The errors of heat transfer resistance were less than 15%. The gas-liquid distribution and pressure distribution in the initial stage of the pulsating heat pipe were obtained. The behavior of the vapor plugs during the start-up stage was analyzed by the vapor volume fraction contours. The results showed that the working fluid goes through two cycles before the pulsating heat pipe reach pseudo-steady stage. And three flow patterns were observed in each cycle. After the start-up stage, the working fluid in the pulsating heat pipe was mainly clockwise circulating flow, and the wall temperature of the evaporation section oscillated periodically. When the heat load was low, the oscillation frequency of the temperature was small, the thermal resistance of the pulsating heat pipe was large. With the increase of the heat load, the oscillation frequency increased and finally tended to be stable, the thermal resistance decreased firstly and then remained unchanged.

The phase change heat storage technology shows many advantages, such as large energy storage density, low cost and etc. However, the property of low thermal conductivity of the phase change material limits its wide application. As a new heat transfer enhancement material, foam metal has relatively higher thermal conductivity and higher specific area. The molten salt heat storage experiment was carried out and the physical model of phase change thermal storage was constructed. A two-dimensional axisymmetric, transient solid-liquid phase transition mathematical model of the thermal storage vessel was established. The phase transition process was simulated using the solidification & melting model, and the phase transition region was based on the Boussinesq approximation. Numerical simulation results of thermal storage conditions of pure nitrate and thermal storage conditions after adding foam metal were compared. The heat transfer enhancement effect with the application of foam metal in the molten salt thermal storage process was analyzed by experiments and numerical simulation. Results showed that foam metal can effectively improve the heat transfer rate of the molten salt. Foam metal with relatively smaller porosity or higher thermal conductivity can generate a better enhanced heat storage effect. In the later stage of the heat storage process, natural convection heat transfer was the main heat transfer mode and foam metal severely inhibited natural convection. Comparing different filling positions of the foam metal, it was found from this paper that the filling position was closer to the center of the container, natural convection was weakened and the corresponding heat storage performance was worse.

The existence of non-condensable gas will affect the heat transfer performance of pulsating heat pipe. In this paper, the thermal resistance and evaporation process of pulsating heat pipe in stable operation was analyzed with deionized water and polyacrylamide solution as working fluid. The influence of the presence of non-condensable gas on the heat transfer performance and operation characteristics of pulsating heat pipe was studied. By building a BP neural network model, the regression prediction of thermal resistance characteristics of pulsating heat pipe under different pressure conditions was made and verified. The experimental results showed that the existence of non-condensable gas will deteriorate the heat transfer characteristics of pulsating heat pipe. With the increase of heating power, the thermal resistance under different partial pressures of non-condensable gas showed a downward trend. With the increase of partial pressure of non-condensable gas, the average temperature of evaporation section of working fluid increases obviously. BP neural network can be used to make reliable regression prediction for the thermal resistance of pulsating heat pipe, and provide a judgment idea for the operation status of pulsating heat pipe.

A concentric-ring rotating bed, as a novel higee device, has a rotor consisting of several concentric rings made by perforated plates with and without packing between adjacent concentric rings. A liquid slip effect exists on the concentric rings, which, enhances the gas-liquid effective interfacial area and improves the liquid circumferential distribution. With ethanol-water system, total reflux distillation experiments were conducted in a concentric-ring rotating bed with a rotor of an outer diameter of 1.0m at atmospheric pressure. Two rotors with and without stainless steel wire mesh between adjacent concentric rings were used, respectively. The effects of F-factor and high-gravity factor on height equivalent of theoretical plate(HETP) and gas pressure drop across the concentric-ring rotating bed were analyzed. Experimental results showed that the large concentric-ring rotating bed has a large processing capacity. With increasing F-factor and high-gravity factor, HETP decreased first and then increased. The HETP values of the rotor with wire mesh were smaller than those of the rotor without wire mesh. The HETP minimum value of 51.5mm and the gas pressure drop per number of theoretical plate of 1.5kPa was obtained at a high-gravity factor of 563.4 and a F-factor of 5.5(m/s) (kg/m³)^0.5 for the rotor with wire mesh. Correlations of HETP of rotors with and without wire mesh were proposed using experimental data. In comparison with rotating zigzag bed, the concentric-ring rotating bed has the advantages of high throughput and low pressure drop.

The proper characterization of the flow field and bubble breaking process in Venturi channel is the basis for improving the bubble producing and structure optimization of Venturi microbubble generator. In this paper, the single bubble deformation and breaking was simulated using VOF multiphase flow model in three-dimensional flow field. On the basis of simulation model verification, the flow field distribution and bubble fragmentation process in the Venturi channel, especially in the expansion section, were revealed. The reason of the uneven distributing microbubbles which produced by the Venturi microbubble generator was also discussed. The numerical simulation results showed that bubble fragmentation occurs in the expansion section of the Venturi microbubble generator. The microbubble diameter decreased when the turbulent energy dissipation rate increases. The turbulent energy dissipation rate in the central region of the expansion section is much smaller than that in the sidewall region. The uneven diameter distribution of microbubbles is directly due to the turbulent energy dissipation rate in the radial direction. In the axial direction, the fragmentation degree of single bubble injected from the inlet position is stronger than that injected from the throat position. In the radial direction, the fragmentation degree of the single bubble injected from the eccentric position is stronger than that injected from the central position. The axial static swirling element can increase the average turbulent dissipation rate in the expansion section and reduce the average microbubble diameter. Besides, it can also reduce the standard deviation of radial turbulent dissipation rate. By enhancing the uniformity of radial turbulence dissipation in the expansion section, the particle size distribution of microbubbles can be improved.

At present, the research on the emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at the sealing points of equipment and pipeline components is still at the stage of empirical estimation. Taking the sealing points of connectors as a typical representative to carry out numerical simulation and practical application research on the emission rate of VOCs at the sealing points involved in ethanol production equipment. The direct measurement binding method was used to bind and seal the connecting piece. The circulation space in the bag formed by the binding method was analogized to a petrochemical reactor. The concepts of mixing time and space-time in the chemical unit were introduced. The distribution of velocity field, concentration field and pressure field in the bag were compared by the method of computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation. The relationship between inert carrier gas sweep flow rate and bag volume in the binding method system was quantitatively analyzed. The reasonable operating parameters were optimized, and the VOCs emission rate of the connecting piece was measured and calculated on site. The results showed that the mixing intensity can be increased and the mixing time can be shortened by appropriately reducing the volume of bags. Under the condition of keeping the micro positive pressure in the bag, the purging flow rate was reasonably selected to match the volume of different bags, and the purging time was more than 2 times of the mixing empty time in the bag, which can basically reach a near-steady state. A new power function relation between VOCs leakage concentration and leakage emission rate at the sealing point of the connector was established to evaluate and calculate VOCs annual emission more accurately.

There are many wasted fungus inoculation bag residues in the process of edible fungi production. The recycle of edible fungi residues is important for conserving resources and protecting the environment. A circulating fluidized bed gasification pilot plant was built to study the effect of air equivalence ratio and steam/biomass ratio of raw materials on gasification characteristics, including reaction temperature, gas composition, calorific value, tar content in produced gas, gasification efficiency, and carbon conversion rate. The results showed that the operating temperature of circulating fluidized bed gasifier, carbon conversion rate and the content of CO₂ increased with the increase of air equivalence ratio (from 0.20 to 0.35), while the content of CO, calorific value and tar content decreased. The gasification efficiency increased first and then decreased. When air equivalence ratio was 0.26, the gasification efficiency reached the maximum of 74.86% and calorific value reached 5.59MJ/m³. The results also showed that gas quality and gasification efficiency were improved with air as main gasifying agent and steam assisted. When the operation conditions were 0.26 of air equivalence ratio and 0.2 of steam/biomass ratio, gas calorific value and gasification efficiency reached to maximum value of 6.14MJ/m³ and 83.73%, respectively.

Biomass, as an industrial packing, took on the advantages of renewability and carbon balance in preparing bio-based chemicals. However, most of the energy plants came from indispensable human food and competed with crops for high-quality land. Natural biomass Jerusalem artichoke was considered as one of the most important non-grain energy plants in the future because of its excellent growth characteristics, high carbohydrate content and diverse functional groups. The literature review described the high value-added progress of Jerusalem artichoke by physical, biological and chemical processes, and summarized the pros and cons of the methods mentioned above. Based on the fact and merits that Jerusalem artichoke tuber was rich in inulin which was not easily digested by human body, there was low degree of polymerization for fructose-based polysaccharides, and the carbon source of the monomer of polysaccharides and reducing sugars was highly uniform, the bio-based compounds prepared from Jerusalem artichoke tuber were introduced emphatically. And the reaction conditions and types of catalysts or enzymes for the preparation of polyols, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and lactate esters by chemical catalysis or biological fermentation were also analyzed. Because of the abundant content of the lignocellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in Jerusalem artichoke stalk, the main research status of cellulose and hemicellulose carbohydrates and lignin, as well as the effect of direct catalytic conversion of Jerusalem artichoke straw were reviewed, highlighting the advantages of Jerusalem artichoke straw conversion, and the improvement measures of Jerusalem artichoke straw as substrate for efficient preparation of target products were put forward. By analyzing the process and effect of high value-added of Jerusalem artichoke tuber and stalk, it was found that a substantial progress of industrial application of Jerusalem artichoke would be accelerated by strengthening the deep processing, biotransformation and chemical transformation technology of the non-grain energy plant, and combining with the combination of biological and chemical dispose methods.

The kinetics of hydrate growth and dissociation are of great significance to the exploitation of natural gas hydrate resources in the ocean and the transportation of hydrate slurry through deep water pipelines in the form of multiphase flow. In order to further uncover the characteristics of gas hydrate growth and dissociation, 16 groups of hydrate growth and dissociation experiments were conducted using a high-pressure transparent autoclave in this work, with temperature 0—30℃, pressure 3.35—8.16MPa and stirring rate 200—1000r/min. Based on our observation, the experiment process was divided into four stages: induction stage, fast growing stage, slow growing stage and dissociation stage. The variation of the experimental temperature, pressure, torque of the mixing motor and hydrate growth rate was emphatically analyzed during the hydrate fast growing stage. We also observed the homogeneous and heterogeneous distribution patterns of hydrate particles, which were not commonly published in previous studies. By heating, the hydrate blocks dissociated statically in the autoclave. The variation of key parameters, such as system temperature, pressure and dissociation rate were revealed. The fully dissociation morphology of hydrate blocks were also recorded. Analysis showed that the distribution of hydrate particles had an obvious connection with the flow property of hydrate slurry and the static dissociation process of hydrate blocks was mainly controlled by the mass transfer rate of the released gas from hydrate clathrate structures.

In order to investigate the effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on the thermoelectric properties of rice husk char, the rice husk was modified by different hydrothermal temperatures, and its fuel characteristics, functional groups and pyrolysis characteristics were analyzed. The properties and microstructure of rice husk char were characterized by industrial analysis, elemental analysis, FTIR analysis and N₂ adsorption. The specific surface area and total pore volume of rice husk char were increased after modification. The result demonstrated that after hydrothermal pretreatment, hemicellulose, alkali metal and alkaline earth metals were significantly reduced in the rice husk, the volatile content was increased, and more oxygen-containing functional groups were obtained. The rice husk char with a specific surface area of 335.1m²/g and the total pore volume of 0.173cm³/g could be acquired when the hydrothermal temperature was 150℃. By using the rice husk chars as electrode and NaCl solution as electrolyte, the output voltage of the modified chars was improved dramatically. At the temperature difference of 50K, the output voltage was 67.084mV and the specific energy was 106.7mJ/g, exhibiting the excellent thermoelectric conversion performance of modified rice husk char as a low-cost porous carbon.

In the hydrogenation of CO₂, the product distribution is mainly affected by the interaction between oxide supports and Cu, the active sites for CO₂ activation, surface reaction mechanism, and surface reaction pathway, where the microstructure of the metal-support interface is important. This paper summarized the progress in the Cu-based catalyst supports for methanol synthesis from CO₂, and the emphasis was placed on ZnO, ZrO₂, CeO₂, and TiO₂ which possess oxide vacancies during the reaction. Then the supports effects of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Zn-Zr, Ce-Zr, and perovskite were briefly introduced. The Cu/ZnO_x interface formed by strong metal-support interaction(SMSI) is the main active site for CO₂ hydrogenation, and its microstructure and reaction mechanism have been extensively investigated. The researches on Cu/ZrO₂ have been focused on the crystalline phase of ZrO₂, but there remains debate in the conclusions. The reaction mechanism study of Cu/CeO₂ is still limited to the reverse CeO₂/Cu(111) model and the morphology of CeO₂ affects the interaction between Cu and the supports, and hence affects the product distribution. There are a variety of factors such as crystalline phase and facet that affect the catalytic properties of Cu/TiO₂ but the current research is not complete. Finally, this paper outlined the research should be conducted in future, i.e. The obverse model surface which are consistent with the real catalyst surface is used for fundamental research and the structural changes of the catalysts during reaction are explored via in-situ characterization so that the efficient and low-cost Cu based catalyst supported on multicomponent oxide can be ultimately designed.

Allyl alcohol is a pivotal intermediate. Production of allyl alcohol by renewable glycerol is of great importance and has attracted the attentions of many scientists. On the base of published works, this review discussed the recent progresses of catalytic synthesis of allyl alcohol from glycerol. The reaction conditions, catalysts and mechanism of formic acid-mediated homogenous deoxydehydration (DODH) of glycerol, Re catalyzed DODH of glycerol, direct hydrogenolysis of glycerol in liquid phase, and catalytic transferred hydrogenation (CTH) of glycerol in vapor-phase were summarized. Among of which, formic acid-mediated homogenous DODH reaction had been applied in the laboratory, but the atomic economy of the whole process was poor due to the high consumption of formic acid. The selectivity of allyl alcohol in Re catalyzed DODH of glycerol and direct hydrogenolysis of glycerol in liquid phase was low. The continuous CTH of glycerol over Fe-based catalyst in vapor-phase was the hot topics for its simple preparation process, low price of catalyst and easiness in product separation. At last, it was suggested that the acidity/basicity and the activity of hydrogen transfer of the catalyst, and its matching with the rate determining step should be focused in the future research.

1-alkoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl compounds are currently synthesized by using aldehydes and ketones as the main raw materials. Alcohol synthesis has the advantage of low cost of raw materials, but the efficiency is rather low. In order to solve this problem, the alcohol synthesis method was deeply discussed, and 1-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-4-ol was synthesized through oxidation and free radical coupling reactions by using 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinooxy (ZJ-701) and ethanol as raw materials, 30% H₂O₂ as oxidant, Cu complex of pyridine as catalyst. The product was characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and MS. The synthesis conditions, such as reaction time and temperature, were further optimized through designed experiments. The results showed that when the mole ratio of n(ZJ-701)∶n(ethanol)∶n(H₂O₂)∶n(CuCl₂)∶n(pyridine) was 1∶39.25∶17.01∶0.034∶0.36, the reaction time was 12h, and the reaction temperature was 78℃, the yield of the product reached 60.6%, with the purity of 98.8% and melting point of 87—89℃. The advantages of such alcohol synthesis are that the raw ethanol is cheap and easy to obtain, the reaction conditions are mild, and the products are easy to purify.

The effect of CeO₂ contents on the NH₃-SCR performance of commercial rare earth catalysts in diesel was investigated. By using XRD, N₂ adsorption-desorption, XPS, H₂-TPR and NH₃-TPD analysis, we found that the addition of CeO₂ had no effect on the crystal structure of the catalysts, but it promoted the dispersion of SiO₂ on the surface of the rare earth catalysts, which affected the SCR performance and hydrothermal stability of the catalysts. The content of CeO₂ affected the texture properties of the catalysts, and larger pore volume and appropriate specific surface were beneficial for the improvement of the hydrothermal aging performance of the catalysts. The content of Ce on the surface firstly decreased and then increased when the CeO₂ content increased from 14% to 20%, and the amount of Ce⁴⁺ was positively correlated with the hydrothermal aging performance of the catalysts. Moreover, the redox ability and the number of acid sites decreased with the increase of CeO₂ content because it could hinder the reduction of other components or increase the thermal stability of the rare earth catalysts. According to the results of catalytic activity tests for NH₃-SCR, the optimum content of CeO₂ in the rare earth catalysts was 16%.

MgAl hydrotalcite (Mg₃Al₁-LDH) was prepared by a simple coprecipitation method. Then KF-supported Mg₃Al₁-LDH (KF/Mg₃Al₁-LDH) was successfully synthesized by ultrasonic method and was further calcined at 450℃ for 5h to obtain a series of KF/Mg₃Al₁-LDO catalysts. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, TG, FTIR, N₂ adsorption-desorption and CO₂-TPD. The characterization results indicated that the synthesized sample had typical hydrotalcite structure, good thermal stability and relatively high basic strength. The KF/Mg₃Al₁-LDO materials were employed as catalysts for the synthesis of ethylene carbonate (EC) via transesterification between dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethylene glycol (EG). The influences of reaction conditions on the catalytic performance have been investigated. Under the reaction conditions of molar ratio of ester to alcohol of 1∶1, 2% weight percentage of catalyst in DMC, reaction temperature of 100℃, and reaction time of 4h, the highest EC yield (54%) was achieved. Furthermore, the catalyst could be reused for at least five times without significant loss of catalytic activity.

With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, more and more attention is paid to battery materials with high energy density. Due to the advantages of high specific capacity, good rate performance, abundant resources, and low price, SnO₂-C composites are regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for next-generation lithium and sodium ion batteries. Based on the dimensional changes and dimensional compounding methods of SnO₂-C composites, we firstly classifies different SnO₂-C composites and then summarizes the latest representative progress of them in detail. The focus is placed on the dimensional design formulas and the resulting synergistic effect that could potentially improve the performance. In view of the excellent results from the synergistic effect, future research could focus upon multiple composite. At the same time, simple, environmental-friendly and cheap synthetic processes should be explored. The concept and strategy presented in this work could provide some basis for the practical rational design and scalable construction of the metal oxide-C composites of lithium ion and sodium ion batteries.

High temperature phase change materials have a high phase change temperature and a large latent heat value per unit volume, and thus it has a great application prospect to capsule them in the high temperature field (＞120℃). In this paper, the types of high temperature phase change materials and their encapsulation techniques were introduced. The problems existing in the preparation of high temperature phase change capsules were pointed out, such as compatibility between the core material and the shell material of metal large capsules, easy breakage of micro/nano capsules, etc. The effects of the capsule shell materials and heat treatment temperature on the properties of the capsules during the preparation of high-temperature phase change microcapsules by sol-gel method and hydrothermal method were emphatically discussed. In view of the above mentioned problems, such as poor thermal cycling performance and large supercooling of capsules, a solution was proposed. In the end, the application of high temperature phase change capsules was described, and further exploration was needed in the future to find shell materials with good compatibility with core materials, optimize the preparation method of micro/nano capsules, and inhibit the supercooling of capsules.

Unlike terrestrial plants, algae usually contain a large amount of alginate, which mainly exist in the cell wall in the forms of calcium alginate and magnesium alginate. In order to maintain the “egg-box” structure of calcium alginate in kelp, the carbonized products of kelp were treated by hydrochloric acid pickling to remove calcium ions from calcium alginate and to form the initial “egg-box” pore structure. Then kelp-based activated carbon was prepared by KOH activation method. The pore structure and electrochemical properties of kelp-based activated carbon were investigated. The experimental results showed that the kelp-based activated carbon with “egg-box” structure had abundant pore structure, and its specific surface area was as high as 3027m²/g, 73.3% of which was from the mesopores with uniform pore size in the range of 2—10nm. The kelp-based activated carbon exhibited excellent electrochemical performance in alkaline electrolyte. When the current density was 0.1A/g, the specific capacitance of the kelp-based activated carbon reached 366F/g. Even when the current density was 10A/g, the specific capacitance still maintained 329F/g, showing good specific capacitance and rate performance.

A molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction-ultraviolet high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MISPE-UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of eight triazole fungicide residues in tobacco leaves. Firstly, computer simulation technology was used to evaluate the interaction energies of the complex formed by the triazolone template molecule with five different functional monomers based on the optimize configuration of each monomer respectively. Triazolone and functional monomer complexes were put into five solutions with different polarity to calculate the solvation energy, and the results were verified through experiments to select the best solvent. The self-assembly process and infrared spectrum of TDF-MAA were estimated by computer. The theoretical analysis showed that TDF-MAA self-assembled was an endothermic non-spontaneous process, and the prepolymerization temperature was determined to be 30℃. The results provided key messages to select the suitable monomers and reaction ratios. Then, triazolone molecularly imprinted spheres were prepared by precipitation polymerization. Finally, the molecularly imprinted spheres were pretreated as a solid phase extraction filler and combined with solid phase extraction technology to be applied in the detection of triazole fungicides in tobacco samples, and a new detection method for triazole fungicides was established. The results showed that the prepared molecularly imprinted spheres had uniform particle size distribution and average particle size of 200nm. The nanospheres had good specific adsorption capacity for template molecules and their structural analogs, and the molecular imprinting factor for template was not less than 2.42. The recovery range for the eight triazole fungicides in spiked tobacco samples was 70.14%—105.43%, and the detection limit was 4.82—11.97ng/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.26%—2.27% (n=6). With its unique advantages, the MIPs-SPE-UPLC-MS/MS method provided a multi-residue analytical platform that can meet the requirements for simultaneous detection of trace triazole fungicides in tobacco leaves.

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) is a new membrane separation technology with advantage of high efficiency, environmental benign and energy-saving, showing potential applications in recovery and treatment of organic solvents. Herein, three OSN membranes with different wettability were fabricated by immersing polysulfone (PS) ultrafiltration membranes in PDMS, PEBAX and PVA solution, respectively. The permeability of the prepared PDMS/PS, PEBAX/PS and PVA/PS composite membranes to methanol (MeOH), ethanol (ET), isopropanol (IPA), n-hexanes and n-heptane and the nanofiltration performance of the three membrans to evans blue (EB) methanol solution were explored. The results showed that the flux of organic solvents was highly related to the membrane surface wettability and molecular weight, viscosity, solubility parameters and polarity of organic solvents. The hydrophobic PDMS/PS and PEBAX/PS composite membranes exhibited the high flux of 58.0 and 72.2L/(m²·h·MPa) to organic solvents, respectively, and the rejection of EB of the hydrophobic membrane reached more than 90%, while the hydrophilic PVA/PS displayed 85% retention of EB along with a flux of 57.5L/(m²·h·MPa).

Three naphthalene pitches (NP-5%, NP-10% and NP-20%) were prepared by self-rising pressure method of naphthalene as raw material with 5%, 10% and 20% AlCl₃ as catalyst. The naphthalene pitches were studied by proximate analysis, FTIR, GPC and TG/DTG characterization. The microstructures of its corresponding mesophase thermal conversion products (MNP-4h、MNP-4.5h、MNP-6h) and carbonization products (CNP-5%, CNP-10% and CNP-20%) were studied by polarizing microscope, SEM, Raman spectrum and XRD. The results showed that the yield of the three naphthalene pitches was all more than 80%, and the molecular weight distribution of naphthalene pitch was mainly in the range of 147—3940. The mass average molecular weights of the three naphthalene pitches were about 255. The corresponding aromaticity index (I_ar) of three naphthalene pitches was 0.05, 0.27 and 0.36. The branched index (CH₃/CH₂) was 0.65, 0.06 and 0.02. The residual carbon yields at 750℃ were 27%, 31% and 30%, respectively. The polarized light microscope observation found that the optical microstructure of three naphthalene pitches was homogeneously distributed mesophase spheres, mesophase spindle-shaped and fibrous structures, respectively. The yield of mesophase spheres after extraction and drying of MNP-4h was 8%. The spheres had a smooth surface and a uniform particle size, ranging from 5μm to 7μm in diameter. The results of Raman spectrum indicated that the content of I_G/I_all of three mesophase thermal conversion products were 15%, 17% and 30%, respectively. The above results proved that the regularity of carbon crystallites can be increased by prolonging thermal conversion time. The optical microstructures of three carbonization products were mainly mosaic structures, and the layer spacing of the three carbonized products carbon crystallites was 0.35nm. Among them, CNP-5% had the largest carbon crystallite size.

Carbon sphere@cobalt-nickel oxides core-shell structured composites were successfully fabricated by growing cobalt-nickel oxides on the surface of carbon spheres, and the carbon spheres were derived from glucose via a facile hydrothermal method. The morphology and structure of the materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), N₂ adsorption/desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The capacitive performance of the samples was analyzed by electrochemical tests such as cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge and discharge and AC impedance. The results showed that the addition of carbon sphere increased dispersion of cobalt-nickel oxides and reduced electron transfer resistance of electrical conductivity of electrode materials, thus ultimately promoting capacitive performance. The specific capacitance of the core-shell structured composites was 984.8F/g at the current density of 1A/g, and the retention rate of 86.3% can be kept with the current density of 10A/g. After 2000 cycles, the capacitive retention rate of composites electrodes material kept above 94.6% at a current density of 15A/g, showing excellent cyclic stability.

Graphene aerogels were prepared by Pickering emulsion using cyclohexane as oil phase and graphene oxide (GO) as stabilizer. The Pickering emulsion was characterized by the electron microscope. The graphene aerogels was characterized by SEM, FTIR, Raman and XRD. By comparing the droplet size of Pickering emulsion and the pore size of aerogels, the pore size control of aerogels can be achieved by soft template method. By adjusting the agitation speed of the high-speed homogenizer, the pore size of the aerogel was adjusted. When the agitation speed of the high-speed homogenizer was 10000r/min, 12000r/min and 15000r/min, the pore size of the obtained graphene aerogels was 45μm, 35μm and 30μm, respectively. The density and porosity of aerogels were controlled by adjusting the oil/ water ratio during its preparation. It was observed that with the increase of oil/water ratio, the aerogel density reduced, while the porosity increased. The mechanical performance of graphene aerogels can be enhanced by extending the time of reduction. The obtained aerogels were used for the adsorption of oils. Graphene aerogels can adsorb floating oil and bottom heavy oil rapidly, and hardly adsorb water. For the same oil, the adsorption capacity of aerogels was positively correlated with the oil/water ratio. The recycling of graphene aerogels was achieved through extrusion method. After 10 cycles of regeneration, the adsorption capacity of aerogels decreased only by 15%.

Phosphonic acid modified graphene oxide (MGO) grafted with phosphonic acid groups and sulfonic acid groups was synthesized by phosphorylation of the aminated graphene oxide (GO). Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that MGO had good thermal stability. The sulfonated polybenzimidazole (SPBI)/MGO composite membrane was successfully prepared by doping MGO into SPBI by in-situ polymerization. SEM showed that the membrane surface was dense and the addition of MGO presented a flake structure in the cross section. The SPBI/MGO-1% composite membrane had the highest acid doping rate of 248.8%. The addition of MGO improved the thermal stability of the composite membrane. The tensile strength of the dry composite membrane increased by 36% compared to the Nafion117 membrane (26.65MPa) and the tensile strength of the SPBI/MGO-1% wet membrane reached 69.46MPa, which was 41.2% higher than that of the SPBI membrane. The composite membrane had high mechanical properties. The proton conductivity of SPBI/MGO composite membranes increased with the increase of MGO content. The proton conductivity of SPBI/MGO-1% composite membrane reached 0.193S/cm at 160℃ and 10% RH, indicating its high application prospect in high temperature and low humidity proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

Paraffin (PW), palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA) were used as the main phase change materials, meanwhile expanded graphite （EG） for the framework. All the composite materials were prepared by melt-blending method, and their thermal and electrical properties were studied. The results showed that the three organic matter, adding expanded graphite with the mass fraction of 7%, 9% and 11%, had no leakage occurred, which were respectively heated in an oven with 65℃, 70℃ and 75℃all at 4MPa pressure for 30 minutes. The thermal storage shortened time of composite phase change materials was respectively 32s, 622s and 231s than the three pure organic matter. And the release shortened time was 1040s, 1327s and 1311s. It means that heating rate of the composite material was faster than the pure organic matter only in the solid state during the thermal storage, while the whole processes of the composite material were faster than the pure organic matter during the thermal release. It was found that all the mass loss rate was below 0.05% after 60 energy storage/release cycles too. The temperature field distribution of the composite materials after molding was more uniform than that of pure organic matter during the thermal storage, unlike that the two distributions were basically the same during the thermal release. The thermal conductivities of the composite materials at different temperatures were 10.12—11.19 times, 9.00—15.50 times and 5.58—6.76 times, respectively than the corresponding organic matter. The resistivities of the composite materials were 0.092—0.150Ω·cm, 0.058—0.146Ω·cm and 0.020—0.041Ω·cm at 2—8MPa pressure, respectively, all less than 1Ω·cm. It indicated that the prepared composite phase change materials had good thermo-physical and electrical properties.It might mean that the temperature rise was suppressed to a certain extent after the composite material molding.

KH560 (3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) and nano-SiO₂ particles were filled into PET melt by extrusion process to increase the melt viscosity of the PET. When the KH560 and the SiO₂ particles were both filled at 2.5%(mass ratio), the melt viscosity-increasing effect was the best. Moreover, even the PET was not dried, the PET melt viscosity can also be improved by such chain extender, implying that it can be used as a regent to prevent the hydrolytic degradation of PET. Transmission electron microscopy imaging showed that the dispersion of nano-SiO₂ in PET was well. The reaction mechanism between KH560, SiO₂ and PET was confirmed by FTIR. The grafting of PET molecules to SiO₂ nanoparticles was analyzed by TGA, and the graft ratio was 72%. The crystallization behavior of the PET/ SiO₂ composites was studied by DSC. When the KH560 and SiO₂ nanoparticles were both filled at 2.5% (mass ratio), the crystallinity of PET/nano-SiO₂ composite is the lowest and the comprehensive mechanical properties were the best.

In order to solve the problem of difficult filtration of ultrafine magnesium hydroxide particles due to the easy agglomeration of the fines, the effects of different kinds of additives on the filtration performance were investigated. The effects of cationic polyacrylamide concentration, addition mode, reaction temperature, reaction time and stirring rate on the filtration rate were systematically investigated. The crystal structure, morphology and particle size of the magnesium hydroxide crystals obtained were characterized by XRD and SEM. The binding mechanism of polyacrylamide molecules to magnesium hydroxide crystals was investigated by FTIR and the mechanism of cationic polyacrylamide to improve the filtration performance was summarized. The results showed that when the amount of cationic polyacrylamide was 0.7% of the theoretical mass fraction of magnesium hydroxide, the reaction temperature was 60℃, and the stirring rate was 250r/min, the filtration rate reached 545mL/(m²·s), and the viscosity of the magnesium hydroxide was 8.64mPa·s, with an average particle size of 138nm. The amide group in the cationic polyacrylamide and the hydroxyl group in the magnesium hydroxide molecule are connected by adsorption to form long-chain molecules, which improved the dispersibility between the magnesium hydroxide particles and avoided the agglomeration of the particles.

The self-healing microcapsules were prepared by in-situ polymerization with melamine urea formaldehyde resin (MUF) as shell material and Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil-based alkyd resin as core material. The surface morphology, chemical structure, thermal stability and size distribution of the microcapsules were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and particle size analyzer. The mechanical and self-healing properties of epoxy coating were investigated by dispersing alkyd microcapsules into epoxy matrix. The microcapsules were uniform sphere with no obvious defects and damages with an average particle size of 97.44μm when the concentration of emulsifier is 2.0g/L and the core/wall was 2∶1 with the end point pH of 3.5. The microcapsules possessed good thermal stability. When the content of microcapsule was 5%, the bending strength, tensile strength, bonding strength and impact strength of the coating were increased by 50.4%, 50.0%, 40.0% and 25.2%, respectively and the self-healing performance of the coating significantly enhanced, as compared with the unmodified one.

Phaseolus vulgaris epoxide hydrolase 1 and 2 (PvEH1, PvEH2) can retain (R)-oMGE via kinetic resolution of rac-oMGE. Based on the homologous simulation and analysis of the structures of PvEH1 and PvEH2, we found there were sizable differences between the lid loops of PvEH1 and PvEH2. Therefore, the lid loops were identified as the research objects. Then, a hybrid enzyme, Pv2Pv1, of which the lid domain of PvEH2 was replaced by the corresponding region of PvEH1, was acquired by fusion PCR. Using the E. coli/pv2pv1 as the biocatalyst and compared with the E. coli/pveh2, the ee_p of generated (S)-oTPD was increased from 58.3% to 75.5% at the moment of (S)-oMGE was just hydrolyzed completely. To further improve the catalytic performances, 11 amino residues were selected for alanine (A) mutations. Then a best mutant, E. coli/pv2pv1^K176A was acquired, which activity was 2.1-fold than that of E. coli/pv2pv1 (4.2U/g), and ee_p was further enhanced to 80.3%. According to the results of MD simulation, the replacement of lid loop and substitution A for K176 caused the C_α in epoxy ring of(R)-oMGE more vulnerable to be attacked by D101. Using the E. coli/pv2pv1^K176A to prepare (R)-oMGE (ee_s＞99%) and (S)-oTPD (ee_p=80.4%) by hydrolysis of 150 mMrac-oMGE, the yield of (R)-oMGE (Y_S) and (S)-oTPD (Y_P) were 32.7% and 60.1%, and the space time yield, STY_S and STY_P were 1.6g/(L·h) and 3.3g/(L·h), respectively. Therefore, this study provided an effective strategy for improving the catalytic properties of EHs.

Electrochemical biosensors are widely used in environmental monitoring, biological analysis , food analysis and others . In this paper, zinc oxide micro/nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning, and a biosensor electrode for catechol detection was constructed by tyrosinase(Tyr). The morphology and structure of ZnO micro/nanofibers were characterized by XRD and SEM. The working conditions of pyrocatechol detection system were optimized by CV and IT. The results confirmed that the prepared Tyr/ZnO/CS/GCE biosensor electrode had good electrochemical performance. The reaction process was controlled by diffusion, and the detection of catechol had a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 5—50μmol/L. The minimum detection limit was 1.9041μmol/L, and the sensitivity was 376.31μA/(mmol·L·cm²). The addition of zinc oxide could enhance the stability of tyrosinase. In the presence of urea, dopamine and glucose, of which the electrochemical activities were closed to that of catechol, the detection of catechol was still selective. In addition, the electrode had good cycle stability.

Octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch (OSAS) was prepared without catalyst in the ionic liquid of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AMIMCl), by employing corn starch (CS) as raw material, and octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) as esterification agent. The structure, thermal characteristics, relative molecular mass and emulsification properties of the product were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA-FTIR, GPC and POM, respectively. The results showed that the OSAS could be prepared with the following optimum conditions: the reaction time was 2h, the reaction temperature was 90℃, the starch mass fraction was 6%, and the molar ratio of OSA to statch dehydration glucose unit (AGU) was in between 0.03 to 0.24 according to the degree substitution of the desired product. FTIR analysis showed that CS had been esterified successfully. XRD and SEM results indicated that the OSAS were amorphous aggregates of fine particles. TGA-FTIR test showed that the octenyl succinate group in OSAS was stable under 200℃ in nitrogen atmosphere. GPC and POM proved the OSAS prepared in AMIMCl had excellent emulsification properties.

The etherification agent 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltriethylammonium chloride was synthesized from triethylamine and epichlorohydrin. The quaternary ammonium type modified chitin (CCT) was synthesized by etherification reaction using chitin as raw material, and then deacetylated to obtain quaternary ammonium type cationic modified chitosan (CCTS). The chemical structure was characterized by FTIR and ¹³C NMR, and the physicochemical properties such as viscosity average molecular weight and solubility were measured by viscosity method and spectrophotometry. The antimicrobial activity of CCTS was determined by the minimal bacteriostatic method, and the minimum effective bacteriostatic concentration (MIC) of CCTS against Escherichia coli was 0.2g/L, which was better than the MIC value of natural chitosan. Using citric acid as crosslinking agent and sodium hypophosphite as catalyst, rabbit wool fabric was treated with CCTS to investigate its antibacterial effect and washing resistance. After 5 washes, the results showed that the antibacterial rate of CCTS against E. coli was above 99.9%, which was higher than that of CCT and natural chitosan. CCTS is a kind of natural macromolecule long - acting antibacterial finishing agent for animal wool fabric.

Since Fe() and S(-Ⅱ) on the surface of FeS can be used as electron donors, it can effectively promote the reduction of organic compounds and the activation of persulfate. FeS activating persulfate shows great potential for application in the in situ remediation of organically polluted soil and groundwater. In this paper, the mechanism of FeS activated persulfate and its surface element conversion mechanism were reviewed. The key factors affecting the reaction efficiency and the ways to improve the reaction efficiency were summarized. Degradation mechanism of complex different types of organic pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by FeS/persulfate system was systematically established. Finally, the problems existing in the research and the issues that should be paid attention to in the application of site pollution restoration were prospected. The impacts of persulfate, sulfate and degradation intermediates produced in the restoration should be considered. The effectiveness of the FeS/persulfate system needs to be evaluated for different environmental conditions. And for different conditions, different repair strategies are required.

With the rapid development of lithium-ion battery industry, the environmental pollution and resource waste caused by decommissioning ternary lithium-ion batteries are becoming more and more serious. Since the abundant spent ternary lithium battery materials are huge potential resources rich in valuable elements such as lithium, nickel and cobalt, the effort to recycle the spent ternary lithium battery materials is necessary, which helps to control the pollution of used batteries, alleviate the shortage of nickel-cobalt-lithium resources, and promote the sound development of China's lithium battery industry. This paper briefly introduces the research status of the recovery technologies of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries, mainly including the pretreatment of cathode materials, acid leaching, alkali leaching and material regeneration, graphite and copper foil recovery, and electrolyte recovery. The current material preparation methods are discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages of them are analyzed as well. Finally, the common problems of the current recycling of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries are analyzed and the development ideas of automation, environmental protection and low cost are proposed.

China is a large industrial water user. As the main component of industrial water, the recycling of micro-polluted water is of great significance to the conservation of water resources. In this paper, the concept of micro-polluted water, the traditional water treatment methods of micro-polluted water, and the application of electro-adsorption in the treatment of micro-polluted water in detail were introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of electro-adsorption water treatment technology were compared and the development trend of electro-adsorption technology in combination with the characteristics of micro-polluted water treatment was analyzed. As a new type of water treatment technology, electro-adsorption technology has the advantages of low energy consumption, convenient operation, simple maintenance, and good removal effect. It has broad application prospects. Although electro-adsorption technology has been partially applied in the field of micro-polluted water treatment, there are still some issues that cannot be ignored. For this reason, research and development of anti-pollution, high-throughput membrane materials, and the use of green and efficient electro-adsorption technology to achieve the integration and optimization of different water treatment technologies are the technical directions for micro-polluted water treatment.

The nitrate /nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (NO_x-DAMO) process plays an important role in the global carbon-nitrogen cycle by reducing nitrate/nitrite and oxidizing methane to carbon dioxide. From the application point of view, using NO_x-DAMO principle to control methane and nitrogen pollution in the environment is worthy of attention. The application of NO_x-DAMO process in membrane bioreactor, membrane biofilm reactor or combined with other bioprocess for wastewater treatment have gained many progresses. The removal rate and efficiency indicated its potential in practical application. Based on the principle of NO_x-DAMO, it is promising to utilize this bioprocess in the simultaneous treatment of landfill leachate and landfill gas or coalbed methane. The novel NO_x-DAMO process can provide low cost and environmentally friendly contaminant treatment strategy for methane without scale utilization value. While studying on the physiological characteristics of NO_x-DAMO microorganisms, it is necessary to pay more attention on technology research for different demands.

Aiming to explore the effect of elastic filler on the removal of heavy metals and granular sludge by ABR (anaerobic baffled reactor), ABR with and without elastic filler were compared. The result showed that elastic filler was beneficial to the removal of most heavy metals from domestic sewage by ABR. The particle size of anaerobic granular sludge in two groups of ABR compartments decreased gradually along the flow direction, but most of them were between 0.75mm and 1.25mm, and the particle size of anaerobic granular sludge in the compartmentsof ABR with elastic filler was slightly smaller than that of ABR without elastic filler. Found by SEM, a large number of filamentous bacteria were found on the surface of anaerobic granular sludge in the first compartment of ABR in the two groups, and the filamentous bacteria on the surface of anaerobic granular sludge in compartments 2,3 and 4 reduced significantly, but the content of extracellular polymer increased. Compared with the ABR without elastic filler, the filamentous bacteria on the surface of anaerobic granular sludge in compartments of ABR with elastic filler were reduced. Found by EPS, the main elements on the surface of anaerobic granular sludge in two groups of ABR compartments were C, O and N. In addition, Na, Al, P, Ca, Fe, As, Hg, and Pb were also included. Compared with the ABR without elastic filler, the content of heavy metals on the surface of anaerobic granular sludge in compartments of ABR with elastic filler was reduced.

Fe₃O₄ modified microwave hydrochar was synthesized from biogas residue by microwave hydrothermal method. The effects of Fe₃O₄ doping amount on hydrothermal reaction process and reaction products were studied. In order to expand the application scope of hydrothermal products, RhB was used as an object to evaluate the activation ability of modified hydrothermal charcoal on sodium persulfate. The results showed that when the microwave heating power is 400W and the amount of Fe₃O₄ produced is 20% of the mass of hydrochar, the reaction system reaches the set temperature (200℃) in about 14 minutes, the reaction time was reduced by 48.1% (about 27min) without Fe₃O₄, the system pressure increased by 27.8%. When the dosage of modified hydrochar is 0.16g, reaction time is 140 min, initial pH of solution is 6.7 and sodium persulfate is 0.1g, the degradation rate of RhB with volume of 150mL and concentration of 40mg/L can reach 94.6%, which is 3.3 times of hydrochar alone, 3.9 times of sodium persulfate alone. In the reaction system, sulfate radical (?\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{2}-}) was the main active species, and hydroxyl radical (·OH) and superoxide anion (?{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}) were supplemented. Modified hydrochar has good superparamagnetism and stability.

Although high-temperature aerobic composting technology can effectively treat organic solid waste, it often releases a large amount of ammonia and causes nitrogen loss. In the present study, magnesium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and magnesium sulfate + potassium dihydrogen phosphate (marked as MgSO_4, KP and KPM treatments) were used as nitrogen fixing agents during sewage sludge composting with sawdust as bulking agent. The effects of the above nitrogen fixing additives on ammonia volatilization and nitrogen loss during sludge composting were investigated. The results showed that magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) could significantly reduce pH value. The pH value of thermophilic stage in MgSO₄ treatment was 8.17, which was lower than that of the KPM (8.55) and the control treatment (CK) (8.90). Compared with CK treatment, addition of MgSO₄ reduced the total NH₃ emission by 34% and 28% in the KPM treatment. However, the total NH₃ emission increased by 35% compared with CK treatment. However, according to the result of XRD, no struvite was formed during the present composting process. The nitrogen retention mechanism of MgSO₄ in the present study was mainly caused by the decrease in pH value. After composting, the GI values of all treatment can meet the need for agricultural use except for KP treatment.

As an effective means of greenhouse gas emission control, CO₂ capture has become an important research topic. As one of the emerging technologies, cryogenic CO₂ capture has received attention due to its technological advantages in product purity. However, energy consumption and CO₂ recovery in the cryogenic CO₂ capture are very sensitive to feed gas CO₂ concentration, and the high CO₂ concentration feed gas is beneficial for obtaining a higher CO₂ recovery and a lower energy consumption level simultaneously. Therefore, a novel hybrid cryogenic CO₂ capture process with membrane separation was proposed. The feed gas CO₂ concentration was actively controlled by membrane selectivity, hence cryogenic CO₂ capture was carried out at the optimal concentration. In this paper, based on the characteristics of different traditional cryogenic capture processes, different hybrid process modes were compared and analyzed to determine the optimal hybrid process structure. The optimal operating parameters of the hybrid process were determined, and the relationship between membrane permeate side CO₂ concentration and feed gas CO₂ concentration was obtained based on the goal of achieving the lowest energy consumption and the highest CO₂ recovery, providing guidance for the selection of membrane modules in the hybrid process. The energy consumption of the proposed hybrid process is 1.92MJ/kgCO₂, which was reduced by 16.5% compared to the traditional cryogenic process.

In the process of degradation of toluene by plasma assisted catalysis, ozone is generated from reactive oxygen atoms along with the pollutants degradation. The changes of ozone concentration and degradation of toluene under different catalysts, discharge energy levels, catalytic section lengths and gas velocities were compared, and the formation of ozone in the process was explored. The results showed that the 7.5%Mn/cordierite catalyst placed in the discharge zone could inhibit the generation of ozone, promote the degradation of toluene, and improve the energy efficiency of the system effectively. The maximum concentration of ozone was reduced by 63.32mg/m³, compared with that without the catalyst. However, the catalytic performance of 0.2%Pd-0.3%Ce/cordierite on toluene degradation and ozone inhibition was poor. With the increase of the energy level of the system, the degradation rate of toluene and the ozone concentration increased gradually. The Ozone concentration was positively correlated with the length of catalytic section, but negatively correlated with gas velocity. Under different voltages, the ozone concentration firstly increased and then decreased. When the applied voltage was 13kV, the ozone concentration was the highest, but it decreased to zero when the voltage was raised up to 16kV.

In order to study the influence of dissolved oxygen (DO) on the removal efficiency in biofilter, as well as the variation rule of ammonia, iron and manganese, the DO was gradually reduced from about 10.5mg/L to 7mg/L. The results showed that when DO was about 10.5mg/L, the concentration of ammonia, total iron and manganese in effluent were 0.050mg/L, 0.065mg/L and 0.022mg/L, respectively, and ammonia, iron and manganese were mainly removed at 0—1.2m, 0—0.4m and 0—1.2m of the filter layer, respectively. When DO was reduced to about 9mg/L, 8mg/L and 7mg/L, total iron in effluent was lower than 0.1mg/L; manganese in effluent increased significantly at first, then decreased to below 0.05mg/L; and ammonia in effluent increased to 0.17mg/L, 0.41mg/L and 0.61mg/L, respectively. When DO was insufficient, iron was mainly removed in the upper filter layer where DO was sufficient; DO was preferentially used by manganese oxidizing bacteria to oxidize manganese dioxide, and the oxidation rate of manganese was not significantly reduced; the oxidation rate of ammonia was significantly reduced. Thus, biofilter could be operated under lower DO conditions to reduce the operation cost.

The iron-modified nanocellulose (Fe(OH)₃@CNFs) was used as an adsorbent for dynamic phosphorus removal experiments, and the effects of different column heights and different flow rates on Fe(OH)₃@CNFs phosphorus adsorption performance were investigated. The results showed that the higher the packing column (6—16cm) and the slower the flow velocity of the water (5—10mL/min), the longer the time required for the adsorption to reach equilibrium and the more favorable for Fe(OH)₃@CNFs to phosphorus dynamic adsorption. The NaOH solution was used to desorb the adsorbent for in-situ regeneration. After regeneration, the adsorption capacity of the adsorption column was 83% of the original adsorption column, indicating that the Fe(OH)₃@CNFs material had a good regeneration capacity. The Yoon-Nelson model was used to calculate the time required to adsorb 50% of the target pollutants. The average relative deviation between the fitted value and the experimental value was between 1.8% and 6.9%, which showed that the Yoon-Nelson model could well describe the dynamic adsorption behavior of phosphorus by Fe(OH)₃@CNFs materials. Using FTIR and XPS to analyze the adsorption mechanism, it was found that Fe(OH)₃@CNFs material had the ability to adsorb phosphorus, and mainly existed as FePO₄ and Fe₂(HPO₄)₃ after adsorption. The adsorption column was used to dynamically adsorb the effluent from the secondary sedimentation tank of the domestic sewage treatment plant, and at a flow rate of 10 mL/min and a packing height of 12cm, the adsorption capacity at saturation was 34.5mg/g.